IRaje Sabra, njengendlu ephezulu yePhalamende laseNdiya, iphethe isisekelo somthetho-mthetho esihluke kakhulu esithinta inqubo yezomnotho yesizwe. Nakuba iLok Sabhaha ivame ukuthatha ukunakekela komphakathi njengegumbi elikhethwe ngokuqondile, iRajiya Sabra's devatection, uhulumeni uyiyenza ibe yindawo eyisisekelo yokuhlola nokucwenga. Lesihloko sihlola indima ye-Rapya Sabha ebanzi ekwakheni kwezentengiselwano yezomnotho, kusukela ekubukeleni nasekuqondiseni i-Rocractical, ukumelela izithakazelo zezwe nochwepheshe benkulumo yombuso.

IZisekelo zoMthetho-sisekelo zendima ye-Raje Sabha's yezomnotho

Imiswe ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 80 soMthetho-sisekelo, iRaje Sabha iklanywe njengendikimba ehlala njalo, eqhubekayo enganyakazi. Amalungu ayo akhethwa ngokungaqondile ngemihlangano yezomthetho kahulumeni (nezimbalwa ezikhethwe nguMongameli ngenxa yomsebenzi ovelele kwezobuciko, izincwadi, isayensi, nezinkonzo zezenhlalo). Lomklamo wokwakha uqinisekisa ukuthi iRapya Sabba unikeza umbono ozinzile, wesikhathi eside ngesimiso sezwe, kuhlanganise nomthetho wezomnotho.

Ngokungafani neLok Sabba, lapho iningi likahulumeni lingadlulisa khona izikweletu zezomnotho ngokushesha, umqulu kaRaje Sabha uvame ukuveza ukuhlangana okukhulu kwezithakazelo zesifunda nezezombangazwe. Lo mkhakha kahulumeni usho ukuthi izimiso zezomnotho azihlolwa kuphela ngelens yesizwe kodwa futhi nangokusebenzisa isiqalo semiphumela yesigaba sikahulumeni, i-fiscalismism, ne-screctism yezezezomnotho. I-Rajanya Sabbah ngaphansi kweSiphatho 107 neSiphakamiso 108 zinikeza igunya lokulahla, noma ukulibala izikwelengiso zemali (ukuthobela imingcele ethile) nezikweleti ezivamile, ngaleyondlela yenza i-ehlolo-mfaniso ezibaluleke kakhulu ezinqulweni zezezezomnotho.

Amandla Angokomthetho: Ubuciko Nokusekela Umthetho Wezomnotho

Amabhuloho Avamile: Indima Evamile

Ngokwezikweleti ezivamile .Njengoba iqoqo elikhulu lemithetho yezomnotho njengekhampanis Act, i-Unitive, imithetho yokuhwebelana, nemithetho yezohwebo yangaphandle. ```i Rajiya Sabba'' iphethe amandla alinganayo ne-Lok Sabba. Akukho mthetho ovamile ongaba umthetho ngaphandle kokuba udluliswe yizo zombili izindlu. Lokhu kunikeza iRajiya Sabba ikhono eliphansi elifana ne-Vento elingcono kakhulu nezinguquko zezomnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT: 0] i-TY: [GST) I-Act [FLT: I-'ult: [FT] kakhulu] ku-Jajya Sabbaha, lapho kuhlolwa izikhundla zemali phambi kokuphuma kwayo. Ngokufanayo, [Ftruptic Codetic procence]

Amabhuloho Emali: Ukunakekela Okunzima Kodwa Okunenjongo

ISiphakamiso 110 sichaza izikweleti zemali njengezisebenza ngentela, ukuboleka uhulumeni, nezindleko zemali eSikhwama. Nakuba iRajiya Sabba ingakwazi ukulahla isikweleti semali, kungatusa kuphela ukubuyiselwa kwezingangezinsuku eziyi 14. Nokho, lokhu kulinganiselwa akunikezi indlu ephezulu. Ezenzweni, iRajishima Sabba imibono yemali enecala lemali ithwele ubunzima obubalulekile, ikakhulukazi uma uhulumeni entula iningi endlini engaphezulu. Izenzakalo zingaba zihlanganisa ukubuyiselwa kwemali ye-201717 ku ne-SCheatry (Inters eS) Act [FLT] [FLD] [FLD]) , noma i-Appy.[4] Imali enciphe kakhulu.[4] I-S.[4] Ikhasime.[4]

Amandla Okulungisa Nezilinganiso

Indima ye-Rajiya Sabra yomthetho idlulela ekulungiseni izimpikiswano ezibonisa amaqiniso ezomnotho ezingokwesifunda. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokudlula kwe- uMthetho weRepeal Act [2021], i-Rajirya Sabba Sabha's uqokomisa izikhalo zezindawo zezolimo njengePunjab neHaryana, okuholela ekutholeni isikhwama esiningi esikhokhelwayo sabalimi. Ngokufanayo, uMthetho owe-Banking (Impinda) uBill, 202 [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] wabona i-Rajyahabha etusa izimiso eziqinile zokubambisana, ezazihambisana nalezizibonelo eziphambili zendlu.

Ukuqondisa Imishini: Ukubeka Isibopho Sokulandisa Ngezindaba Zezomnotho

Ihora Lombuzo Nehora Leqanda

Elinye lamathuluzi aphuma kakhulu ezomnotho yi-Universe, lapho amalungu engabuza khona abefundisi ngemithetho yokudla enyukayo, ukwehla kwamandla emali, ukukhula kwe-GDP, imisebenzi yomphakathi, nokutshala imali okuqondile kwezwe (FDI) kugeleza. Ngokwesibonelo, kuyi-2024 Monson Semission, iRaje Sabhaha wacindezela amalungu eMasheya eMabhizinisini emali ngemiphumela yokukhuphuka kwentengo yokudla ephezulu eholweni lasemaphandleni namandla emalini entengongongolweni yezentengo yezentengo yezentengiselwano, [[FLM:0] PMKIS[FLTY][FUM[FRAN] [:1] iholo lemali eliyisekela icebo. Uhulumeni onjalo ukhuthaza ukuba kuvikelwe izinqumo zawo zezomnotho obala futhi unikeze ukwaziswa okuhlela kuyo izinkulumo zeningi ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe izimali, njengoba kunezikwelewalewalewaba ezinsu ezinsu.

AmaKomiti Esimelwano Ahlobene Nomnyango (ama - DRSC)

Mhlawumbe i-Rajiya Sabba] inqubo yobubonisi ethinta kakhulu ingengokuhlanganyela kwayo ku-DSCs. Ikomiti ngayinye, ebekwe isihlalo yilungu, ihlola izicelo zemisebenzi, imibiko yaminyaka yonke, ne-scrutinises ezikhokhwa kuyo. [[[FLT:] Ikomiti yezemali [[FFLT]] [FFFF:] [FFUTY] [engaphezulu] ibhekene nezimiso zemali [FM] umthetho we-FM] [FM], [FFFT] ikhiphe imibiko ye-octive [[6] ne-Foctives] egciniweyokuhlungwayo. [impephane] encincane yezentene.] [[10] Imithombo yezentene yezentengosi yohlobo olude] [Focense] [Focedmy]

Izincwadi nezinqumo zamalungu ayimfihlo

Nakuba amalungu angabodwa eqalwa ukuba abe yintela, asebenza njengendawo yokulungisa ukucabanga kwezomnotho. Amalungu uRaje Sabba aye asungula izikweleti zemali eyisisekelo, i-cypoctural command, nenhlalakahle yezisebenzi ezifudukayo. Impikiswano ezungeze i-Bill’s Lig [Alungu] eqeni lokusebenza, 201 iletha ukunakekela emtholazweni wezinga, kamuva yathonya [[FLT:] Colte on Social Security, 20. Ngokufanayo, izinqumo zadluliselwa yi-Rajahabhab [1] njengenye ekhuthaza uhulumeni ukuba enze [FONT] [FFFFF]

Ukumelela Umbuso Nezinzuzo Zezomnotho

I - Federal Custodian

Ngokungafani neLok Sabba, lapho ukumelelwa kulingana nenani labantu, i-Rajiya Sabha inikeza isilinganiso esifanayo kumazwe (abhekisele kumaqoqo anezinhlalo eziqinile ezisekelwe kubantu) futhi ihlanganisa ochwepheshe abanezinhlomo ezihlukene. Lo mklamo uqinisekisa ukuthi amazwe amancane njenge-Sikkim, i-Goa, ne-Nagaland anezwi eMthethweni wezomnotho elingase libuswe ngezindawo ezinezimo zemali ezifana ne-Uttar Pradesh noma i-Bahar. Ezingxoxweni ezithiwe [[FLT: 0] ezisekelwe ententers naseMnyango (CST) Intells Act[[FFFF:], [FLT], i-fulmscencessss ezindaweni ezihlukene kanye nezinezezenyunyuko zobukhosi, i-Jahaha eshologo enkulu ukuthi inciswe inciswe isilinganiso sesikhathi sesikhathi seminyaka esiphansi.[15]

Amalungu Anezinhlangothi Ezingagqamile: Ibhuloho Eliya Ezindaweni Ezifanele

[Inani elingaphezulu] [FLT] inika uMongameli amandla okuveza amalungu ayishumi nambili eRajiya Sabba ngenxa yempumelelo evelele emasimini kuhlanganise nezomnotho, izincwadi, isayensi, nenkonzo yezenhlalo. Eminyakeni eminingi, izazi zezomnotho ezidumile njenge [[FLT: 0] C. Rangajan[[[FLT]] [[FON]] (umphathi weRBI] 1] [uMkhulu we-RBI], [[10]] [umphakakhulu we-FON]] [FFFON]] [unt [umpe]] [umphalm], [uhlu lwezi:] [FFFoffance]] [11] [unt]] [unt] [uhlu olukhulu lwezi:] [Foffance:] [umphalm] [[11]] [unyunyunyu :] [unyu:] [unyunyunyu ,[10]]

Ukuhlola Okunemininingwane Kwezincwadi Zezomnotho

Bill Rajya Sabha Amendment Impact
Goods and Services Tax (GST) Act, 2017 Inserted provision for compensation for loss of revenue to states for 5 years Protected state fiscal autonomy; later extended by 2 years
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016 Added time limit of 330 days for resolution process Reduced delays; improved creditor recovery rates
Code on Wages, 2019 Introduced a National Minimum Wage floor covering all workers Expanded social security coverage to 500 million workers
Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2022 Mandated higher governance standards for cooperative banks Reduced non-performing assets in the cooperative sector
Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 Exempted non-personal data from regulation; added data localisation clause Balanced innovation with privacy; influenced cross-border data flows

Izinselele Endimeni Yezomnotho YeRaje Sabha

Ukushintsha Kwezombangazwe Nokungavumelani Nemibono

I-Raje Sabra ayizange igonyelwe ukuncintisana okukhulayo okuhluphayo kwezombangazwe zamaNdiya. Phakathi kuka-2019 no-2024, cishe amaphesenti angu-45 e-Rajiya Sabra's sahah ahlala isikhathi sokuphazamisa, ngokwe-PRS Legislative Research. Lokhu kwanciphisa kakhulu ikhono lendlu ephezulu lokuhlola ingcaciso yemithetho. Ngokufana, [FLT: 0] i-Farmals Repeal Bill, 201 yadlula phakathi nemizuzu embalwa ngemva kokuhamba kwamalungu aphikisa, i-Rapyayaha ithuba lokuhlola impikiswano ehlukahlukene. Ngokufana, [FLD:] [FLD] [FF], Bill FLT], [201] i-fuglective [2] i-modenside no-model, ikomiti ekhomba ebhekisa engcono kakhulu kwezelelwe kamuva, i-R.[3]

Impikiswano Yemali

Ukusetshenziswa kwendlela "imali" yokudlula iRajiya Sabha ibiyindawo ephindekayo. Uhulumeni wahlukanisa [[FLT: 0] Aadhaar (Isibonelo Semali Nezinye Izikweleti) Awuwu, 2016 njengemali, leyo iNkantolo Ephakeme kamuva exhaswe i-Centre for Faificetion v. Umbango we-Indiya[[[FTract:]] (20:]). Icala [[FLT] (20]) engaphezulu). Nokho, [kuyinani elivamile lemali elikhona phakathi kwemali, i-FFLT [FT:] [FT] [5], i-futvostions.[10], i-applective procer procences processtions trans , njengoba kuvumelana nemithetho engekho ngokomthetho womthetho.[19, ngokwezisekethi engu-20]

Ukuguquguquka Kwesikhathi Nenguquko Yekomiti

Isimiso sekomiti iRajiya Sabra, naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo, ihlushwa ukuhluleka. I-DRSCs ihlangana kanye noma kabili phakathi nesimiso, ilinganisela ukujula kokuhlola kwazo. Umbiko we- we-Institute yeNguquko yezeNtlalo nezezomnotho[ [I-ISC] waphawula ukuthi isikhathi esivamile esalabelwe i-DSC singamahora angu-12 kuphela ngonyaka, uma kuqhathaniswa namahora angu-40 + eUK House of Lords. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Rayya Sabha ayinayo i-Profecra ekhu yezelelweyo eMnyango eqondweni wezentengo egxile kakhulu emthethweni wezentengo. [FLD:] [FFFUL]

Amathuba Okuqinisa Ithonya Lezomnotho LeRaje Sabha

Ukuhlola Kwangaphambi Komthetho

I-Rajiya Sabra ingafeza indima eqhubekayo ngokuhlola izinqubo zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano ngaphambi kokuba ithathe izinqumo zezemali. Ukuhlola kwe-2023 Green Paper yezezimali e-2023 Green Greenter Code yeSikhundla seTakisi [, ngokwesibonelo, kwakudluliselwe kumalungu e-Rajiya Sabba ngenxa yokukhulumela okusemthethweni. Ukuya kwakhiwa kwale nqubo, kanye nokuyenza ibe nesidingo kuzo zonke izikwehlisa zonke izikweleti ezinkulu zezomnotho, kodwa lokhu kungene ekhalekisini lika-Sya kuwe. [[FLT:] [FLT][FLT] AIGOG] ikhululile kakade izingxoxo eziningana zokulungisa amandla ashintshiwe nezomnotho, kodwa aziyihlanganisiwene nekhalenda le-Sragnogn

Imihlangano Ekhethekile Yezomnotho

Uma iRajiya Sabha ibizohlanganisa izingqungquthela zezomnotho zaminyaka yonke, ezifana ne- Pratical Bactenment Office imodeli esetshenziswa eNingizimu Afrika, ingasebenza njengendawo yesikhululo sokubona inqubo ethatha isikhathi eside. Izihlomelo ezinjalo zingagxila kwizihloko ezifana [[FLT:] Ukukhula koMnyango, i-Nantal Inclusion, noma i-Postruve Revetion , ziveze imibiko yokuthi uhulumeni kumelwe uphendule ngokusemthethweni. [2] [FFFFoct:] [5] [5] [FF]]

Ukuphoqelela Inkululeko Yekomiti

Ukuze kuvunyelelwe ukuqondisa, iRaje Sabra Sabra kufanele ilondoloze uhlelo lokusebenzisa imali oluzimele kumakomiti ayo, iwakhulule ekulawuleni izimali eziphethe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaphathi bamakomiti kufanele bakhethwe ngenqubo yokuvumelana, hhayi kuphela ngeqembu elibusayo , umkhuba oye waqeda ukuhlolwa okuzimele. Umhleli wamaHindu [2022] uphikisa ukuthi ukutusa kwekomiti kufanele kuphakanyiswe phansi kweRajeya Sabha phakathi kwamafayela amisiwe esikhathi, kunokuba kunciphe amafayili kahulumeni. Uma uphendukuka, lokhu kungaqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqonda kwezomnotho kwe-Rajiya Shab kuguqulelapy ezinhlelweni ezingokoqobo.

Isiphetho: Umsebenzi Ophakeme WeFoscal Federalism

IRaje Sabra isalokhu ibalulekile, uma ingaphelele, isikhungo sokwakha kwezezomnotho eNdiya. Indima yayo engokomthetho njengegumbi elilungisayo, imfuno yesifunda, kanye nenqolobane yolwazi olunzulu inikeza ikhono eliyingqayizivele lokunqanda izinqumo ezinkulu zezomnotho ngokucabangela nangokuqonda. Nokho, ukuwohloka kwezimiso zemithetho yephalamende, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwendlela yokukhokha imali, nokuntula isikhathi esiphambili kusongela ukwenza indlu ephezulu ibe isitembu nje senjoloba.

Ukuze ikwazi ukuguqula ukusebenza kwayo, iRaje Sabha kumelwe iqale kabusha: ngokufaka umsebenzi wekomiti onzulu, ukwamukela ukuhlola kwangaphambi kokuhlola, nokuvikela izimpikiswano zayo kuma-atric. Njengoba iNdiya ihlola ukushintsha okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezomnotho (ngokwenza ushintsho lwezinkonzo zezimali kusuka ekuncishisweni kwemboni . i-Rajiya Sabba Sabaha njenge-forum ukuze ihlolwe, ubufakazi obusekelwe ekutholeni i-atmon. Ukukhula kwezomnotho akuyona nje indaba yezwe kodwa ukusakazwa kwezindawo ezihlukene. Kuleyo mpi, iRajiya Sabha isebenza kakhulu lapho isebenza kahle kakhulu, futhi i-imfation yesimiso sesimiso sezentando yezwe okumelwe silalele zonke, izikhulu.