Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo: Indlela Amasheke Nokulinganisela Okulawula Ngayo Imibuso Yanamuhla

Isimiso sikahulumeni waseMelika saklanywa ngamabomu ngokuhlukaniswa kwamagatsha amathathu alinganayo: isikhulu esiphethe, somthetho, nokwahlulela. Lesi sakhiwo, esibekwe ezihlokweni I, II, no-II zoMthetho-sisekelo, sidala amandla lapho kungekho negatsha elingawalawulayo. Abahleli baqonda ukuthi isifiso sokuvelela kumelwe sibekwe ngokusemthethweni, futhi umphumela uwukubambisana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwegunya, ukuqondisa, nokuxoxa. Ukuqonda ukuthi la magatsha asebenza kanjani ngempela kudinga ukuhlola izikhathi ezingokomlando lapho ubuhlobo bawo bungavivinywa khona, bucacingisiwe, noma buchazwe kabusha. Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zeRepublictures kuya ezimpini zezombangazwe, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kuye kwaveza kokubili ukubambisana, ukusekela, ukuqondisa imithetho, imithetho, namalungelo eyisisekelo esizwe.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Amandla, Amaqholo, Nemingcele

UMongameli, njengenhloko yegatsha eliphethe, uphethe igunya elikhulu ekusebenziseni umthetho kahulumeni, aqhube isimiso sangaphandle, ayale impi, futhi akhiphe iziyalezo zezikhulu. Nokho, leligunya aliphelele. Ukulawula kwezimali kweSishaya-Mkhandlu, kungadlula amaveto, futhi kumelwe kuqinisekise ukumiswa kwezikhulu eziningi. Ijaji lingazishaya indiva izenzo zezikhulu eziphula uMthetho-sisekelo. Indaba elandelayo ibonisa indlela lezi zihlola ezisebenza ngayo.

Ukuhlolwa Kwendaba 1: Isinqumo Semibuso Yempi Sango - 1973

Njengoba idluliswa kuMongameli Nixon’s Desolution, i - War Power Resolution yaba umzamo kaHulumeni wokuthola igunya lakhe elingokomthetho lokumemezela impi ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka izivumelwano zempi ezihlangene nomphathi. Lomthetho ufuna ukuba uMongameli athintane neSishaya - mthetho ngaphambi kokuba afake amabutho ahlomile empini futhi akhiphe amabutho phakathi nezinsuku ezingu - 60 nezingu - 90 ngaphandle kokuba uMkhandlu ugunyaze ukuthatha isinyathelo.

Ngokwesiko, umongameli ngamunye kusukela ngoNixon uye wabuza ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo wesinqumo uyini, ephikisa i-conostics memorive. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubekwa kwamabutho uReagan eLebanon ngo 1983, umkhankaso kaMongameli Clinton eKosovo ngo 1999, kanye noMongameli Obama’s ukungenela kweSikhundla somthetho-mthetho-mthetho eLibya ngo-2011 konke kwenzeka ngokuhlola okuhlukahlukene kwengqungqungquthela. Isinqumo seMpi ihlala siyindawo ecacile, ebonisa ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwezikhulu zezikhulu nezobungameli besizwe ezindabeni zokuvikela kwesizwe. Cornell Information Information Institute of religionation [[FLT]]

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala 2: Izimiso Zokuqondisa Nokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Iziqondiso eziphethe zivumela uMongameli ukuba aqondise ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni ngaphandle komthetho omusha. Zingamathuluzi anamandla kodwa zihlala zisemqoka ekubukezweni kwezokwahlulela. INkantolo Ephakeme igomele ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi akukho myalo wezikhulu ongase uthathe umthetho wemithetho noma izivikelo zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho.

Izibonelo ezimbili ezivelele ziqokomisa lokhu kuhlola. Entshani i-Yountainstown Sheep & Lamp; Tube Co. Sawiter (1952), iNkantolo yashaya umthetho kaMongameli Truman wesigungu sensimbi phakathi neMpi yase-Korea, ibusa ukuthi uMongameli wayengenawo umthetho ngokomthetho noma igunya lokuthatha isinyathelo esinjalo. Amashumi eminyaka kamuva, United States v. Nixon[[FLT][12] [77]) uMongameli Nixon u-1974) waphoqelela ukuthatha iziteshi phakathi nehlazo zeManzi, enqaba ilungelo lakhe eliphelele lokuphatha izikhulu. Muva nje, iNkakhulukazi ilinganiswe emiyalweni yezokuthutha yomphakathi [FT] [5] URI:[5]

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala 3: Ukumiswa KukaClaus Nokuqinisekiswa Kwesigele

Amandla kaMongameli okumisa amalungu ekhabethe, amajaji kahulumeni, nezinye izikhulu eziphezulu ezibekwa esikhundleni zingaphansi “kwemvume nemvume” yeSigele. Lokhu kuhlola kungaba indawo yempi enkulu lapho iSigele senqaba ukuqinisekisa noma ukunqikaza lenqubo. Ukwenqaba kuka 2016 ukuvala izindlebe zikaMerrick Garland, uMongameli Obama eNkantoli Ephakeme, kungaba ukusetshenziswa okuphawulekayo kwale gunya le-sentaracy. UMongameli Kamara Harris uLeast ngo-2022 ukuqinisekisa ithonya legatsha lomthetho we-Gaviank. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukumiswa kwe-jastia e-Olivel. Nakuba kungahola futhi ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Gradium.

Imithetho Engokomthetho: Imithetho Yobuciko Nezimiso Zokusebenzisa Imithetho

ISishaya-mthetho singumthetho wendikimba, kodwa amandla ayo adlulela ngalé kwezindleko zokudlulisa. Iqondisa ngokuzwa, ukuphenya, namandla esikhwama. Igatsha eliphethe livame ukuhlola imingcele yenhloso yomthetho, okuholela ezingxabanweni ezidinga isinqumo sokwahlulela ngezinye izikhathi.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala 1: Umthetho Wokunakekela Ongafinyeleleki Nemiphumela Yawo

I-Affordble Care Act (ACA), yadlula ngo-2010 iphethwe yizivoti zeDemocratic kuphela, yamelela ukufezwa okukhulu kwemithetho elawulayo. Ngemva kokhetho lwaphakathi nonyaka ka-2010, amaKhomishane alawulwa yiRepublic azama ukuphinde abeke umthetho ngomthetho futhi kamuva ngenqubo yokuhlela. Uma ihluleka, iziphathimandla ze-Trump zasebenzisa izenzo zokuqondisa ukuze zenza buthaka umthetho, njengokunciphisa ukukhokhela izindleko ezincishisiwe kanye nokwandisa izicwangciso zempilo zesikhathi esifushane ezingahambisani nemithetho ye-ACAA.

UKhongolo lwaphendula ngolimi kumthetho wentela ka-2017 ukuze luqede isijeziso sokuyalwa komuntu ngamunye, okwathi kwaholela enselele yomthetho-sisekelo. ICalifornia v. Texas [201], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela i-ACA, ithola ama-paltiff engekho. Lokhu kuhlola kwembula ukuthi wonke amagatsha amathathu angathandeka kanjani: umthetho odluliswa yi-Congress, owe ngenguquko yemparacry, futhi ekugcineni uvikelwe yi-jajidiary. INkanto ephakeme ye-ACA, inikeza i-Athomonweal Fund isikhathi sempi engokomthetho.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala 2: Ukuzimisela Njengendlela Yokuhlola Imithetho

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iNdlu yabameleli amandla okuphela kokungagunyazi kanye neSigele amandla okuzama ukugunyaza. Lenqubo inqubo inzima kakhulu ukuhlola igatsha lemithetho eliphethe isikhulu nesazi somthetho. Izivumelwano zomongameli uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump (i-Trump) zifanekisela izinga lalezombangazwe nomthetho-sisekelo walo mbuso.

Ukungagunyazi kukaMongameli Johnson kwango-1868 kwabangelwa izimpikiswano ngomthetho wokubuyisela futhi neSiphakamiso seHholo, kamuva esabusa ngokungemthetho. UMongameli Clinton ka-Clinton ka-1998 wakhishwa ekuhlaseleni nasekuvimbeleni kobulungisa okuhlobene nokumangalelana ngokobulili. UMongameli Trump wabekwa icala eliqinile ngo-2019 ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla nokuphazamiseka kweSishayamthetho ngokuphathelene ne-Congress ngokuphatheleners Congress mayelana ne-Ukraine, futhi futhi ngo-2021 ngenxa yokuvuselelwa kokuhlasela ngemva kokuhlasela kweCapitol ngo-6. Kuzo zonke izenzakalo ezintathu, iSigebe sakhulula uMongameli, saqokomisa isithilo esiphakeme sokususwa. Noma kunjalo, inqubo yokuhlola obala futhi ikwazi ukuveza imiphumela, njengoba kwabonakala lapho i-Senter Mit Romney ehlwini seqembu lakhe elilodwa lokuvuna iqembu lakhe elingu 2020.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala 3: Ukuphatha Kwezingqungquthela Namandla Okuthenga

UKhomishane usebenzisa izimpondo ezincinci, izimemezelo, nabagibeli bemali ukuze bengamele igatsha eliphethe. Ukulwela ukwaziswa ngokuvamile kukhula kube izingxabano ezingokomthetho. Phakathi nokuphathwa kwe-Obama, i House Overseast Committee yahlola umsebenzi wezibhamu ezihambayo, okwaholela ekudeleleni u-Eric Hoderney General. Phakathi nomphathi we-Trump, i Housed ifaka i-paneas ukuze ifakaze ubufakazi namaphepha avela kubaphathi begatsha abaphethe, kuhlanganise nowayenguDon McGahn owayeyingwe weSigonsonga se-White House.

Lezimpikiswano zivame ukuphelela enkantolo, ziphoqelele amajaji ukuba alinganisele ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso nesidingo sokulandisa. Inkonzo yokucwaninga ye- ye-Conreferial Research Service iye yakhipha imibiko ebanzi ngalezi zindlela zobubonisi.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuhumusha Umthetho, Ukuvikela Amalungelo, Nemingcele Ekhombayo

Ijaji, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, liyigatsha elingaphansi kwentando yeningi, kodwa igunya lalo lokuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo futhi lithathe amanye amagatsha liyinhloko esimisweni sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Amacala angezansi abonisa indlela iNkantolo eye yachaza ngayo ngokuphindaphindiwe ubukhulu bamandla kahulumeni.

Ukuhlolwa Kwendaba 1: Marbury v. Madison nokuqala Kwezokwahlulela

Kwesinye sezinqumo ezithathelwana kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika, Marbury v. Madison (1803) wamisa isimiso sokuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme inamandla okumemezela izenzo zeKhongolo ezingekho ngokwemithetho engokomthetho. IJaji eliyinhloko uJohn Marshall, ebhala eNkantolo ehlangene, wakholelwa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungumthetho ophakeme futhi “uyisifunda nesibopho somnyango wokwahlulela ukusho ukuthi umthetho uyini."

Lelicala lavela empikiswaneni yezombangazwe ngemva kokhetho lwango-1800, lapho uMongameli uJohn Adams emisa “abahluleli abaphakathi kwezinsuku.” Ukufika kwe-Jefferson kwenqaba ukuletha izikhomishane, futhi uWilliam Marbury waqunga impikiswano. Ngokuhlakanipha umbono kaMarshall wakugwema ukuphikisana ngokuqondile noMongameli Jefferson ngokukhipha umthetho wokuthi umthetho usuka ngokwawo ungabi yisigebengu. Isinqumo saqinisa indima yejaji njengegatsha elilinganayo futhi sabeka isisekelo samakhulu amaningi eminyaka somthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Ngaphandle

Isifundo secala 2: Brown v. iBard of Education and Judicial Leadership on Civil Rights

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yaseTopeka (1954), iNkantolo Ephakeme yavumelana ngokunquma ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwaphula iSivikelo esilinganayo sika-Claus weSichibiyelo se-145. Lesi sinqumo salawula “imfundiso ehlukene kodwa elinganayo” eyasungulwa Pyyv. Ferguson[ [186] [1866] futhi sabekela inselele ngokuqondile i-Revolution ne-adern, eyayivumele ukuba i-translate.

Isinqumo sabhekana nokumelana okukhulu nezifundazwe zaseningizimu ngisho nokuvela kuMongameli uEisenhower, owaveza ukungabaza ngasese. Noma kunjalo, igunya leNkantolo lokuziphatha, lihlangene nesenzo sokuphatha (ukusebenzisa kwamabutho kahulumeni ukuphoqelela ukukhipha i-paltion eLittle Rock ngo-1957) kanye nesenzo somthetho (iSivumelo samaLungelo sango-1964 kanye neSivumelo samaLungelo sika-19656), ekugcineni kwaveza ushintsho oluguqulayo. [[[FLT: 0] Brown [ult:] [umthetho] uveza indlela ijadiciary engashukumisa ngayo ushintsho lwezenhlalakahle ukuthi amanye amagatsha awazimisele ukuyiqala ngokwawo.

Ukuhlolwa Kwendaba 3: Ukulwa Ngezimpi Ngaphandle Kwelungelo Eliqondisiwe EWatergate

Ihlazo laseWatergate linikeza umfanekiso ocacile womagatsha amathathu alwayo. Ngemva kokuphulwa endlunkulu yeDemocratic National Committee, uMongameli uNixon wazama ukufihla ukuhileleka kwayo. UKhomishane wasungula uphenyo, futhi iSigele sasungula i-Seat Committee on Presidential Campatical Actical. Lapho umshushisi okhethekile efuna amatepishiwe ezingxoxo zeWhite House, uNixon wacela ilungelo lokuba aqondise.

INkantolo Ephakeme, eUnited States v. Nixon [19974]), yanquma ngazwilinye ukuthi ukuvuma kukaMongameli ilungelo kwakungekhona okuphelele futhi yayingenakusivala isidingo sobufakazi ecaleni lobugebengu. INkantolo yayala ukuba amakhasethi aphendulwe, abonise ukuhileleka okuqondile kukaNixon. Icala labonisa ukuthi isikhulu sejaji singaphoqelelwa ukuba sihambisane nenqubo engokomthetho, nokuthi igatsha lokushaya umthetho liyisivikelo esithembekile, ngisho nokumelene nomongameli ohleli.

Imishini Enamandla Ekhulwini Lama - 21: Izinselele Ezintsha

Izimpikiswano zanamuhla ziye zaqala imibuzo emincane ngokuphathelene nokulinganisela kwamandla. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-Congregational Review Act ye-Repeal act, ukwanda “kwemfundiso yezikhulu,” nokwanda kwezinhlangano ezizimele konke kuye kwabangela ukungezwani kwezezikhundla. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sama 2020 [ku- SALA] Umthetho LLC v. I-PUNITENCES COMATIVIC Bureauniaunity[ sanciphisa ikhono likaMongameli lokususa inhloko yenhlangano ezimeleyo, kuyilapho i-C] i-CLT [ill] v[FLT][FLT][2] [201] iphinde ihlole imingcele yokulawula i-ompala i-magence liquast.[201]

Enye indawo ethatha imvume yamanje ihilela imizamo yegatsha lomthetho yokuphoqelela ubufakazi obuvela ezikhulwini zegatsha eziphetheyo. Uphenyo lwe House ekuhlaseleni kwegatsha lesithupha lwaholela ekubeni umeluleki weselabi amelane nowayengumphathi wezisebenzi uMark Meadows, ebonisa indlela iSishaya - mthetho esingaphoqelela ngayo ukuba siqondise ngemithetho edelelwa yizelele. Lemisebe ehlanganisayo iqinisekisa ukuthi ukudlala phakathi kwamagatsha kuhlala kuphila, kuphikiswana nesici semibuso yaseMelika.

Isiphetho: Ukudingeka Okuqhubekayo Kwempi Yokungenela

Ucwaningo oluhlolwe lapha lubonisa ukuthi ukwahlukana kwemibuso akuyona ipulani ecocekile kodwa kuyinto yokuxoxa ngokuqhubekayo. Abasunguli babelindele ukuthi ukufisa ukuvelela nokuzithakazelela kwakungabangela izingxabano, futhi babona ukuthi ukulwa kuvikela ubushiqela. i-War Powers Resolution, i-Affordable Care Act, inqubo yokuhlolwa, [[FLT: 0]] i-Marbury v. Madison[, ne Brown v. ibhodi yezemfundo yonke yembula isikhathi lapho igatsha ligomela ukuhlola omunye, ngezinye izikhathi iphoqelela uhulumeni wonke ukuba uphinde ungene.

Kuzo zonke izakhamuzi nabafundisi, ukuqonda lokhu kusebenzelana kubalulekile. Impilo ye-riphabliki yomthetho-sisekelo ixhomeke ekuzimiseleni ukusebenzisa amandla ayo futhi ukuhlonipha igunya elingokomthetho labanye. Njengoba kuphakama izinselele ezintsha mayelana nokuhlasela kwezikhulu kuya ekuthatheni umthetho owenqabela i-activeism (izihlolo nezilinganiso ziyoqhubeka zikhona. Umthetho, osekelwa yi-jaji elizimele, uhlala uyinqaba eyenza lesimiso sisebenze, iqinisekisa ukuthi akukho gatsha linamandla kakhulu futhi inkululeko yabantu iyaqhubeka igcinwa.