Impilo yanoma isiphi isigaba sentando yeningi isekelwe ezinsikeni ezimbili ezihlangene: abaqondisi bezimiso zayo zokuvota kanye nezinga lemfundo yayo yomphakathi. Nakuba izimiso zokuvota zinquma indlela okukhethwa ngayo umuntu ngamunye okuhunyushelwa ngayo emiphumeleni ehlangene, imfundo yomphakathi ihlomisela izakhamuzi ngolwazi nangekhono lokucabanga elibalulekile elidingekayo ukuze ziqondise lezo zimiso. Uma zombili izinsika zinamandla, ukuvota, ukuthatha iqhaza, futhi izikhulu ezikhethiwe ziba nesibopho sokuziphendulela. Nakuba kunezici eziningi zentando yeningi, kunegebedu phakathi komklamo yemithetho ekhethekile nokuqonda komphakathi. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuhlangana kwezimiso zokuvota nemfundo engokomthetho yezemfundo ekhethekile, sihlola indlela ehlukile yokuhlanganisa ukuqaphela igebeleleka nokuhlola igebedi.

Ukubukeka Kwezimiso Zokusakaza Izindiza

Izimiso zokuqamba akuzona izinqubo ezingathathi hlangothi. Zithonya ngentshiseko okhethwayo, lawo mazwi akhuliswayo, nendlela abavoti abawaqonda ngayo amandla abo siqu. Ukuqonda umehluko wesimiso ngasinye kubalulekile ekufundeni komphakathi ngoba imithetho yomdlalo ithinta ngokuqondile ukumelelwa nokwethenjwa.

Isiqalo-Past-the Post (FPTP)

FPTP, esetshenziswa emazweni anjenge-United States, iUnited Kingdom, neCanada, inikeza ukunqoba kwabavoti abaningi esifundeni esisodwa. Kulula ukuqonda nokuveza imiphumela ecacile, kodwa ngokuvamile kuholela ekutheni umnqobi athole indawo lapho umkhandlu ungathola izihlalo eziningi ngaphandle kwenkomba ethandwayo. Lokhu kungashiya abasekeli beqembu elincane benomuzwa wokudilizwa futhi banganciphisa ukuvota ezindaweni eziphephile lapho umphumela ubonakala unqunyiwe khona. FPTP futhi bathambekele ekunqandeni ukuvota okungokomthetho futhi bangakhipha ukuvota okunga kwezombangazwe okunenzuzo ebanzi, okukhangayo kunokuba banciphe imibono ehlukahlukene.

Ukukhetha Okuqinile Okungasetshenziswa (RCV)

RCV, eyaziwa nangokuvota okusheshayo, ivumela abavoti ukuba bahlele abavoti ngokuthanda. Uma kungekho mvoti othola amavoti okuqala, owokugcina ocela indawo uqedwe, futhi amavoti abo adluliselwa kulabo abavoti abalandelayo kuze kube yilapho iningi labaphumelele liphuma. RCV lithola igalelo emadolobheni afana ne New York, iSan Francisco, neMinneapolis, ngokufanayo noMneapolis, ngokwesilinganiso eMaine nase-Alaska. Abavoti baphikisa ngokuthi i-RCV inciphisa umkhankaso wokubhekisla ngokumelene nomthetho, ikhuthaza abawini ukuba badlulise izisekelo zabo, futhi baqinisekise ukuthi ukunqoba ekugcineni kubonisa kancane kancane ekuthandeni kwe-RCC. Imikhankaso yemfundo ebanzi ezindaweni zokhetho futhi inciphe inciphiswe. Ngenxa yokwaziswa kwe-RVC, ukucwaninga ngo-FFote: [Fodst]

Umfuziselo ongokwengxenye (PR)

Izimiso zePR, ezivame kakhulu embusweni wentando yeningi waseYurophu nase-Latin America, zabela izihlalo ezisezindaweni ezinezingxenye eziningi ezisekelwe engxenyeni yamavoti atholwa yiqembu ngalinye. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu amancane kanye nemibono ehlukahlukene kumelelwa ngokulingana nokusekela kwawo. Izimiso ze-PR zihlanganisa ukuhlanganisa amaqembu e-PR kanye nezinhlanganisela zezindawo ezixubeneyo (MMP) ezisetshenziswa eJalimane nase-New Zealand. I-PR ithambekele ekuvezeni amavoti aphezulu ngenxa yezindaba zevoti futhi ngenxa yokuthi ibone izintando zayo ziboniswa ekwakhelini. Nokho, i-PR ingaholela futhi ekuhlukanini kwemithetho ye-palme kanye nohulumeni abahlukene okungase kulwe ngokuzinziswa ngokuthula okukhulu kwentando yentando yesizwe phakathi kwezakhamuzi.

Umsindo owodwa odluliswayo (STV)

STV yisimiso esisekelwe ekukhetheni esisetshenziswa ezifundeni eziningi. Abavoteli banezigaba eziningi, futhi ngemva kokuba kumiswe umnyango, amavoti anele abaphumeleleyo adluliselwa, njengoba kunjalo ngamavoti avela kubabeqeshi abasusiwe. i-STV isetshenziselwa ukhetho lwephalamende e-Ireland naseMalta futhi kwezinye izigaba zendawo e-Australia nase Scotland. Ihlanganisa izinzuzo ezizilinganisiweyo ze-PR kanye nokhetho lwe-R oluqondiswe kwi-RCV. Ngenxa yokuthi i-STV iyakwazi ukukhetha abazokweqalisela emigqeni yeqembu, i-STV ikhuthaza ukubambisana kwephalamende yeqembu futhi inikeza abamele ukuthatha inhlanhla engokoqobo. Imfundo ezindaweni ezithile i-STV idinga ukuchaza inani lezibalo nenqubo yokuthunyelwa, kodwa lapho kuqondwa, uvoti ojikeleza ukubika ukwaneliseka okukhulu.

Izinkinga Eziqhathaniswayo Zokuqaphela I - Voter

Isimiso ngasinye sinikeza izinselele eziyingqayizivele zokufundisa. Abavoti kudingeka baqonde ukuvota okukhethekile nomqondo wamavoti asaphazanyiswayo. I-RCV kumelwe ifunde indlela yokuhlela ngokuphumelelayo nalokho okwenzekayo phakathi nezindawo zokukhipha. I-PR ne-STVvote kudingeka baqonde izingeno, izinqubo zokudlulisa, nobuhlobo phakathi kokuhleleka kohlu lweqembu nokukhetha abavota. Izinhlelo zemfundo ezisetshenziswayo esimisweni esithile ezisetshenziswayo zingathuthukisa ngokuphawulekayo ukuqiniseka kwabavoti futhi zinciphise amaphutha kuma-bolotte. Uma u-Proffates eqonda "INT" ngemva kwemithetho, ngokunokwenzeka bangayithemba inqubo futhi babuye bashintshe njalo.

Imfundo Yesibalo: Isisekelo Sokuhlanganyela Ngolwazi

Imfundo ye-Civic ihlanganisa ulwazi olubanzi, amakhono, nemibono eyenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlanganyela ngokunenzuzo ekuphileni kwentando yeningi. Ngomongo wezimiso zokuvota, imfundo yomphakathi kumelwe ikhulume kokubili ngobuchwepheshe bokukhetha kanye nezici ezibanzi zophawulo, ukulingana, nokulandisa.

Izingxenye Zemfundo Yesiko Ephumelelayo

  • Ulwazi lwe-pic: ukuqonda indlela okhetho olusebenza ngayo, indima yezinhlangano, namalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yezakhamuzi.
  • Amakhono okunikeza isijeziso : ukucabanga okugxekayo, ukufunda imithombo yezindaba, nekhono lokuhlola ukwaziswa emithonjeni eminingi.
  • Amakhono okuhlanganisa [: indlela yokubhalisa ukuvota, ukucwaninga, nokuhlanganyela ekucabangiseni komphakathi.
  • [ Izimo ze-pic: imikhuba yokuzimela kwe-othorial, ukubekezelela imibono ehlukene, kanye nokuzibophezela ekwakheni okuhle komphakathi.

Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, imfundo yomphakathi iye yasuswa ezifundweni zesikole, ishiya abavoti abasebasha bengazihlomele kahle ukuhamba endaweni ezungezile yabavoti eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. I-Center for Information & Ukucwaninga nge-CBICON Learning and Beginement (CIRCIREment)[FL:1] eTufts University ibhale phansi ulwazi lwezenhlalakahle phakathi kwabasha nokuncipha okuhambisanayo kwezindawo zokhetho lokuqala. Nokho, ukucwaninga kubonisa futhi ukuthi ngisho nokungenela okufushane, okunezimpawu ezinhle zezimiso ezihlukahlukene zokuvota.

Ukushintsha Komlando Nezinselele Zanamuhla

Kusukela ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi zasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kuya ku "ukuvuselelwa kwenguquko" yeminyaka ka-1990, imfundo yomphakathi iye yaqala ukusabela ekushintsheni izimo zezombangazwe. Namuhla, izinselele ezintsha zihlanganisa ukwanda kokungaqondi kahle, ukuhlukana kwezimiso zezokuxhumana, nokungathembani ezinhlanganweni. I-National Council ye-Cult ye-studies, izinqubo zokuvota, nokungaguquguquki kwezimiso zezimiso ezihlukene. Ngakho imfundo ye-CBIBIC kumele igcizelele ukuhlaziya, ukucabanga kobufakazi obusekelwe entweni, nokuqonda indlela izimiso zokuvota ezingaklanywa ngayo ukuze zimelane nohlobo lwezemfundo. [[FLT:] I-National Council Constitues (NCS)[FOLD] inikeza izimo zezimiso zokuhlanganisa lezi zimiso zemfundo ezisekwenezelelwe eziphambili ze-KPronsole.

Umphumela Wokuqaphela Ugesi Nokubuya

Ubuhlobo phakathi kolwazi lwesimiso sokuvota nokuziphatha kokuvota kwangempela bubhalwe phansi. Uma izakhamuzi zikholelwa ukuthi ziyayiqonda indlela ivoti yazo emelela ngayo, zisengozini enkulu yokuvota. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukudideka ngesimiso kubangela ukunganaki nokuhlukaniswa.

Ukucwaninga Kuthola Ulwazi Nokuhlanganyela

Ukuhlola okwenziwa ngemithetho ye-RCV kubonisa ukuthi abavoti abathola izinto zemfundo ngo-1996 mayelana nesimiso esisha babikwa ukuthi bathemba kakhulu futhi basengozini kakhulu yokuphuma okhethweni olulandelayo futhi balawula izici zamanani abantu. Okunye okuye kwatholwa emazweni ashintsha kusukela ku-FPTPPP ukuya ku-PR: eNew Zealand, ushintsho olusuka ku-FPTP ukuya ku-MMP ngo-1996 lwahambisana nomkhankaso omkhulu wemfundo yomphakathi, futhi ukuvukwa kwahlala kuqinile naphezu kokushintshwa. Abaqondisi baqonda inqubo ye-MMP's's's's's's's procectivesss baneliseke kakhulu ngokukhetha kwabo uma kuqhathaniswa nemibuzo emibili. Ngokunokwenzeka abangenakuthola impendulo engcono, [[FLT:] Ucwaningo olungaphezulu lwezenyukdayo.[FLD]

Ukumelana Nokwaziswa Okunganembile Nokwethenjwa Kokwakha

Enye yezimo ezinamandla kakhulu yokuthatha imfundo eshisiwe yinqubo yokungagunyazi ukuvota. Uma abavoti beqonda izivikelo ezakhiwe ngokwemithetho ekhethiwe − njengezinqubo zokuhlola, ukulandisa izinqubo, kanye nobuhlakani bokukhetha okulinganiselwe, zenza kube lula kakhulu ekutheni kushiwo ngokukhohlisa noma ukubekwa kwe-paligi. Ku-2020 U.S. ukhetho, imingcele eyabekwa emfundweni esobala yemfundo yomphakathi ngokuvota iposi kanye nokubala kwaba nokwehla kwenani eliphansi kakhulu lokungathembani okuhlobene nokungakhohliswa. Ngokufanayo, ngemva kokuchaza izinhlelo zemfundo zomphakathi ezichaza ukulinganisela kwezinhlanga nokuhlelwa kwezizwe.

Ukubhekana Nezinselele

Naphezu kwezinzuzo ezicacile, izithiyo ezinkulu zivimbela imfundo ephumelelayo yomphakathi ngezimiso zokuvota ukuba ifinyelele zonke izingxenye zomphakathi.

Imithombo Nezigebengu Ezingokwezimali

Izifunda zesikole eziningi nezinhlangano zomphakathi azinamali yokuthuthukisa nokusebenzisa iziteshi eziphezulu zemfundo. Intuthuko yobuchwepheshe kuthisha ivame ukuba incane, futhi izinto ezichaza izimiso zokuvota zilula kakhulu noma ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ukuxhasa kwezemfundo yomphakathi yezokhetho kuyahlukahluka kakhulu, futhi imibuso ephansi kakhulu engekho kakhulu. Izinhlangano nezisekelo ezingakhokhi ingasiza, kodwa ukutshala okuqhubekayo kudinga intando yezombangazwe nokuqaphela ukuthi ukufunda kwezezesizwe kuyinzuzo yomphakathi.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezombangazwe Nokungezwani

Inguquko ye-Electoral iyona ngokwayo iyimpikiswano ehlukanisayo. Abameleli bezimiso zokuvota ezihlukene bangase baxabane ngokuthi ubani ungubani olungile, futhi lezompi zingadlulela ekufundiseni. I-Neutral, izinto ezisekelwe ekunikezeni ukuhweba kwesimiso ngasinye ngaphandle kokusekela umphumela othile ukuze kugcinwe uthembana. Nokho, ngisho nokunikezwa kwamaqiniso alula, njengokungakhiqizwa kanjani imiphumela yobandlululo.

Izithiyo Zokuthola Izakhamuzi Ezingalingani

Imingcele yolimi, ukukhubazeka, nokuhlukaniswa kwemitapo isho ukuthi abavoti abaningi − ikakhulukazi labo abavela emtholazweni ophansi, abafuduki, noma izizinda zasemaphandleni − bashiywe emizileni yemfundo engokwesiko. Ukufinyelela okuphumelelayo kumelwe kusebenzise amafomethi amaningi: ezindaweni zokubhala amafomende, izinto ezihlanganisa iziyalezo, namathuluzi emishini etholakalayo. Izinhlangano ezisekelwe emphakathini kakade esezithembele kulezi zakhamuzi ngokuvamile ziyizindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokuthutha. Imishini phakathi kwezikhulu zokhetho nemisebenzi yendawo ingavala igebelele, kodwa zidinga ukubambisana nokusekelana.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo: Ukuthutha izincwadi zesimiso sokubhala zingene eCubic Curicula

Ukuze kuqinisekwe ukuthi isakhamuzi ngasinye singahlanganyela ngokunenjongo esimisweni saso sokuvota, abenzi bezimiso nothisha kumelwe bafake ulwazi lwesimiso sokuvota emfundweni yezakhamuzi ebanzi (hhayi njengengxenye evotiwe kodwa njengendlela eyinhloko yokuncintisana.

Izinqubo Ezisekelwe Esikoleni

  • [ Okhetho olugunyaziwe: Sebenzisa amavoti ekilasi okugcona usebenzisa i-FPTP, RCV, PR, ne-STV ukuze uvumele abafundi babone imiphumela mathupha.
  • Ukuhlolwa kwe-Case: Hlaziya izibonelo zangempela zenguquko yezwe, njengokuthatha kukaMaine i-RCV noma ukushintshela kwe-MMP yaseNew Zealand.
  • [ Ukuhlaziya kwezezindaba [: Abafundi bahlola indlela imithombo yezindaba ehlukene eveza ngayo izimiso zokuvota kanye nemiphumela yokukhetha.
  • Imisebenzi yokubhalisa ye-Voter: Ukuxhumana kufunda ngezimiso ezinezinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokubhalisa nokuvota.

Indlela Esekelwe Emphakathini Nezobuchwepheshe

Ngalé kwezikole, imitapo yezincwadi, izikhungo zomphakathi, kanye ne-inthanethi ye-plugit zingaba nezimo ezibonisa izimpawu zezimiso zokuvota zendawo. Ukufunda okusekelwe kwi-mememo-science . njengethuluzi le-inthanethi "i-Vote Shy" noma umdlalo webhodi "Isinqumo Sokhetho!" yenza imiqondo engabonakali. Izifunda eziningi manje zinikeza amavidiyo emfundo ngezindlela eziningi; lokhu kumele kuhlanganise izincazelo ezicacile zefomethi yebhola lotho kanye nokubala. Isihluthulelo siwukuhamba ngalé ngalé kwethuluzi elilodwa lokulungisa zonke izincwajana ze-onke izincwajana ze-onke izincwajana ze-opera ze-methobolo, futhi udale okuthiwe isimiso esithile esizovota ozohlangana ngosuku lokhetho.

Ukutuswa Kwemithetho

Ohulumeni kufanele bagunyaze ukuba iminyango yokhetho inikeze amaphesenti athile emali yabo emfundo yomphakathi. I- Independent, amakhomishane angenayo angasungula iziteshi zemfundo ezingokohlelo nezingamukeleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimfuneko zokubhala nokubhala ezisezikoleni zesikole kufanele zihlanganise izimfuneko zezokukhetha ezisemihlelweni yesikoleni yokukhetha ukuze kusizwe abafundi baqonde ukuhlobana phakathi kwemithetho yokuvota nemiphumela yezombangazwe. Uma zihlangene nokuqondisa kokhetho okusobala, lezi zinyathelo zingavuselela ukwethembana nokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlangana kwezimiso zokuvota nemfundo yomphakathi akusona nje isici semfundo engokwemfundo kuphela, kuyindlela esebenzayo yokuthuthukisa impilo yentando yeningi. Uma abavoti beqonda abakhandi bemuva, bevota ngokuqiniseka okukhulu, bahlanganyela ngokungaguquki, futhi bagcine abameleli babo ezindinganisweni eziphezulu. Uhambo lokuya kukhetho olubotshelelwe kakhulu ludinga ukushukumisa izihloko ezingezithi "yonke imibango ekhona" ekuchazeni okuqotho ukuthi ivoti ngayinye ibaluleke kanjani esimisweni esisinikeziwe. Ngokufaka imfundo yezentengiso, ephelele, nengahambisani neyabo abamele imingcele, i-democracratic inganikeza izakhamuzi amandla okuqondisa isayensi eyinkimbinkimbi, ukumelana ne-gconsition, nokufuna ngokulunga. Ikusasa lokuhlanganyela kwentando yentando yeningi lixhomeke ekuvalelekeni phakathi kwesimiso sethu sokukhetha nendlela esifundisa ngayo.