Ilungelo lokuvota liyisisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika, ilolonga indlela kahulumeni wendawo, wezwe, nohulumeni. Nokho, uma kuziwa ehhovisi eliphakeme kakhulu ezweni — umongameli — uhambo lwe-collet yesakhamuzi akulona uhambo oluqondile oluya eWhite House. Kunalokho, idlula ngomphathi: i-Electoral College. Lenhlangano eyingqayizivele futhi eqondwa ngokungeyikho inethonya elikhulu endleleni umongameli alwa ngayo, awina futhi alahleke ngayo. Ukuqonda indlela i-Ellectoral College ethinta ngayo amandla akho okuvota kudingekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqondisa indawo yezombangazwe futhi athathe izinga langempela lokuhlanganyela kwakhe kuhulumeni wokukhetha.

Iyini Ikholiji Lase - Electoral?

I-Electoral College iyinqubo, hhayi indawo engokoqobo, eyasungulwa eSiphakamisweni II, i-Cate 1 yoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U. ngokwe- Inqolobane yamaQulu eMasipala [, inezimboni ezingu-58]. Umfundi kumelwe aqinisekise amavoti angu-270 akhethekile ukuze azuze umongameli. Izwe ngalinye lamukela inani labavoti abalingana nengqikithi yenani lazo le-Senators (njalo kabili) nabameleli eNdlungwini (esekelwe kubantu abahlukahlukene). I-Sifunda-Filini sase-Columbia sabe sabelwa abakhethiwe abathathu ngaphansi kwe-23rd Amenzilement. Lesimiso sakhiwe ngokucophelela ukuze silinganise amandla amazwe amancane namakhulu, njengoba kuqondiswa i-demo enziwa kahle i-demodulo.

Imvelaphi Yomlando: Ukuhlehla Okwasho Uhlelo

Ukuze umuntu aqonde i-Electoral College, kumelwe abheke izinhloso zokusungulwa koFata phakathi noMhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo wango-1787. Izihambeli zabhekana nenkinga eyisisekelo: indlela yokukhetha umphathi wezwe. Ukuvota okuthandwayo kwabhekwa njengokungenakwenzeka ngenxa yamabanga amakhulu nokungaxhumani kwesizwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundazwe zaseningizimu, ezazinenani elikhulu labantu abagqilaziwe ababengenakuvota, zikhathazekile ngokuthi isimiso sokuvota esithandwayo sasizonciphisa amandla abo alinganiselwe. Izisebenzi ezintathu zahlulelwa, ezazibala abantu abagqilazwe njengezintathu ezihloselwe ukumelelana, zifake ngokuqondile ekudalweni kwe-Elmectoral College, zinika amathonya amakhulu ezigqila ekukhetheni umongameli.

AbaseFramers babesaba "isigaba esiqinile seningi". Babecabanga ukuthi i-Electoral College iwuhlu lwezigelekeqe, lapho abavoti abaqeqeshiwe, bengasebenzisa khona isahlulelo sabo ukukhetha umongameli ofanelekayo kakhulu. Abazange balindele ukuvela kwamaqembu ezombangazwe noma umqondo wokuthi abavoti babeyothenjelwa abathile. Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, isimiso siye saphenduka inqubo yeqembu elikhulu, kodwa isakhiwo saso — lapho ithonya linqunywa khona imingcele kahulumeni kunenani labantu — sihlala siqinile.

Indlela Isimiso Esisebenza Ngayo

Inqubo yokukhetha umongameli e - United States ivela ngezigaba eziningana ezihlukene, ngayinye inezincazelo zayo siqu ukuze ithinte umvoti.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Ukukhetha Okuvamile Nomculo Othandwayo

Uma ufaka ibhodi levoti kumongameli ngoNovember, uvota ngokobuchwepheshe ukuze ukhethe isileti sabadlali abathembise ukusekela lowo mvoti. Amagama aqondile alabadlali abavoti asemacondini, nakuba abavoti abaningi bengaqapheli ukuthi bangobani. Umphumela wevoti ethandwayo ezweni ngalinye unquma ukuthi yiliphi ileti leqembu elimisiwe.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Umpetha Uthatha Konke Ukubusa

Kumazwe angu- 48 nase-Frigic of Columbia, umnqobi wamavoti athandwayo uthola wonke amavoti alowo hulumeni akhethiwe. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi "i-winner-all" noma "umbuso ohlangene". I-Maine ne Nebraska ayifani, esebenzisa indlela yesifunda sesifunda lapho umnqobi wesifunda ngasinye ethola khona ivoti eyodwa evoti, futhi umbusi wamazwe athola abavoti ababili abavoti abaphethe. Lomthetho uyisici esibaluleke kakhulu ekuphendukeleni amandla kavoti ngamunye, njengoba ivala ngokuphelele amavoti ohlangothi olulahlekileyo ezifundazweni eziphephile.

Isinyathelo 3: IKoliji Liyahlangana Nezingqungquthela

Ngo-December, abavoti bahlangana ezinhloko- dolobha zabo zesifundazwe ngasinye ukuze bafake amavoti abo. Lemiphumela ithunyelwa eSishaya - mthetho, lapho babalelwa khona ngokusemthethweni esiqenjini esihlangene ngoJanuwari, bengamelelwe nguMongameli onguMongameli. Kuleliqophelo lapho ukhetho lukamongameli luqinisekiswa ngokomthetho. Ezimweni ezingavamile, izimpikiswano zingaphakanyiselwa kumavoti kahulumeni, aholela empikiswaneni yempikiswano kanye nasevoti kuwo womabili amagumbi eKhongolo, njengoba kwabonakala ngemva kokhetho lwama - 202020.

Indlela I - Electoral College Ethinta Ngayo Amandla Akho Okudlala

Ithonya elisakazeke kakhulu le-Electoral College ukusungulwa kwesigaba esihlukile somvoti. Amandla akho okuvota awalingani nesakhamuzi kwesinye isifundazwe; axhomeke kakhulu ekuncintisaneni nasemphakathini wezwe ohlala kulo.

Ukugxila Okubalulekile Ezindaweni Ezindizayo

Ukunqoba kunikeza ithonya elifinyelelwe "zifundazwe" noma "izimo ze-dtutledge" — kusho ukuthi lapho i-votorte ihlukaniswa kakhulu khona phakathi kwamaqembu amabili amakhulu. Amaqembu ahlukene nabezombangazwe achitha ingxenye enkulu yengcebo yawo, isikhathi, futhi akhankasele amadollar ezifundazwe ezincane njengePennsylvania, Michigan, Continella, Georgian, ne Nevada. Kulathis kulezi zimo kufakwa izivumelwano, izivumelwano zezimiso, futhi athole inzuzo yokuphuma ngaphandle kwezezombangazwe. Uma uhlala e-tranksting, ivota yakho inomgomo ophakeme kakhulu wokuthonya wonke umphumela wokhetho. Lokhu kuhilela ukunaka kwababebebebekiwe ukudluliswa kwezimo ezingeni eziphambili, izivumelwano ezikamele ukuba zikhangelwe kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi ezicikweni zesizwe.

Iqiniso Lamazwe Alondekile Nelokuthutheleka Okucindezelekile

Ngokuphambene, iningi lamaMelika lihlala ku- "zimo ezilondekile" — isho ukuthi njalo uvota omunye umkhandlu noma omunye. Uma uyiRepublican eCalifornia noma uDemocrat e-Alabama, ukuvota kwakho kukamongameli kulahlwa ngokuyisisekelo yizithakazelo-zonke zezimiso. I-colotte yakho inikela ekuvoti ethandwayo yesizwe, kodwa ayinathuba langempela lokuthinta ivoti yokhetho. Lesimiso singaholela ekuvotini futhi sicindezeleke, njengoba izakhamuzi eziningi zinomuzwa wokuthi ivoti yazo "ayinani." [[FTL:] inhlangano yesizwe i-Vnonnon [[FOLT] i-farote [FOLT] ayifaki imvume esemthethweni yezwe lonke.

Isisindo Esiwukukhucululwa Kwamazwe Amancane

Ngoba isifundazwe ngasinye sithola amavoti amathathu akhethiwe (ama-Senator amabili + ummeleli oyedwa), kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangabantu abangakanani, amazwe amancane amelelwa kakhulu e-Electoral College. Ngokwesibonelo, iWyoming inoMmeleli oyedwa futhi cishe izakhamuzi ezingu-60 000, iwuvota owodwa okhethayo kubantu abangu-200 000. ICalifornia inezimemezelo ezingu-522 kanye nabantu abayizigidi ezingu-40, iwunika ivoti eyodwa evoti kubantu abangu-70,000. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umvoti waseWyoming unamandla ezibalo acishe kathathu ukuthonya i-Elctoral College iziphumo zomme eCalifornia. Lokhu kwakuwuphawu olusemthethweni lwesimiso sokuvikela amazwe amancane, kodwa kumelana nesimiso sanamuhla sokuphatha i-demoduraphi.

Izimpikiswano Ze - Electoral College Eziya Kuqulwa Nazo

Selokhu kwathi nhlo, i - Electoral College ibilokhu iwumsuka wempikiswano eshubile.

Icala Lokulondolozwa

  • Ukuhlanganisa amaFederalism: Isimiso siqinisa indima yezindawo njengabadlali abayinhloko enqubweni yezwe yezombangazwe. Kudinga abazohlolwa ukuba bakhe imifantu ebanzi, ehlukahlukene ngokwezwe kunokuba nje bahlasele amabala amakhulu ezikhungweni ezimbalwa ezinabantu abaningi.
  • Ukuphumelela nokukhanya: Isimiso sokunqoba sivame ukuveza umnqobi ocacile (ozofinyelela ku-7070), ugwema ithuba lokuphuma kwezwe lonke noma isimiso sengxenye eziningi kakhulu. Sisiza ukugcina isimiso sengxenye ezimbili, abanye abaphikisayo ekuzinzeni kwezombangazwe.
  • Isivikelo AmaZwe amancinci: Ngokunika isifunda ngasinye isisekelo samavoti amathathu akhethweyo, isimiso samabutho afuna umongameli sicabangele izidingo zezifunda ezinabantu abambalwa, sivimbele isimo lapho izindawo zasemaphandleni ezinabantu abambalwa kakhulu zinganakwa ngokuphelele ngenxa yezikhungo ezinkulu zasedolobheni.
  • Confectes Disputes:[ Kukhetho oluncintiswane kakhulu, izingxabano zivame ukugcinwa ezifundeni ezimbalwa eziyinhloko, zenza ukuba izibalo noma inselele engokomthetho ilawuleke kakhulu kunendabeni yamazwe angamashumi ezigidi zamavoti.

Icala Lokulahlwa Noma Lenguquko

  • IVicolates One-Person-Vote:[ Isimiso sidala ukungalingani lapho amavoti ezifundazweni ezincane namazwe ajiyile abaluleke kakhulu ngokwezibalo kunamavoti ezizweni ezinkulu, ezilondekile. Lokhu kuphikisana nenhloso yentando yeningi yokuthi isakhamuzi ngasinye kufanele sibe nento efanayo ekukhetheni umholi waso.
  • Ingcindezelo e-Voter Turnout:[ Ezizweni eziningi ezingathathwa njenge "izindawo zempi," abavoti bangazizwa bedidekile, okuholela ekuncipheni kwezinga lokuhlanganyela kukhetho lomongameli futhi bangathembi kwezombangazwe zesizwe.
  • Ukubonakala kwe "Wrong Wnever" Ukugxeka okubonakalayo kakhulu ukuthi i-Electoral College ingakhetha umvoti olahlekelwa yivoti ethandwayo yesizwe. Lokhu kwenzeke izikhathi ezinhlanu emlandweni wase-U.S., muva nje ngo 2000 (u-George W. Bush walahlekelwa yivoti ethandwayo ku-Al Gore) kanye no-2016 (UMvumelwane Trump walahlekelwa yivoti ethandwayo ka-Playology Clinton). Lesi senzakalo singalulaza ilungelo elicatshangelwayo le-precion.
  • I-Diproportigate Stokes on Swing States: Amakhambi angazinaki izingxenye ezinkulu zezwe. Izihloko ezibaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezilondekile (umzz., inkambiso yenhlekelele engokwemvelo eFlorida noma eCalifornia, amalungelo amanzi eNtshonalanga) angabekwa eceleni kwezindaba zempi ezikhathazayo zezindawo ezimbalwa zempi.

Izimfuneko Zokuguqula Izwe

Ngenxa yezimpikiswano, kuye kwavela iziphakamiso eziningana zokushintsha noma ukusebenza kulolu hlelo ngaphandle kokuyiqeda i - Electoral College.

ISivumelwano Sesizwe Esithandwayo SaseVote Interstate (NPVIC)

Umzamo wanamuhla ovelele kakhulu wokuguqula lesi simiso yiNational Popular Vote Interstate Compation (NPVIC). Lokhu kuyisivumelwano phakathi kwezizwe ezihlanganyelayo ukuba zihole wonke amavoti azo akhethiweyo awina ezindaweni zonke, ivoti ethandwayo[, kungakhathaliseki umphumela esifundazweni ngasinye. I-National Foundation iyothatha isebenza kuphela uma seyamuke yamukelwa yizi izigaba ze-ovoti (270). Njengoba kunjalo namuhla, imelela amavoti angaphezu kuka-190 akhethiwe. [FLT] [FLT] [FFoct:2]] i-Bnat Center yeJast [FFOLT] ehlela kakhulu imibandela ye-NCCCC nemithetho engokomthetho. Nakuba imele intenxa engonxa ekhethekile yemvume esemthethweni, imele ukuvotela i-Elversethi engcono.

ISichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Abasekeli bevoti ethandwayo ngokuqondile ngenxa yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo ukuze kuqedwe i-Electoral College ngokuphelele. Lena indlela eqonde kakhulu kodwa futhi inzima kakhulu kwezombangazwe, idinga inani eliphindwe kathathu kuyo yomibili indlu neSigele kanye nokuhlanjululwa ngezingxenye ezintathu kwezine zamazwe. Izifunda-mazwe amancane, ezizuzayo esimisweni samanje, azinakuvota ukunqandwa kwayo, okwenza lendlela ibe nzima kakhulu endaweni ezungezile yamanje ezungezile.

Indlela Yesifunda Yesifunda Sesifunda

I-Maine ne Nebraska zinikeza indlela ephakathi nendawo. Ngokuvota okukhokhelwayo okusekelwe emwini wesifunda ngasinye sombuso, kunokuba kube umnqobi onqobayo ophethe wonke umbuso, isimiso siba nesilinganiso esiphakathi. Nakuba ngokusho kombono, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi kungaholela ekuqhubeni i-gerrymaning, lapho izishaya-mthetho zesifunda zikhipha khona imigqa yesigodi ukuze zakhe inzuzo elandelanayo ekusakazeni amavoti akhethiwe.

Indima Yabakhethi Abangenalukholo

Abavoti abangenalukholo bangamalungu e-Electoral College abangavoti othembisa ukumsekela. Nakuba ngokomlando bengavamile futhi bengenalutho, baye baphakamisa imibuzo ngobuqotho besimiso. Ngo-2016, abavoti abayisikhombisa bakhutshaniswa abathembisiwe. Ngo-2020, iNkantolo Ephakeme yabusa [[FLD:0]] Chifalo v. Washington esho ukuthi inelungelo lomthetho-mfa [igunya] lokufuna abavoti abaziwayo ukuba balandele ivoti futhi bajelise labo abangakwenzi. Lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu ingozi yabavoti abangathembekile abashintsha umphumela wokhetho, kuqinisekisa umqondo wokuthi i-Elle College ingu ingu ingu ekhonza, ayifuni ukubusa.

Ukwenza Izwi Lakho Lizwelwe Esimisweni Samanje

Nakuba i - Electoral College ingase ibonakale iwumphakathi okude, ofiphele, ayikunciphisi ukubaluleka kokuvota. Ukuqonda lesi simiso kukwenza ukwazi ukuxoxa ngomongo nangendlela osebenza ngayo.

  • Ukuvota ku-onke ama-Ecostation: Ngisho noma isimo sakho siwumbuso "olondekile," wehla ngemijaho yegele, indlu, uMbusi, nombuso wesishaya-mthetho uthinta ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke. Izishaya-mthetho, ikakhulukazi, zinamandla okudweba izigodi ezikhethiweyo futhi zinqume imithetho yokuhlela.
  • Ukuthatha imvume ezindaweni: Ezizweni eziningi, okhetho oluyinhloko nonohlu lwezikhundla kulapho kuthatha khona isinyathelo sezombangazwe esincintisana kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi imiphumela yokhetho ngokuvamile inqunywa kusengaphambili emazweni alondekile, inqubo eyinhloko iba inkundla enqumayo yokulungisa isigaba somphakathi nokukhetha abazovela kukhetho oluvamile.
  • Paricipate eNkathini yeSizwe: Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usesimweni esijiyile noma esimweni esiphephile, izwi lakho emaqenjini omphakathi, emithonjeni yezokuxhumana, nasemahholo edolobha lisiza ekuxoxisaneni kwezwe kwezombangazwe. Amapulatifomu ezombangazwe alolongwa yilezi zingxoxo.
  • Cabangela i-Broaster Impact: I-Electoral College iqinisa amandla amaqembu amancane ahleliwe aphakathi kwezifundazwe. Abalimi base-Iowa, izisebenzi zenyunyana eMichigan, nabavoti be-Cuban America eFlorida bathola ukunakekela okuqondiwe. Uma iqembu lenani lezakhamuzi liyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yomfelandawo, amandla enu aphakeme kakhulu.

Isiphetho: Ukususwa Kwemvelo Yentando Yeningi

I-Electoral College isici esinamandla nesiphikisanayo sokhetho lukamongameli waseMelika. Yaklanyelwa ukuqulwa kwecala langaphambi kwengxenye futhi yazivelela ngokuphawulekayo ngokusebenzisa nomthetho. Iyaqhubeka ihlela icebo lemikhankaso, indlela yenkulumo-mpikiswano yesizwe, kanye nemiphumela ecatshangelwayo yokukhetha.

Ekugcineni, umbuzo wokuthi i-Electoral College ithinta kanjani izwi lakho uphendulwa ngokubheka isimo sezwe lakho sezombangazwe. Uma uhlala esimweni sokuncintisana, unemali yokuzimela ephakeme. Uma uhlala esimweni esilondekile, umongameli wakho uyisici esingokomfanekiso sokuveza lokho okuthandayo kunokuthintana ngokuqondile nomphumela. Nokho, kuzo zombili izimo, ukuhlanganyela kwakho kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukuthatha kwakho isigaba sentando yeningi kusebenza kangcono kakhulu lapho izakhamuzi zakhona zitshelwa futhi zibophezelwe. Ukuqonda amakhenika i-Elctoral Colleges kukunika amandla okunquma ukuthi ungalizwa kanjani kahle — kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokhetho, ukukhuthaza amandla akho okulungisa inguquko, noma ukugxila kwezinhlanga zendawo yakini lapho uvota khona ubukhulu obuphambili. Ukuhlola ulwazi lwezentengisweni nokubaluleka kwemithombo yemithombo engokomlando [Fetometalvel] [0] anikeza amathuluzi anamandla akhethekile okufuna ukuwasebenzisa le mishini asebenzayo.[5]