Umsuka Wobubusi BukaMbusi Kahulumeni EMthethweni WaseMelika

Ilandela uhlu lozalo lombuso oluvamile lwezokuzivikela oluzimele lwezwe ngenye yezimfundiso ezindala kakhulu nezilandelana kakhulu ezingokomthetho eMelika. Ilandela uhlu lwawo lozalo lomthetho ovamile waseNgilandi, lapho inkosi ingenakumangalelwa khona ezinkantolo zayo ngaphandle kwemvume yayo. Uma amakoloni aseMelika ehlukaniswe neNgilandi, ayephethe lesi simiso, silufake emgoqweni kahulumeni ophethe. Imfundiso isho ukuthi uhulumeni ugonyelwe enkantolo ngaphandle kokuba anikeze imvume ecacile yokumangalelwa. Lokhu akuyona imvume engokobuchwepheshe noma imoto engekho ngokomthetho esemthethweni; iyisivikelo esiyisisekelo esiveza indlela esebenza ngayo, indlela ahlela ngayo imithombo yomphakathi, nendlela izakhamuzi ezifuna ngayo ukulimala ngenxa yesenzo sombuso.

INkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States igomele ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi ukugonyelwa kwesimiso sombuso sokuzimela kuyisimiso sombuso kuphela. Hans v. Louisiana [134 U.S. 1890], iNkantolo igomela ukuthi iSiphendulo seshumi nanye se-inshrine sivikela ukuvikelwa okubanzi kunombhalo wayo kuphela osikisela, ukuvikela ezindaweni zezakhiwe yizakhamuzi zazo kanye nezakhamuzi zezinye izifundazwe. Lencazelo iye yasekelwa futhi yaqiniswa ezinqumweni ezilandelayo njenge Ald nhlangothini lombuso we-ANkakhulu [[FLT] [FLT] [3:] [57] [0] [0], 1999, lapho iNkakhululwe nezwe elihlangene nenkantolo, lenkantolo ephethe inkantolo. Lezehlulele yenkantolo.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nanye ngokwaso sifushane ngokukhohlisa. Sifundeka kanje: "Amandla okwahlulela e-United States ngeke athathwe njengokwenabela noma yisiphi isambatho somthetho noma sokulunga, aqalwa noma aqulwe noma amangalelwe omunye wase-United States yi-Citizences of the State, noma yizakhamuzi noma iZiquators zanoma yisiphi iZwe Langaphandle. ” Noma kunjalo: Inkantolo zilufunde lolu limi kabanzi. Imfundiso manje ivikela emacaleni amaningi ayimfihlo, kuhlanganise nalabo abafuna imali, ngempumulo engcono, nangezinye izivikeli. Ngaphandle kwale, zingahudulelwa enkantolo cishe ngesisekelo sanoma isiphi isiphi isisekelo esidala umonakalo onzima ukuze kuxazulu, futhi ikhubaze ikhono labo lokubusa.

Isizathu Sokuba Kube Khona Ukungalawuleki OkunguMbusi: Ukungaguquguquki Kwezinto Nokungavikeleki

Isu lokunikeza izikhulu ezigonyelwe ekufuneni ukuvikelwa kwemithetho yesizwe akuyona nje inqubo engokomlando noma engokwesiko; ifeza imisebenzi ewusizo. Ohulumeni baphatha izimali eziningi ezixhasa imfundo, ukugcinwa komthetho, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ezokuthutha, kanye nezinto ezisiza umphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi zonke ezalahlekelwa yinkonzo esetshenziswa uhulumeni zingakhokha ngenxa yemali, ukudaleka kwemali okungokongashaqisa. Ngokwesibonelo, ukudilika kwebhuloho elilodwa kungadala izinkulungwane zezimali zokukhokhwabanisa impahla, ukulahlekelwa iholo, nokulimala komuntu siqu. Ngaphandle kwesimiso sokuzivikela, amazwe angadinga ukukhokha imali enkulu ukuze agcine imiphumela engenzeka, ukulahlekelwa imali evela ezinkonzweni zomphakathi ezisemnyangweni zomphakathi.

Ngaphandle kwempikiswano yecala, kunendlela yokusebenza. Amanxusa oMbuso kumelwe enze izinqumo ezinzima mayelana nokwabiwa kwezimpahla, ukunakekelwa kwezakhiwo, nokugcinwa komthetho. Uma lezo zinqumo zingabekwa ngokwesibili enkantolo yomphakathi, inqubo yokwenza izinqumo iyakukhubazeka ngenxa yokwesaba ukubekwa indiva. Isimiso sokuzivikela sombuso sivumela izifunda ukuba zihlele izidingo zomphakathi ngaphandle kokuhlola usongo lwamacala. Idala indawo yokuphefumula ukuze kuthathwe isinyathelo sikahulumeni, iqaphela ukuthi izinga elithile lengozi yomphakathi alikholeki futhi umbuso akumelwe ube umfaki wengozi yonke ingozi noma ukwehluleka.

Lokhu akusho ukuthi izifundazwe azinakubalwa. Ukulandisa kwezombangazwe ngokhetho, ukuqondisa kwemithetho, nokubukeza izinqubo zokuphatha kunikeza ukuhlola esinyatheloni sikahulumeni. Ukuvikeleka kombuso kumane kususa indlela yokulandisa esimisweni somphakathi sokuziphendulela, esiye saphazanyiswa kakade yimiqulu ephakeme yezimpikiswano zangasese. Lemfundiso iyavuma ukuthi ukuthobela imithetho efanayo ebekelwe imingcele njengezinhlangano zomuntu siqu kungaphazamisa isimiso somphakathi futhi kululaze inqubo yentando yeningi.

Ukuvikelwa Kwezakhiwo ZoMbuso Ezibucayi

Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuvikela uhulumeni ekulweni nombuso yisivikelo sezesisekelo somphakathi. Imigwaqo, amabhuloho, amadamu, izindawo zokwelapha amanzi, imishini yokuthutha yomphakathi, kanye nama-rodro asebenzayo abalulekile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke nasemsebenzini wezezomnotho. Lezi zimiso zezethulo, zisebenza, noma zilawulwa kakhulu ohulumeni. Uma zihluleka, imiphumela ingaba yinhlekelele kokubili kubantu nakwezezimali.

Cabangela isimo lapho umgwaqo omkhulu kahulumeni ukha imbobo eyingozi ebangela ingozi yemoto. Ngaphansi kwezimiso zomthetho ezivamile ze-tort, i-athon enomthwalo wokunakekela umgwaqo ingaba yingozi yokulimala. Nokho, ukuzivikela kombuso ngokuvamile kuvikelwe imibandela enjalo ngaphandle kokuba isongele isivikelo esiqinile ekunakekeleni umgwaqo. Ngokufanayo, uma idamu elithelwe uhulumeni liphukile futhi likhukhuleke emiphakathini ehambayo, izakhamuzi zingathola ikhono lazo lokukhokha imingcele enzima kakhulu. Imfundiso ibuza ukuthi uhulumeni, usebenza ezindaweni zawo ezizimele, kufanele ube nesibopho sokulungisa imigwaqo. Ezimweni eziningi, impendulo isho ukuthi akunjalo.

Lesivikelo sidlulela ezindaweni eziningi ezihlobene nesisekelo. Izikole zomphakathi, izibhedlela zikahulumeni, izikhungo zokujeziswa, nezakhiwo zamahhovisi kahulumeni konke kuwela ngaphansi kwesambulela sokuzivikela kombuso. Isivakashi esiwayo futhi siwele esakhiweni sikahulumeni singaba nathuba lokumelana nombuso ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe umxhasi othile. Umakhi waso owenziwe umonakalo emsebenzini wezwe angathola ukuthi izisekelo ezizimele zokuzivikela ezincikekayo zingcono ngenxa yokunganaki okubangelwa ukunganaki kukahulumeni. Imfundiso isebenza kabanzi, futhi imiphumela yayo izwakalela kuyo yonke ingxenye lapho uhulumeni usebenzelana nezakhamuzi namabhizinisi.

Izibonelo Zokusho Okuthiwa UMbusi Ongavumelani

  • Ukukhubazeka nomgwaqo omkhulu: iziphakamiso zomonakalo wemoto noma ukulimala komuntu siqu okubangelwa izimo zomgwaqo ezingezinhle ngokuvamile zivalwa ngaphandle kokuba isenzo setort esibizwayo sinikeza umphini omncane.
  • Ukwehluleka kwenzuzo: Uma isitshalo sogesi noma isimiso sogesi esizilwe uhulumeni sihluleka, okuphumela ekulimaleni kwempahla noma ukuphazanyiswa kwebhizinisi, ukuvikela kobuso begazi kungavimbela ukululama.
  • i-boridge nokuwa kwamadamu:[ Ukuhluleka kwezakhiwo ezisemzileni wesakhiwo okubangela ukulimala okusakazeke kabanzi kungashiya izisulu zingalinyazwanga ikhambi lomphakathi kuhulumeni ngokwawo.
  • Izingozi zokwakha: Ukugula okwenzeka ezakhiweni ezihlotshiswe uhulumeni ngenxa yezimo ezingalondekile kungabangela ukusho okusemthethweni ngaphandle kokuba uhulumeni uvume ukuvumelana.
  • Izingozi zesimiso sokuthumela: Izimo ezihilela amabhasi asebenzisa umbuso, izitimela, noma izitobhi ngokuvamile zibekwa esicini esilinganiselwe ngaphansi kwesimiso sokuvikela ukubusa.

Kubantu nasemabhizinisi alahlekelwa yizisekelo ezisekelwe ezisekelwe ezisekelweni zikahulumeni, ukutholakala kosizo olungokomthetho kuxhomeke ngokuphelele ekutheni uhulumeni uye wakhetha yini ukuxosha loluhlobo lokuzimela kwawo.

Izici Ezihlukile Nokulinganiselwa: Lapho Ukungahlangani KunguMbusi Kungasebenzi

Naphezu kwesivikelo esikhulu esinikezwa ukuzivikela kombuso, lemfundiso ihlukile. Akukho mbuso ojabulela ukuvikeleka ngokuphelele kuzo zonke izisu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bobabili ohulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni baye bamisa imithetho enquma izimo ezithile lapho ukugonyelwa kwesimiso sokuzivikela kulula khona, futhi izinkantolo ziye zaphawula iziphakamiso zomthetho - sisekelo ezingenakuvinjelwa yilemfundiso.

I - Federal Tort Ithi Iwumthetho Kahulumeni Namagunya

Kuhulumeni, i-Federal Tort Act (FTCA) inikeza umsekeli olinganiselwe wesimiso sokuzivikela sikahulumeni esizimele sokuzibeka esivela ekunganakini kwezisebenzi zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngokusebenza kwazo. Amazwe amaningi amise imithetho eqinile, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi uhulumeni wokuzisholo noma ukulwa nombuso. Lemithetho ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zilethe izinhlobo ezithile zokulimala komuntu siqu, ukulimala kwempahla, noma ukufa okungalungile, kodwa avame ukubeka imingcele eqinile.

Imingcele evamile ezinkonzweni zikahulumeni ihlanganisa nalezi:

  • Izinsuku ezimisiwe zokuhlela: Abamangalelwa bangathatha izinsuku ezingu 90 kuya ku-180 kuphela ukuba babhale isaziso, esimfushane kakhulu kunomthetho ovamile wokulinganiselwa kwezenzo zobuchwephesha.
  • Izimpompo: Izifunda eziningi zilinganisela isilinganiso semali engcono engenziwa yi-athom, ngezinye izikhathi iphansi nge R150 000 noma R150 000 umuntu ngamunye.
  • Izindlela zezenzo zokuhlakanipha: Amazwe avame ukulondoloza ukuvikeleka kwezinqumo ezihilela ukwahlulela kwezimiso, njengokuthi angakhaphi umgwaqo noma ukuhlela indlela yokuhlela imali yokuzinakekela.
  • [ Ukuveza ezinye izinhlobo zokusho: Ezinye izimiso zikahulumeni zikhipha ngokuqondile ukusho okuvela ekulawuleni izikhukhula, izimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi, noma izinhlekelele ezingokwemvelo.

Lokhu kulinganiselwa kusho ukuthi ngisho noma umbuso usuye walulaza ukuzivikela kwawo, ngokuvamile umbulali uncane futhi uvimbela.

Izinkulumo Zomthetho - sisekelo Nokuphoqelelwa Kwemithetho Engokomthetho

Okunye okubalulekile ukukhipha umthetho wokuzimela uhulumeni wokuvikela ukunqanda ukuthatheka ngenxa yokwephulwa komthetho-mthetho. Ngaphansi kwemfundiso esungulwe Ex e Young (209 U.S. 123, 1908), abantu bangamangalela izikhulu zikahulumeni ezisebusweni bazo ukuze zilindele ukunqanda ukuphulwa komthetho kahulumeni okuqhubekayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba ungeke ukwazi ukukhokha imvume yemali, ungafuna umyalo wenkantolo odinga isikhulu esifuna ukumisa umthetho ongagunyaziwe noma ukuvumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSishaya-Mkhandlu singachaza ukuthi inhloso yaso ukuvikela uhulumeni ngokusemthethweni lapho sisebenza ngaphansi kwemibuso ethile ewumthetho-sisekelo, ikakhulukazi isiqephu 5 seSichibiyelo seshumi nane. I-Cornell Legal Information Institute ye-sobushivile ye- ichaza ukuthi uKhongolo kumelwe luchaze inhloso yalo yokuvikela uhulumeni ngokungenaphutha futhi kumelwe lusebenze ngokusemthethweni ekunikezeni igunya elingokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Congress Congressbery inesimiso sombuso sokuzivikela sombuso esiqinile ekucwaseni ngemithetho ethile ekhubazeni imisebenzi namalungelo okukhubazekayo, ivumele abantu ukuba bashaye izivumelwano zokwephula leyo mithetho kahulumeni.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yavikela kakhulu ukuvikeleka kobukhosi besizwe emashumini eminyaka amuva, ilinganisela ikhono lombuso lokusiqeda. Florida Prealitary Education PostSecondary Practy Board v. College Savings Bank[[FLL:1] (527 U.S. 627, 1999), iNkantolo yashaya umzamo kaHulumeni wokuvikela uhulumeni ngaphansi kwe-Paten Remedict Act, iphethe ukuthi i-Remendement Reactal React ayigunyazanga ukuvuzisa ububanzi okunjalo. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi umthetho uhulumeni uthi umelene nempi eqhumile ngaphandle kokuba umthetho uklanyelwe ngokucacile ukuba ulwe ukuba igunyaze amalungelo omthetho ongokomthetho.

EHLOLA UWAIver NgoMbuso

Amazwe futhi angakhetha ukuxosha ukuzivikela kwawo ngokuzithandela. Izifunda eziningi ziye zenza kanjalo ngomthetho othile ogunyaza amasuntswana ngokumelene nombuso ngezinjongo ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni ungamisa umthetho ovumela abakhi ukuba badlulise umthetho ukuze baphule isivumelwano, noma wenze ukuboshelwa okufeza ezinye iziphakamiso ngaphandle kwesimiso senkantolo. Laba baxhaphazi badonswa kancane futhi bathathwa ngokumelene nokumangalelwa. Uma uhulumeni engavumanga ngokucacile ukukhomba, i-proglotte iyaqhubeka isebenza.

Ezinye izifundazwe ziphethe izinhlelo ezisebenza njengamakhambi okuqondisa kunokuba zisebenzele inkantolo. Isakhamuzi esinecala elilimaza umbuso singadingeka ukuba sibhale phansi ibhodi noma ikhomishane ngaphambi kokuthatha isinyathelo senkantolo. Lezi zinqubo zokuphatha ngokuvamile ziba nezindinganiso ezisobala futhi azivumeli ukuqulwa kwecala, kodwa zinganikeza umzila owehlisayo, ongabizi kakhulu wokuxazulula izingxabano ezithile.

Abasizi Bangabodwa Nenhlangano Kahulumeni Yokuvikela

Kuphakama umehluko obalulekile lapho amazwe enza isivumelwano nezinhlangano ezizimele zokwakha noma zokulondoloza isisekelo. Ukuvikeleka kombuso ngokuvamile akubhekiseli kumakheni azimele, okusho ukuthi inkampani ezimele esebenzela umbuso ingamangalelwa ngokunganaki noma ngokwephulwa kwesivumelwano. Nokho, abakhi bangase banxuse umakhi wohulumeni ezimweni ezithile, bephikisa ngokuthi babelandela izincazelo zikahulumeni futhi abanakubekwa icala ngezinqumo zomklamo noma izimiso ezenziwa nguhulumeni.

Umngcele phakathi kwesenzo sikahulumeni nesenzo somuntu siqu kungaba nzima ukufinyelela. Uma inkampani ezimele isebenza isakhiwo esizimele esinendawo kahulumeni, njengejele noma umgwaqo okhohlakele, umbuzo wokuthi ingabe ukugonyelwa kwezikhali ezizimele kuxhomeke ekulawuleni kukahulumeni nasekuzilweni komsebenzi owenziwayo. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zibheka ukuthi umsebenzi usebenza ngokwesiko likahulumeni noma umsebenzi owenziwe ngasese. Lokhu kuxhomeke ekubeni inqumo enquma ukuthi uma uma umakhi ekwazi ukuvikela uhulumeni noma kumelwe avikele isambatho sawo siqu.

Imisebenzi Ewusizo Kwababesebenza Emakhaya

Kunoma ubani ocabangela ukusho ukuthi uhulumeni umelene nohulumeni, ukugonyelwa kombuso kuyisithiyo sokuqala nesabisa kakhulu. Lemfundiso isebenza njengendaba engenakuphenywa ngaphambi kokuba kuxazululwe inzuzo yecala. Uma isimiso sokuvikela izikhali sisebenza, inkantolo ayinagunya lokulalela, futhi icala kumelwe lixoshwe kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amaqiniso ayisisekelo anamandla kangakanani.

Leliqiniso lithwesa abahlaseli imithwalo ephawulekayo. Ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe isudi, umuntu ongase athenge ukuthi uhamba kumelwe:

  1. Thola ukuthi umbuso uye walulahla yini uhlobo oluthile lwezithiyo.
  2. Landela noma iziphi izimfuneko zesaziso noma izidingo ezisekelwe emthethweni wezwe.
  3. Bheka ukuthi lokhu kumangalelwa kubangelwa yini okuhlukile, njengokuphulwa umthetho - sisekelo noma ilungelo likahulumeni lokuvumelana.
  4. Cabangela ukuthi ukubiza izikhulu zikahulumeni kunokuba uzwe ngokwawo ukuze usebenzise Ex ex Young ukukhipha ukukhululeka okungalawuleki.
  5. Hlola ukutholakala kwamakhambi ahlukile, njengokufuna ukugunyazwa kwehhovisi noma ukukhokhelwa komshuwalense.

Lezi zinyathelo zidinga ukuhlaziywa ngokucophelela ngokomthetho futhi ngokuvamile zidinga ukuba kuqale ukuxoxa nommeli onokuhlangenwe nakho kokugonywa kokuzivikela kombuso.

Ukucatshangelwa Okufanele Kwabavikeli

Kuhulumeni bamazwe, ukugonyelwa kwesimiso sokuvikela ukubusa kuyithuluzi elinamandla lokulawula ingozi yokuzifaka engozini. Abameli bezwe ngokuvamile basekela ukuzivikela kobukhosi njengesivikelo sokuvuma ezisusweni zomphakathi, ngokuvamile ukuthatha izinyathelo zokukhipha izintambo zokulahla izicelo zakudala. Uma ziphumelela, lezi zindlela zokulahla izindleko ngaphandle kokuthola noma ukuqulwa kwecala, zigcina izindleko ezingokomthetho eziqinile futhi zigweme ingozi yezigwebo eziyingozi zamajaji.

Nokho, izifundazwe futhi kumelwe zihlole incazelo yezokuvikela komphakathi nezombangazwe ekuzivikeleni. Izwe elicela ukugonyelwa kwesimiso sokuzimela ukuze kugwenywe izisulu zokudilika kwebhuloho noma isiphithiphithi sasejele lingase libhekane nomphakathi omkhulu. Kwezinye izimo, izishaya-mthetho zinganquma ukuvimbela ukuvikela komzimba ngesehlakalo esithile, ligunyaza ukukhokhela ngentengo ekhethekile noma ngokukhipha imvume. Le zombangazwe inikeza i-valve yokuphepha evumela ukubhekana nezimo ezingavamile ngaphandle kokuphazamisa isivikelo esivamile sokuzivikela.

I- Ukuhlolwa kwe-conreferial Research Service yesimiso sokuzivikela sombuso kunikeza ukucaciswa okubanzi kwendlela elawulayo engokomthetho, kuhlanganise nezinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo ePhakeme nempendulo yemithetho. Lencwadi ibaluleke kakhulu kudokotela abasemthethweni nakubenzi bezimiso abafuna ukuqonda isimo samanje salemfundiso.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nemikhuba Yesikhathi Esizayo

Umthetho wokuzivikela kombuso awuqinile. Izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zicwengisisa lemfundiso ukuze kuxazululwe izinselele ezintsha zomthetho futhi kushintshwe amathemba amasha. Izimo eziningi ziyafaneleka ukuqashelwa yinoma ubani olandela lendawo yomthetho.

Okokuqala, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yabonisa ukuthambekela okungaguquki kokwandisa kunokuthatha izivumelwano zobubusi. Iningi leNkantolo lizwelana nezimpikiswano zokuthi ukuvikela uhulumeni nokuzibusa ngaphakathi kwesimiso sikahulumeni. Lokhu kusobala ezicabeni ezinjenge Allen v. Cooper [589 U.S. _, 2020), lapho iNkantolo ikholelwa khona ukuthi iNkantolo i-Congress yayingenaso sovicelo esiqinile sombuso ngaphansi kwe-Readifice Classiation Act, ivimbela abanikazi belungelo lokulahla izimezomthetho. INkantolo yasho ukuthi uma uKhomishane efuna ukuvikela ukugcinwa kwelungelo, kumelwe yenze kanjalo ngegunya elingcono kakhulu lomthetho we-bukhompuyutho nolimi olucacile.

Okwesibili, kuqashelwa ukuhlangana kwesimiso sokuvikela uhulumeni nokusungula ubuchwepheshe. Njengoba izifundazwe zithatha izakhiwo zemishini, kuhlanganise nezimiso zokwaziswa, amathuluzi obuchwepheshe, kanye namapulatifomu e-inthanethi, kuphakama imibuzo yokuthi isivikelo siyasebenza yini ekutheni inqubo yokuvikela izikhali isebenza ngokwemithetho ye-data, ukwehluleka kwemithetho yemithetho, noma amaphutha e-software. Lezi zimo cishe zingenza ukukhiqizwa kwemisebe eminyakeni ezayo, ikakhulukazi njengoba izakhamuzi zifuna ukulandisa ngezimiso zezokuxhumana ezisebenza zikahulumeni ezihlulekayo noma zibangela umonakalo.

Okwesithathu, umqedazwe we-COVOVAD-19 waletha ukuvikeleka kobuso obuzimele njengoba izifundazwe zibhekene nezinkulumo ezihlobene nezimiso zezempilo zomphakathi, izimiso zasekhaya zokunakekela, nokusakaza umjovo. Ezinye izifundazwe zamisa izivikelo zokuvikela kwesikhashana ezivikela abanakekela impilo namabhizinisi, kuyilapho ezinye zabhekana nokumangalelwa okubekela inselele amandla esimo esiphuthumayo. Lezimpikiswano eziwumqedazwe zavivinya imingcele yesimiso sombuso sokuzivikela kombuso futhi zingathonya indlela lemfundiso esetshenziswa ngayo ezimweni eziphuthumayo zempilo zomphakathi esikhathini esizayo.

Ukulinganisela Phakathi Kokulandisa Nemisebenzi Kahulumeni

Ibonisa isahlulelo okumelwe sivikelwe esilinganisweni esiphelele sencazelo yomphakathi ukuze kulondolozwe ikhono labo lokubusa ngokuphumelelayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lemfundiso ihlanganisa ukuhlukana okuhlelwe ngokucophelela okunikeza amathuba okulungisa lapho kuphulwa umthetho, ukuphulwa kwemithetho okucacile, futhi iveza ukuvinjelwa kwesimiso sokuvikela.

Lokhu kulinganisela akwanelisi ngaso sonke isikhathi kulabo abalimala ngenxa yokuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni. Umkhaya ondlu yawo igcwele ngenxa yokuhluleka kwedamu likahulumeni ungakuthola kungalungile kakhulu ukuba ukuvikela kombuso kubavimbele ekufuneni imbuyiselo kuhulumeni. Nokho okunye kungaba izwe lapho izifunda zibhekene khona nokuziphikisa okungapheli, lapho zonke izinqumo zezemisebenzi yemvelo zenziwa ngokubheka ukuchayeka esichengeni, nalapho imithombo yomphakathi iphambukiswa khona ezinkonzweni ezigciniweni zomphakathi.

Ikhambi lalokhu kucindezeleka ngokwengxenye lisenqubweni yezombangazwe. Izakhamuzi ezingajabuli ngemithetho yombuso yokuvikela izikhali zingasekela izinguquko zemithetho, abasekeli abathembisi ukwandiswa kwe-tortraid, noma ukuphoqelela ukwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zokukhokha izinxephezelo. Ezinye izizwe ziye zathatha iziphakamiso eziphakamisa kakhulu ezinikeza ukukhokha imbuyiselo kuyilapho zisagcina imingcele elinganiselwe. Ezinye ziye zamisa izimali zokukhokha izisulu ngenxa yezigaba ezithile zokulimala, njengokunxenxa noma ukulimala okungalungile, okusebenza ngaphandle kwesimiso sezwe esivamile sokuthola isinxephezelo.

Isisekelo sesisekelo esikhethekile, isivikelo esingcono kakhulu ekulimaleni akukona ukuvikelwa kodwa ukukhubazeka kokulondolozwa kwemali, ukulondeka, nokuzimela. Ukuvikeleka kombuso kungalinganisela imiphumela engokomthetho yokuhluleka kwezezisekelo zemvelo, kodwa akuziqedi izindleko zabantu nezezomnotho. Amazwe adebeselela imigwaqo yawo, amabhuloho, nezingakhiyo abhekene nemiphumela yebhokisi lemali nakwezomnotho ezikhungweni ezibanzi, ngisho noma engenakuphoqelelwa ukukhokha umonakalo ezinkantolo zomphakathi.

Isiphetho

Isimiso sokuvikela uhulumeni siyimfundiso eyinkimbinkimbi futhi egxilile engokomthetho efeza umsebenzi obalulekile wokuvikela ohulumeni bezwe emakweletini angenamingcele. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo ekuhlelekeni kwezakhiwo kubaluleke kakhulu, kuvikela izifundazwe ezingaphazamisa ukusebenza nokunakekelwa kwemigwaqo, amabhuloho, izinto ezisebenza kuwo wonke umphakathi. Lemfundiso ayiphelele, futhi ayikho ngaphandle komthetho-mthetho, ukugcinwa kwemithetho yezomthetho kahulumeni, kanye nokunqandwa kwesimiso sokuzivikela komzimba. Nokho, inqubo evamile ekhona engathi ayinakukho ukukhohliswa ngaphandle kwemvume yabo.

Kudokotela abangokomthetho, abakhi bemithetho, kanye nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda ukuhlelwa kwesimiso sokuzivikela kombuso kudingekile ekunyatheleni izikhundla zomphakathi ngokumelene nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Imfundiso enesimo sokuzimela, inquma indlela yokuthola amakhambi, kanye nokuthonya indlela amazwe ahlela ngayo imithombo yemisebenzi yezesisekelo nezinkonzo zomphakathi. Njengoba indawo engokomthetho iqhubeka iguqukela ezinqumweni zenkantolo nasenzweni somthetho, ukulinganisela phakathi kokulandisa kombuso nokuzinza kukahulumeni kuhlala kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu emthethweni waseMelika.