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Ukuqonda Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane: ISisekelo Samalungelo Omphakathi Anamuhla
ISichibiyelo seshumi nane singenye yezici eziguqula kakhulu futhi ezilandela inguquko enkulu kakhulu kumthetho-sisekelo we-United States. Saqiniswa ngo-1868 ngemva kweMpi Yombango, lokhu kulungisa ngokuyisisekelo kwalungisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwezakhamuzi ngabanye nohulumeni wazo, simisa isivikelo esibucayi esiqhubeka sithonya ukuphila kwezakhamuzi zaseMelika namuhla. Ukulungiswa kuqinisekisa isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho nenqubo efanele yazo zonke izakhamuzi, kwakha uhlelo lwemithetho lwemithetho evumela ukuba zikwazi ukuthatha iqhaza elinenjongo emphakathini wentando yeningi. Kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yazo njengezakhamuzi, ukuqonda ukubaluleka kweSichimbizo seGajimende seshumi Nane nesinye kubalulekile ekuhlanganyeleni ngokuphumelelayo ekuphileni komphakathi nasekuthuthukiseni ubulungisa emiphakathini yazo.
Ukulungiswa kwavela phakathi nenkathi yokuvuselelwa kwenkathi, njengengxenye yomzamo omkhulu wokusingatha izinselele ezingokomthetho zabantu ababegqilaziwe nokuvimbela imibuso ekululazeni amalungelo ezakhamuzi ezisanda kukhululeka. Izingxenye zayo ezinhlanu ziqukethe olunye lolimi olubaluleke kakhulu emthethweni womthetho-sisekelo, ikakhulukazi i-Encictal Protection Clausle ne-The Intected Programme, eye yasebenza njengesisekelo sezinselele eziningi ezingokomthetho zokulahla imikhuba yobugebengu nemithetho engalungile. La malungiselelo aye asetshenziswa ezinkantolo ezivelele ezinhlabeni zeNkantolo Ephakeme eziye zandisa amalungelo omphakathi, zivikela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye, futhi zalungisa ukuhlanganiswa kwentando yeningi yaseMelika iminyaka engaphezu kwengu- 150.
Umlando Nendlela Elula Yokusetshenziswa KweSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane
Ukuze iqonde ngokugcwele indima yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane ekuthembiseni umphakathi, kubalulekile ukuqonda izimo ezingokomlando ezaholela ekudalweni kwayo. Ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yombango ngo-1865, i-United States yabhekana nomsebenzi omkhulu wokuhlanganisa kabusha izifundazwe zeConfederate nokunquma ukuthi abantu abangaba izigidi ezine ababegqilaziwe ngaphambili babeqedwe. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesithathu saqeda ubugqili kodwa asizange sibhekisele ekutholeni izakhamuzi ezikhululekile noma sizivikele emithethweni yombuso eyaziwa ngokuthi "Imithetho Engalawulekiyo" evimbela kakhulu amalungelo nenkululeko yabo.
ISivumelwano saphendula ngokuhlela iSichibiyelo seMiphetho yeshumi nane, esahlongozwa ngo-1866 futhi sagunyazwa ngoJuly 9, 1868. Ukulungiswa kwaklanyelwa ukwenza izimiso ze-Civil Rights Act ka-1866 nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imibuso ayinakuvimbela isivikelo sikahulumeni samalungelo ezakhamuzi. Ukunqanda kwayo kwakuphikisana, amazwe amaningi ase-South ayenqaba ekuqaleni ngaphambi kokuba adingelwe ukulivumela njengesimo sokufunda i-Union. Lomongo ongokomlando wembula ukuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesine semithetho yazalwa ekulweni futhi imelela isibopho esiyisisekelo sokulingana nobulungisa esasingafunwa izigidi zabantu baseMelika.
Isivikelo SikaClaus Esilinganayo: Ukuqinisekisa Ukulunga Kuzo Zonke Izakhamuzi
I-Umeal Protection Claus, etholakala eCate 1 yeSichibiyelo seMiphetho yeshumi nane, ithi akukho mbuso ozothi "umela kunoma ubani ongaphansi kwawo ukuvikelwa okufanayo kwemithetho." Le nkulumo ebonakala ilula kakhulu iye yaba elinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu okulwa nobandlululo nokuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu bathola ukuphathwa ngokufanele ngaphansi komthetho. Isigaba senqabela ukwenza imingcele ehlukile ephatha abantu ngendlela efanayo ngaphandle kwenjongo engokomthetho kahulumeni.
Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, i-Uncimence Protection Claus icelwa ezicaleni eziningi eziphawuliwe eziye zathuthukisa amalungelo omphakathi futhi zandisa izinga lokulingana. Mhlawumbe, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954] [i-Expandect Protective Protective Claus] [ukuthi i-Ecuteal Protective Clausle)) ukumemezela ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi akunasifani. INkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi izakhiwo zemfundo ezihlukene ngokugqibelela futhi imigaqo eyisisekelo ukuthi zonke ifanelwe ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi komthetho. Lesi sinqumo saphawula ukuguqulo emalungelweni enhlanganoni futhi sabonisa amandla enhlangano yomphakathi ukuhlukanisa ukucwa kwezinhlangano.
I-Umeal Protection Claus iye yasetshenziswa futhi ekulweni nobandlululo olusekelwe ebulilini, ebuzweni nakwezinye izici. Ezimweni ezihilela ukucwaswa kwabesilisa nabesifazane, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa isimemezelo sokumisa imithetho eyayiphatha amadoda nabesifazane ngendlela ehlukile ngaphandle kokuthethelela okwanele. I-Actal Protection Device iye yaba usizo ekulweni nezenzo ezivivinya ukucwasa ngemisebenzi, imfundo, izindlu, nendawo yokuhlala yomphakathi, idala izinga lokudlala ukuze zonke izakhamuzi zihlanganyele emphakathini nasemkhakheni wezentengolweni yezenteko.
Ukuqonda i-Uncible Protection Claus kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuqaphela lapho amalungelo azo ephulwa futhi zifuna amakhambi angokomthetho. Kuveza ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni kumelwe zisekelwe ezinjongweni ezingokomthetho kunokuba zisekelwe ekucwaseni noma ezikanokunye, futhi kunikeza isisekelo somthetho - sisekelo semithetho ebekela inselele nokungalingani. Ngokwesivumelwano somphakathi, lokhu kusho ukuthi izakhamuzi zingasekela ukwelashwa okulinganayo kuzo zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi, kusukela ekuvoteni amalungelo okufinyelela izinkonzo zikahulumeni, zazi ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo usekela ukufaneleka kwazo kobulungisa nesithunzi.
Inqubo Elindelekile: Ukuvikela Inkululeko Ngenye Ngenye Indawo Nezindlela Ezinhle Zokuvikela
I-Seath Process Clause yeSichibiyelo se-14th inikeza ukuthi akukho mbuso ozo "kususa noma yimuphi umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho." leli lungiselelo liqukethe imiqondo emibili ehlukene kodwa ehlobene: inqubo efanelekile nenqubo efanelekile. Okunye, lezizimiso ziqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni ezithinta abantu kumelwe zilandele izinqubo ezilungile futhi zingaphuli amalungelo ayisisekelo, ngisho nalapho kulandelwa izinqubo ezifanelekile.
Inqubo engokwesiko efanelekile ifuna ukuba ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni asuse ukuphila kothile, inkululeko, noma impahla, kumele inikeze isaziso nethuba lokuzwakala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abantu banelungelo lokwazi ukuthi yiziphi izikhalo noma izinkulumo ezenziwa kubo futhi badlulise uhlangothi lwabo lwendaba phambi komenzi wesinqumo ongenamkhethe. Inqubo efanelekile esebenzayo isebenza emongweni omningi, kusukela ekumangalelweni kwezenzweni kwezesikole ukuya ekuqondiseni komthetho wesikole. Iqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni asetshenziswa ngokufanelekile futhi abantu abalawulwangaphazanyiswanga ezenzweni noma ezenzweni eziwulweni eziwukungakhethi.
Inqubo elindelekile e- idlulela ngalé kokulunga okungokomthetho ukuze ivikele amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni nguhulumeni, kungakhathaliseki izinqubo ezisetshenziswayo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi i-Seed Procession Claus enqatshelwa ngokuqondile engathiwa eMthethweni womthetho-sisekelo kodwa ibalulekile kakhulu ekwakheni inkululeko naselumbeni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokungena sese, ilungelo lokushada, ilungelo lokwenza izinqumo ngendikimba yomuntu siqu, nelungelo lokuphakamisa izingane. Inqubo efanele ukumiswa ngokwendlela efanelekile iye yaphikisana ngoba idinga ukuzwa ukuthi yimaphi amalungelo abalulekile, kodwa ifeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni i-6 nohulumeni ngamunye.
Kukho ukuthembisana komphakathi, izivikelo ezifanele zibalulekile ngoba zivikela ikhono lezakhamuzi lokuhlanganyela ekuphileni kwentando yeningi ngaphandle kokwesaba isenzo sikahulumeni esiwubushiqela. Ngokwesibonelo, ukunikeza amalungelo kuvikelwe ngezimiso ezifanele ezivimbela imibuso ekuhlakaniphiseni izakhamuzi ngaphandle kokulunga okungokomthetho. Ilungelo lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile, ukuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo, konke kuqiniswa ngenqubo efanele eqinisekisa ukuba abantu bangajeziswa ngokusebenzisa amalungelo abo omthetho - sisekelo ngaphandle kwezimiso ezilungile nezizathu ezizwakalayo.
Ukuba Izakhamuzi Namalungelo Noma Izindawo Ezingavikelekile
ISichibiyelo seshumi nane siqala ngesinqumo sesizwe esiveza ukuthi ubani isakhamuzi sase-United States: "Bonke abantu abazalwa noma abadalwe e-United States, futhi abangaphansi kwegunya layo, bayizakhamuzi zase-United States naseZweni lapho behlala khona." Leli lungiselelo lasusa isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme esinedumela elibi Dred Scott v. Sandford [1857], eyayikholelwa ukuthi abantu bozalo lwaseAfrika abanakuba izakhamuzi. Ngokusekela ubuzibulo, iSiphendulo seMinyaka Eyisine siqinisekisa ukuthi ukuba izakhamuzi zisekelwe esabelweni esiqinile, ezinqubweni ezicacile kunenhlalweni eziqotho.
Ukulungiswa futhi kuqukethe amaRoodence noma ama-Immunion Claus, athi "Awukho uHulumeni ozokwenza noma ukuphoqelela noma yimuphi umthetho ozovimbela amalungelo noma ukugoma kwezakhamuzi zase-United States." Nakuba lombhalo wawulinganiselwe kakhulu ngesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Ama-Casess [1873] [i-FLT], yayihloselwe ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo ezakhamuzi ekuphazanyisweni yizwe. I-Gajingss aqaphela ukuthi izakhamuzi ziphethe amalungelo athile nesivikelo okumelwe zihloniswe, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuhamba ngokukhululekile phakathi kwezindawo, izinkantolo zombuso, kanye nelungelo lokungena ezinkantolo zomphakathi, kanye nokuhlanganyela enkondleni yokhetho.
Ukuqonda ukuba izakhamuzi njengoba kuchazwa yiSichibiyelo seshumi nane kubalulekile ekuthembiseni umphakathi ngoba kumisa isisekelo sawo wonke amalungelo neminye imithwalo yemfanelo. Izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokuvota, lokuphatha isikhundla somphakathi, ukwamukela izinzuzo zikahulumeni, nokuvikelwa nguMthetho-sisekelo. Izakhamuzi futhi zinomthwalo wemfanelo, kuhlanganise nesibopho sokulalela imithetho, ukukhonza ehholidi lapho kubizwa, nokuhlanganyela enqubweni yentando yeningi. Ngokuchaza ngokucacile ukuthi ngubani isakhamuzi, iSichibiyelo se 14 seSichithi sakha umphakathi wabalinganayo abahlanganyela elungelweni nasezibongenisweni lokuzimela.
Amacala Aphawula Alo Mhlaba Athonya Amalungelo Omphakathi Nokuhlanganyela
ISichibiyelo seshumi nane siye saba senkampane yamacala amaningi abaluleke kakhulu eNkantolo Ephakeme emlandweni waseMelika. Lezi zinqumo ziye zachaza futhi zasebenzisa amalungiselelo alesi sivumelwano ngezindlela eziye zathinta kakhulu ukuthembisana komphakathi namalungelo omphakathi. Ukuqonda lamacala aphawulekayo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele indlela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo eziguqulela ngayo ekubeni zibe yisivikelo sangempela namathuba okuhlanganyela.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, lelicala lasebenzisa i-Umeal Protection Claus ukuze livule ukuhlukaniswa kohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi. Isinqumo seNkantolo savumelana savuma ukuthi ukucwasana kwamacala ahlukene kwalimaza ngokwengqondo ezinganeni zaseAfrika futhi kwawancisha amathuba alinganayo emfundo. Icala labangela ukwenqaba okukhulu kwezinye izindawo kodwa ekugcineni laholela ekuncipheni kwezikole nakwezinye izakhiwo zomphakathi, livula amathuba amasha okuhlanganyela komphakathi amaqembu ahlukene ngaphambili.
Uthando Virginia (1967)
Kulendaba, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha imithetho evimbela ukushada kwezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene, ithi imithetho enjalo yayiphula kokubili i - Exlumement Protection Claus ne - It Processol Claus. Isinqumo saqaphela ukuthi ilungelo lokushada liyinkululeko eyinhloko engenamingcele esekelwe ezinhlangani. Lokhu kwabonisa indlela iSichibiyelo se - 14 seSichibiyelo esivikela ngayo izinqumo ezithinta umuntu siqu ekungeneleni kohulumeni okungalawuleki, okwenza izakhamuzi zakhe imikhaya nemiphakathi ngokwezinqumo zazo.
Reed v. Reed (1971)
Leli kwakuyicala lokuqala lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha umthetho osekelwe ekucwaseni ubulili ngaphansi kwe-Uncial Protection Claus. Icala lalihilela umthetho we-Idaho owawuzikhethela ngokwawo amadoda phezu kwabesifazane ekunakekeleni izindawo. INkantolo yathi lokhu kuhlelwa kwabesilisa kwakwenza ukuba babe nesivikelo esifanayo, kuvulele amathuba amaningi alandelayo abekela inselele ukucwaswa kwabesilisa emsebenzini, imfundo, nezinye izingxenye zokuphila komphakathi.
Plyler v. Doe (1982)
INkantolo Ephakeme yathi izifundazwe azinakuphika ukuthi izingane zifundiswa umphakathi ngenxa yesikhundla sazo sokufuduka. INkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi imfundo ibalulekile ekuhlanganyeleni komphakathi nokuthi ukunqabela isigaba sezingane imfundo kungadala isigaba esiphansi. Lesi sinqumo sibonisa indlela iSichibiyelo seMinyaka Eyishumi Nane esivikela ngayo ku-"phonsi kazwelonke, hhayi izakhamuzi nje kuphela, siqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi ziyakwazi ukungena emasikweni adingekayo ukuze zihlanganyele ngokunenzuzo emphakathini.
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
Kulesi sinqumo esiyingqophamlando, iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi imibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo inelungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada ngaphansi kwe-Century and Auncimement Protection Clauss. INkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi umshado uyinhlangano eyisisekelo enikeza isithunzi, ukuzinza, nezinzuzo eziningi ezingokomthetho. Ngokudlulisela amalungelo omshado emibhangqwaneni ehlangene, lesi sinqumo senza izigidi zamaMelika zakwazi ukuhlanganyela ngokugcwele ekuphileni komphakathi futhi zithole ukwelashwa okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho.
Lamacala amelela ingxenye nje yemiphumela yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane somthetho nenhlangano yaseMelika. Isinqumo ngasinye siye sandisa izinga lokulingana nenkululeko, sakha amathuba amasha okuthembisana nokwenza izivumelwano zomphakathi nokuhlanganyela. Ngokuhlola lamacala, izakhamuzi zingawaqonda kangcono amalungelo azo futhi zingathola isikhuthazo emzabalazweni oqhubekayo wokwenza izithembiso zokulungisa zibe ngokoqobo kubo bonke abantu.
Ukusekela Amalungelo Nokuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe Ngaphansi KweSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane
Nakuba isiHlanzi seSichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu sikhuluma ngokuqondile ngamalungelo okuvota ngokunqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, futhi iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesine sinqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe ebulilini, iSichibiyelweni seshumi nane siye safeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni nasekuthuthukiseni ilungelo lokuvota. Ingxenye 2 yeSimemezelo seSichibiyelo se - 144 seSimemezelo esimelelwe kuKhomisha futhi siqukethe ulimi oluliqaphela ngokuphelele ilungelo lezakhamuzi zabesilisa lokuvota. Okubaluleke kakhulu, iSiphenduku-Compate Divity Clasce isetshenziswa ekubekeni imingcele ehlukahlukene emalungelo okuvota futhi isiqinisekiso sokuthi zonke izakhamuzi ziyakwazi ukufinyelela imvume yokuvota.
Elinye lamacala abaluleke kakhulu okuvota asekelwe eSichibiyelweni seMibuliso yeshumi nane uReynolds v. Sims (1964), lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yamisa khona isimiso "umuntu oyedwa, ivota eyodwa" iNkantolo yathi izifunda zomthetho kumelwe zilingane ngokulinganayo kubantu ukuze ukuvota komuntu ngamunye kuphathe ubunzima obulinganayo. Lesi sinqumo, esisekelwe kwiSivikeli Somthetho uClausce, siqinisekisa ukuthi i-Classiste, asinakukwazi ukuguqula izifunda zasemaphandleni zibe nethonya elibanzi phezu kovoti, futhi ifuna ukuveza kabusha imigqa yesigodi ukuze kubonise izinguquko zomphakathi. Isimiso sokumelela okufanayo sibalulekile ekuhlanganyeleni nezokuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zinezwi elifanayo ekukhetheni kwabo abameleli babo.
ISichibiyelo seshumi nane siye sasetshenziselwa ukubekela inselele intela yokuhlola intela yokuvota, ukuhlola ukufunda nezinye izithiyo zokuvota ukuthi izakhamuzi ezimbalwa zithinte ngokungenakulinganiswa. Nakuba ezinye zalezi zinselele ekugcineni zasingathwa ngokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo noma umthetho kahulumeni njengoMthetho weSivumelwano samalungelo abantu ka-1965, i-Exct Protection Clausle yanikeza isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo sokuphikisa ukuthi imingcele enjalo iphula isimiso sobuhlaziyi besizwe esilinganayo. Namuhla, ukuncishiswa kwemithetho ehilela imithetho yevoti, imingcele engokomthetho yokuvota kwasekuqaleni, nezinye imingcele engase ibangele ukuvithwa okunzima kakhulu kweqembu elithile labavoti.
Ngaphandle kwamalungelo angokomthetho okuvota, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sisekela ukuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe ngezinye izindlela. Ilungelo lokungenela isikhundla, lokunikela emikhankasweni yezombangazwe, ukujoyina amaqembu ezombangazwe, nokuhlanganyela enkulumweni yezombangazwe konke kuqiniswa yizivikelo ze-antement. Inqubo elindelekile iqinisekisa ukuthi abazobhapathizwa abanakukhishwa ngokusemthethweni ezindaweni zokuvota, futhi isivikelo esifanayo sidinga ukuba imithetho yokukhetha isetshenziswe ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abahlanganyeli. Lezi zivikela zakha isimiso sezombangazwe esivulekile nesihlanganisayo yonke izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela kuyo ngokwezithakazelo zazo namakhono azo.
Ukuthola Imfundo Namathuba Ezomnotho
Imfundo ingenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuthembisana umphakathi, futhi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane siye sasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukufinyelela amathuba alinganayo emfundo. Njengoba kuxoxwe ngaphambili, rown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [[ yasebenzisa i-Ukhuseleko olulinganayo ku-Claus ekususeni izikole zomphakathi, iqaphela ukuthi imfundo ibalulekile ekulungiseleleni izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo emphakathini wentando yeningi. INkantolo yasho ukuthi imfundo "iyiso kanye isisekelo sesizwe esihle" futhi idingekile ukuze kuphumelele ekuphileni.
Kusukela Brown, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane siye sasetshenziswa ezimweni eziningi ezihlanganisa imfundo elingana nokulingana. Izinkantolo ziye zasingatha izindaba ezinjengokungalingani kwemfundo yesikole, ukutholakala kolimi kubafundi abakhuluma isiNgisi, nezinkonzo zemfundo kubafundi abakhubazekileyo. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ingayiqaphelanga imfundo njengeyona eyisisekelo ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wombuso, iye yakholelwa ukuthi ayinakwenza imibandela evimbela ukufinyelela kwabanye amathuba okungalawulekiyo okunikezwa ngemfundo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma nje isimo sinikeza imfundo yomphakathi imfundo, kumelwe senze kanjalo ngendlela ehambisana nezimiso ezilinganayo.
Ithuba lezomnotho lihlobene kakhulu nokuthembisana kwezakhamuzi ngoba izakhamuzi ezingenakho ukulondeka kwezomnotho zivame ukubhekana nezithiyo zokuhlanganyela. ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sidlulela emalungelweni ezomnotho ngezindlela eziningana. I-Gast Procesme Claus ivikela amalungelo empahla futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abanakuphucwa ukuphila kwabo ngaphandle kwezimiso ezilungile. I-Uncial Protection Claus enqabela ukucwaswa emsebenzini, ukuhlaliswa kwemisebenzi, ukuhlaliswa kwezindlu, ukuboleka nokukhokhwazwa, ukwakha izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokudlala imidlalo yezomnotho. Ngokuvikela amalungelo ezomnotho, ukubuyiselwa kwezindawo kwenza izakhamuzi ukuba zikwazi ukufinyelela ukuqina nokuzimela okudingekile ekuhlanganyeleni kwezenhlalo.
Inguquko iye yasetshenziselwa futhi ukubekela imithetho evimbela ukungenela kwezomnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yalahla imithetho edinga ukukhokhwa kwenkokhelo ukuze ingene ezinkantolo noma isebenzise amanye amalungelo omthetho, iqaphela ukuthi izimfuneko ezinjalo ziyabandlulula izakhamuzi ezimpofu futhi zibavimbele ukuba bangahlanganyeli ngokugcwele ekuphileni komphakathi. Lezi zinqumo zibonisa isimiso sokuthi isibopho sokwabiwa kwesizwe nesomphakathi akufanele sincike empumelelweni noma esikondleni.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Nobulungisa Bobugebengu
Isimiso sokwahlulela komthetho siyisici esibucayi lapho izivikelo zeSichibiyelo seshumi nane zibalulekile khona ekuqinisekiseni ukuphathwa ngokulunga nokugcinwa kwezivumelwano zomphakathi. Izimfuneko zenqubo ezifanele ziyasebenza kuwo wonke ama-gallery obugebengu, ukuboshwa nokugwetshwa. Abalweli banelungelo lokuqaphela amacala, ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi obulungile nokumelana nofakazi, kanye nelungelo lokuvikela ngokusemthethweni. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni okumangalela nokujezisa nokujezisa asetshenziswa ngokufanelekile futhi abantu abangenacala abanecala babekwe icala ngokungafanele.
I - Founding Protection Claus inqabela ukucwaswa kwezimiso zomthetho ezisekelwe ohlazweni, ezinhlangani, noma kwezinye izici ezivikelekile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abashushisi abanakuvala abahluleli abasekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, ukuthi izinqumo zokugweba kumelwe zisekelwe ezicini ezingokomthetho kunokuba zibe nobandlululo, nokuthi inqubo yokugcinwa komthetho ayinakuba yizisulu zabantu abasekelwe ezimisweni zobugebengu. Naphezu kwalokhu kuvikelwa komthetho, ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga kuyaqhubeka ezicini eziningi zesimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu, kanye nabasekeli bayaqhubeka besebenzisa iSiphendumiso seshumi Nane emizamweni yokufinyelela ubulungisa nokulingana okukhulu.
Izinkolelo zobugebengu zingaba nemiphumela emikhulu ekuthembiseni umphakathi, kuhlanganise nokulahlekelwa amalungelo okuvota ezifundazweni eziningi. ISichibiyelo seSiphazamiso 2 se 145 siqukethe ulimi oluye lwachazwa njengoluvumela ukuba kuxoxiswe abantu ababoshelwe ubugebengu, futhi izifundazwe eziningi zinemithetho evimbela amalungelo okuvota abantu abanezenkolo ezingalungile. Nokho, abameleli baphikisa ukuthi imingcele enjalo kufanele ilinganiselwe nokuthi izakhamuzi eziqede izahlulelo zazo kufanele ziwabuyisele amalungelo azo okuvota. Impikiswano ephakathi kwefelon exenfancrance, iveza ukungezwa phakathi kwesijeziso nomphakathi, futhi iphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile ngokuthi ubani ohlanganyela emphakathini wentando yeningi.
Ngaphandle kwamalungelo okuvota, amarekhodi obugebengu angadala izithiyo emsebenzini, ekutholeni izindlu, imfundo, namanye amathuba abalulekile ukuze umphakathi uhlanganyele. Isivikelo seSichibiyelo se 14th sokumelana nobandlululo nesenzo sikahulumeni sobushiqela sinikeza uhlelo lwezimiso ezibekela inselele imingcele enzima efaka imiphumela enzima kubantu ngemibhalo yobugebengu. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abakhishelwa ngaphandle unomphela ekuphileni komphakathi ngenxa yamaphutha adlule, lezisivikelo zisekela ukuvuselelwa nokubuyiselwa emphakathini.
Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Nempikiswano Eqhubekayo
Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu- 150 ngemva kokunqanyulwa kwayo, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sisalokhu sisenkabeni yezimpikiswano eziningi zomthetho nezezombangazwe zamanje. Impikiswano enjengokuvuma, ukufuduka, amalungelo okuzala, nokuvota konke kuhilela imibuzo ngokubaluleka nencazelo yesivikelo esifanayo nenqubo efanelekile. Ukuqonda lezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo kubalulekile ezakhamuzini ezifuna ukuhileleka ngokuphumelelayo ezingxoxweni eziphathelene namalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kanye nokuhlanganyela kwezezwe.
Izinhlelo eziqinisayo, ezibheka uhlanga njengesici esisodwa sokuthatha noma izinqumo zemisebenzi zokuthuthukisa ukwahlukahlukana nokuxazulula ubandlululo oludlule, ziye zabekelwa inselele ngaphansi kwe-Uncimel Protection Claus. Abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi noma isiphi isimo sohlanga siphula isimiso sokwelashwa okulinganayo, kuyilapho abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi izimiso eziziqaphelayo ngokohlanga zidingekile ukuze kufinyelelwe ukulingana kwangempela futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi wonke amaqembu angahlanganyela ngokugcwele emfundweni nasemasikweni ezomnotho. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhipha izinqumo eziningi ngalendaba, futhi impikiswano iyaqhubeka iveza ukuphakama komphakathi ngokuphikisana kokukhuluma ngomlando nokungalingani okuqhubekayo.
inqubo yoku-antyration iphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi ubani onelungelo lokuvikela iSichibiyelo se 14 nenani lamalungelo angewona akhona. Nakuba umbhalo wokulungisa ubhekisela ku-"amadoda" kunokuthi "antente" ku-"Isivikelo esilinganayo neMkhiqizo we-Calting Clauss, isikisela ukuthi isivikelo saso sinwebeka kakhulu, kunempikiswano eqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nesilinganiso samandla akhona ahlula izakhamuzi nezinkonzo. Okuthi "inani eliyilungelo" liyi-profecesss, imithetho yethempeli, nokungena komphakathi kuhlanganisa zonke izincazelo zobubanzi bezekelo nencazelo ye-14.
Isinqumo sokuqaphela umshado ofana nowe-sex. Nokho, izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngezindaba ezinjengobandlululo emsebenzini nasezindaweni zomphakathi, ukufinyelela empilweni engcono, kanye namalungelo abantu abavela kwenye indawo. Lezimpikiswano zivame ukugxila ekutheni imithetho ephatha i-LGBTQ isivikelo esifanayo yini futhi abantu ngabanye abahlukile yini ekuphuleni amanye amalungelo ahlobene nokuzichaza nokuzilawula kuvikelwe ngenqubo efanelekile.
Amalungelo okuzala asekelwe ekuvikeleni kwe-Claus's Programme ye-octive Claus ekuzivikeleni kobumfihlo nokuzibusa komuntu siqu. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Roe v. Wade[[FLT]] [[FLT]3] [1903]) yaqaphela ilungelo lomthetho lokukhipha isisu elisekelwe ekulungeni eliyilo, nakuba leso sinqumo sagumbuqelwa kumaDobbs v. Jackson's Health Organization of Nations [FLT:] (202]). Ingxoxo emayelana namalungelo okuzala ibonisa ukungavumelani okuyisisekelo kwenqubo ephakathi kwendlela engokokuziphatha ephakathi kwenkululeko nezimiso ezingokwempilo.
Ukufuna ukufinyelela kuseyimpikiswano ephikisanayo, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngezimfuneko zevoti-ID, ukuvota kwakuqala, ukuvota ngeposi, nezinye izinqubo zokuvota. Abasekeli bezimfuneko zokuvota eziqinile baphikisa ukuthi badingekile ukuze bavimbele ukukhohlisa nokugcina ubuqotho bokukhetha, kuyilapho abaphikisi bephikisa ngokuthi izinyathelo ezinjalo zithwesa idlanzana labavoti, amavoti asekhulile, kanye nokuvota ngokukhubazeka okulinganayo. Lezimpikiswano zibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi ukuvota kuyindlela eyisisekelo yokubhalisa izivumelwano zomphakathi, nemingcele yokuvota ethinta ngokuqondile ukuthi bangahlanganyela ekuthatheni isinqumo sentando yeningi.
Izindlela Eziwusizo Izakhamuzi Ezingasebenzisa Izinqumo Zazo Zamalungelo Amashumi Amane
Ukuqonda iSichibiyelo seshumi nane kubalulekile, kodwa ukuhumusha ukuthi ulwazi lusebenza yikona okwenza izivumelwano zomphakathi. Izakhamuzi zingasebenzisa amalungelo azo angokomthetho futhi zihlanganyele emphakathini wentando yeningi ngezindlela eziningi, kusukela ekuvoteni kuya ekuhleleni umphakathi. Nawa amasu asebenzayo okuhlanganyela kumalungelo akho ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi Nesine:
Bhalisa Futhi Ufunde Kuzo Zonke Izinqumo
Ukuncoma kuyindlela eqondile yokuhlanganyela ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. Bregister ukuvota uma ungakaqali, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi ukubhalisa kwakho kusekhona uma ususukile noma ulishintshile igama lakho. Qonda endaweni, esizweni, nakukhetho lwesizwe, kuhlanganise nokhetho oluyinhloko nokhetho olukhethekile. Abacwaningi nezimiso zokhetho ukuze wenze izinqumo eziqondiswe. Uma uhlangabezana nemingcele yokuvota, njengezingafanelekile izimfuneko ze-ID zomvoti noma izindawo zokuvota, yazi ukuthi ungathola imvume engokomthetho ngaphansi kweSinyuko se-Inilandethi kanye nemithetho yokuvota.
Yiba Khona Emihlanganweni Yeningi Nokulalela
Imihlangano kahulumeni wendawo, izikhawu zesikole, ukuzwa kwezezikole, nezinye izikhungo zomphakathi kunikeza amathuba okuqaphela uhulumeni usebenza nokuveza imibono yakho ezindabeni ezithinta umphakathi wakini. Le mihlangano ivame ukwenza izinqumo ezibalulekile ngemfundo, ukuphepha komphakathi, ukusetshenziswa kwendawo, nokusetshenziswa kwezindawo eziphambili. Ngokuya nokuhlanganyela, ungathonya futhi ubeke izikhulu ezikhethiwe ezinecala. Ilungelo lakho lokuya kule mihlangano nokukhuluma phakathi nezikhathi zokukhulumela komphakathi livikelwe yisiqinisekiso sokungena ngokulingana kwenqubo kahulumeni.
Hlanganyela Noma Ukusekela Izinhlangano Zobushiqela
Izinhlangano eziningi zisebenzela ukuvikela amalungelo omphakathi futhi zikhuthaze ukuthembisana komphakathi. Amaqembu afana ne- American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), i-NAACP[, iNhlangano Yabesifazane Voters, kanye nezinye eziningi ezicatshangelweyo, zifune izinguquko zenqubo, futhi zifundise umphakathi ngamalungelo omthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Ngokujoyina lezinhlangano, ukunikela ngesikhathi sakho, noma ukwenza iminikelo yezimali, ungasekela imizamo yokuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kweSichibiyelo se-1453 [FLT], nokwandisa amathuba okuhlanganyela ekuhlanganyeleni.
Zifundise Wena Nabanye
Ukufunda umthetho - sisekelo kubalulekile ukuze uthembise umphakathi ngokuphumelela. Zinike isikhathi sokufunda ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane namanye amalungiselelo omthetho omthetho ovikela amalungelo akho. Funda izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, landela intuthuko engokomthetho, futhi uhlale waziwa ngezimpikiswano zamanje ngamalungelo omphakathi nangenkululeko yomphakathi. Yabelanani okufundayo nabangane, umkhaya, namalungu omphakathi. Izingxoxo zomphakathi. Abathumeli, bhalela amaphephandaba, noma sebenzisa imithombo yezindaba yezenhlalo ufundise abanye ngamalungelo nemithwalo yabo. Izakhamuzi zihlonyiswe kangcono ukuqaphela ukwephulwa kwezimiso zomthetho nomthetho nokwenza ushintsho.
Umsekeli Wezinguquko Zesimiso
Uma ubona imithetho noma izimiso okholelwa ukuthi zephula isivikelo esilinganayo noma izimiso ezifanelekile, khuluma. Xhumana nabameleli bakho abakhethiwe ukuze baveze imibono yakho. Bhala ama-op-ead noma izincwadi kumhleli. Hlela izicelo noma imiboniso. Sebenzela amaqembu omthetho akhuthaza ukulingana nokulunga. ISichibiyelo se 145 sinikeza uhlelo lokuphikisa ukuthi imithetho yokulahla i-discrini noma yokujezalela izakhamuzi kufanele ishintshwe, futhi isakhamuzi sivame ukuveza inguquko.
Ukukhonza EJuries
Inkonzo kaJury iyilungelo futhi inomthwalo wemfanelo wokuba yizakhamuzi. Ngokukhonza ejajini, izakhamuzi zihlanganyela ngokuqondile ekuqondiseni ubulungisa futhi zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi inqubo yokuvikela ibalulekile. AmaJuries asebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla kahulumeni nangabameleli bomphakathi emacaleni angokomthetho. Uma ubizelwa emsebenzini wejaji, thatha umthwalo wemfanelo ngokungathi sína futhi uwuqaphele njengohlobo olubalulekile lokuthembisana kwesizwe.
Ukusekelwa Kwemfundo Ngokulinganayo
Imfundo ibalulekile ekuhlanganyeleni komphakathi, futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izingane zithola imfundo ephambili kubalulekile ukuze kube nesimiso sentando yeningi esinempilo. Izimiso nezinhlelo ezikhuthaza imfundo elinganayo, njengokuxhasa isikole ngokwanele, izinhlelo zabafundi abafunda isiNgisi, nezinkonzo zabafundi abakhubazekile. Zivolontiya njengomfundisi noma umeluleki. Umsekeli wezifundo ezifundisa abafundi amalungelo abo omthetho kanye nemithwalo yezesizwe. Ngokusekela imfundo, usiza ekulungiseleleni isizukulwane esilandelayo ukuba sikhuthalele impumelelo nesizwe esinolwazi.
Ukucwasa Okuyinselele
Uma ubhekana noma uzibonela ngawakho ubandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ubulili, imvelaphi yobuzwe, noma ezinye izici ezivikelweyo, yazi ukuthi unezivikelo ezingokomthetho ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane nemithetho ehlukahlukene yamalungelo abantu. Ukukhononda kwamafadi nezinhlangano ezilungile, njenge-Uncimence Accounting Opportounting Commission noma i-Univertime of Education’s Office for Civil Rights. Xoxa nabameli abasebenza ngokusemthethweni wezeluleko lwamalungelo omphakathi. Izenzakalo zezincwadi zobandlululo nokusebenza nabanye abaye babhekana nokuhlangenwe nakho okufanayo. Ngokucela inselele, usiza ekuqinisekiseni i-Active Providetic Clacesces nomphakathi onobulungisa.
Ukuhlanganyela Ezinhlanganweni Zomphakathi
Isivumelwano sobuProfethi asizenzeki nje kuphela ezimisweni ezingokomthetho zezombangazwe kodwa futhi nasezinhlanganweni zomphakathi, ezihlangeneyo, ezinhlanganweni zenkolo, nasemaqenjini okuzithandela. Lezizinhlangano zinikeza amathuba okusebenza nabanye ukuze babhekane nezindaba zendawo, bathuthukise ukuhlobana komphakathi, futhi bathuthukise amakhono okuhola. Zisebenza njengezindawo zokuqeqeshela ukuhlanganyela komphakathi nangokwemibuthano ehlangene. Ngokuhlanganyela ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi, uqinisa umphakathi futhi udala inhloko - dolobha edingekayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi okuphumelelayo.
Ukufundisa ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Ezizukulwaneni Ezizayo
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo ziyayiqonda futhi ziyayazisa iSichibiyelo seshumi nane kubalulekile ekulondolozeni isivikelo sayo nasekulondolozeni idemokrasi ephambili. Abazali, othisha, nabaholi bomphakathi bonke banendima okufanele bayidlale emfundweni yomphakathi. Nawa amasu athile okufundisa intsha ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane nokubaluleka kwaso ekuthembisweni kwezakhamuzi:
Qala ngezibonelo zikakhonkolo. Kunokuba uqale ngemiqondo engekho ngokomthetho, sebenzisa izibonelo ezingokoqobo zezwe intsha engaziqonda. Xoxani ngamacala ahilela ukuhlukanisa isikole, amalungelo okuvota, noma ubandlululo ngezindlela ezihlobene nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabafundi. Zisize ukuba babone ukuthi iSichibiyelo seMinyaka Engamashumi Ane
[ uveza imibono ehlukene ngezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo futhi ukhuthaza abafundi ukuba bacabange ngokuhluzekile ngezindinganiso eziphikisanayo nangezithakazelo. Xoxani ngokuqhubekayo ngokuvuma, amalungelo okuvota, noma ezinye izihloko, futhi usize abafundi baqonde izimpikiswano ezinhlangothini ezihlukene. Bafundise ukuhlaziya ubufakazi, ukuqaphela ubandlululo, futhi bakha imibono yabo siqu.
Amathuba okuhlanganyela emphakathini. Yakha amathuba okuba intsha isebenzise amathuba okuthembisana ngomphakathi ngezindlela zobudala ezifanele. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukulingwa kokuhleka, uhulumeni wabafundi, imisebenzi yenkonzo yomphakathi, noma imikhankaso yokufundisa abantu ngezindaba ezibakhathazayo. Ukufunda kusiza abafundi ukuba bahlakulele amakhono nokuqiniseka okudingekile ekuhlanganyeleni komphakathi kukho konke ukuphila kwabo.
Umlando uhlanganisa izenzakalo zamanje. Usiza abafundi ukuba baqonde ukuthi izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo azizona nje izinto ezingokomlando kodwa ziyimibono ephilayo eqhubeka ibumba umphakathi wanamuhla. Xoxa ngezindaba zeNkantolo Ephakeme yamanje, izimpikiswano zomthetho, nezinhlangano zezenhlalo ngokucabangela umlando weSichibiyelo seMinyaka Eyisine nezimiso. Bonisa abafundi ukuthi bayingxenye yendaba eqhubekayo yokulwela ukulingana nobulungisa.
Izifungo zomphakathi. [ Intsha ifunda ngesibonelo, ngakho abantu abadala kufanele bafanise ukuziphatha komphakathi abafuna ukukufundisa. Bonga, bahambe emihlanganweni yasobala, bavolontiya, futhi bakhulume ngezindaba ozikhathalelayo. Xoxani ngezindaba zenu nentsha futhi nichaze ukuthi kungani ukuthembisana kwezenhlalo kubalulekile kuni. Izenzo zenu ziyofundisa ngokunamandla kakhulu kunamazwi kuphela.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Embusweni Wentando Yeningi Ohlukahlukene
I-United States ihluka kakhulu, inezakhamuzi ezivela ezizindeni eziningi ezihlukene zobuhlanga, ubuzwe, inkolo, namasiko. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kuwumthombo wamandla, kodwa futhi kudala izinselele zokuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngokugcwele ekuphileni komphakathi. Izimiso zeSichibiyelo se 144 seSiphendulo sesivikelo esifanayo nenqubo efanele zinikeza uhlelo lokulawula ukwahlukahluka nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukungaboni ngaso linye akusona isisekelo sokuhlukanisa noma ukucwasa.
Kumbuso wentando yeningi ohlukene, isivikelo esilinganayo sisho ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe aphathe zonke izakhamuzi ngesithunzi esilinganayo nangenhlonipho, kungakhathaliseki izizinda zazo noma isizinda. Kusho ukuthi imithetho nezimiso kumelwe kusekelwe ezinjongweni zomphakathi ezingokomthetho kunokubheka noma ubandlululo. Kusho ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi kumelwe zikwazi ukufinyelela amathuba nezinzuzo zesizwe ezifanayo, kusukela ekufundiseni nasekuhlanganyeleni kwezombangazwe. Lezimiso zibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukubambisana kwezenhlalo nasekuqinisekiseni ukuthi idemokramente isebenza kuwo wonke umuntu.
Izindlela zokuvikela ezifanele zibaluleke kakhulu emphakathini ohlukene ngoba ziqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni asetshenziswa ngokungakhethi futhi amaqembu amancane awaphathwa ngendlela ewunyantiswayo noma ecindezelayo. Izimiso zokuvikela zesizwe ziqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amazwi azwakala lapho kwenziwa izinqumo zikahulumeni futhi abantu banamathuba okubekela inselele izenzo ezibathintayo. Inqubo efanelekile evimbela ukuzibusa kwabantu ngabanye nemiphakathi ukuze balondoloze ubuzwe nemikhuba yabo ehlukile, uma nje bengalimazi abanye.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-compact ekubusweni ngentando yeningi okuhlukene akudingi nje ukulingana okungokomthetho okungokomthetho kuphela kodwa futhi nokuba yingxenye eqotho nokuhloniphana. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zizimisele ukulalela imibono ehlukile kweyazo, ukuqaphela ukusebenza kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabanye, nokusebenza ndawonye ukusingatha izinselele ezivamile. ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo sinikeza isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo salokhu kuhlanganisa ubuhlali, kodwa kuxhomeke ezakhamuzini ngokwazo ukuba zifakane iqiniso ngezenzo zazo zansuku zonke nangezingxoxo.
Imithombo Yezinto Zokufunda Okwengeziwe Nokuhileleka
Kubantu abafuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwabo iSichibiyelo seshumi nane nokuba bahileleke kakhulu ekuphileni komphakathi, kunemithombo eminingi ekhona. Nansi eminye imithombo ebalulekile yokwaziswa namathuba okuhileleka:
Imicebo Yemfundo
I - Library of Congress ilondoloza izincwadi ezibanzi zomlando ezihlobene noMthetho-sisekelo nezinguquko zawo. ingosi yabo inikeza imithombo eyinhloko, kuhlanganise nezimpikiswano zomhlangano, izincwadi zezindawo ezinamaphutha kanye nokuhlaziywa komlando.
Izikole eziningi zomthetho zinikeza izifundo zesihle nge - Internet ezingomthetho - sisekelo ezisezitejini ezinjenge - Courra ne - edX. Lezi zikole zinikeza ukuhlaziywa okuqinile kwezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo nezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, ezifundiswa izazi ezingokomthetho.
Ukuqapha Nezinhlangano Ezithatha Inyathelo
Izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi njenge ACLU, iNaACP Legal Defense, ne-Southern Poverty Law Center zisebenza ukuphoqelela izivikelo zeSichibiyelo seshumi nane ngokufaka ipaligate, ukuphambanisa, nemfundo. Lezizinhlangano ngokuvamile zinezahluko zendawo lapho izakhamuzi zingahileleka khona.
Izinhlangano ezigunyaza amalungelo njengale Nhlangano Yamalungelo Abesifazane nethi Fair Fight Action zisebenza ukuze zivikele futhi zikwazi ukuvota. Zihlela iziyalezo zokuvota, zinikeze ukwaziswa ngezinqubo zokuvota, futhi zibekela imithetho evimbela amalungelo okuvota inselele.
Ukuhlela amaqembu omphakathi anjenge Izindawo zobumboni nezimpande zotshani zendawo kunikeza ukuqeqeshwa emakhonweni omphakathi okuthembisana nokuhlela imikhankaso ezindabeni zendawo. Lamaqembu asiza izakhamuzi ukuba zithuthukise ikhono lokusekela imiphakathi yazo ngokuphumelelayo.
Imithombo Kahulumeni
UMnyango Wezobulungisa wase-U.S. umisa imithetho ye-Cvil Rights Division kazwelonke futhi unikeza ukwaziswa ngokukhalaza ngokucwaswa. Iwebhusayithi yabo ihlanganisa imithombo emayelana namalungelo okuvota, ukulingana kwemfundo, kanye nezinye izivikelo zamalungelo omphakathi.
Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni nawendawo anikeza ukwaziswa mayelana nokuvota, imihlangano yomphakathi namathuba okuhlanganyela emphakathini.
I-Federal Evotion Commission namahhovisi okuvota kahulumeni anikeza ukwaziswa mayelana nokubhaliswa kwevoti, izinsuku zokhetho, nemithetho yezimali yomkhankaso.
Isiphetho: Ukwenza IZinqumo Ze - 14 ZeZithembiso Zezentengiselwano Zibe Zeqiniso
ISichibiyelo seshumi nane simelela okunye kokufezwa okuphawuleka kakhulu emlandweni womthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Isiqinisekiso saso sesivikelo esifanayo nenqubo efanele siye saguqula ubuhlobo phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni wazo, sidala amathuluzi angokomthetho okubekela inselele inselele novikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ushintsho luye lwasetshenziswa ezimweni eziningi eziye zandisa amalungelo omphakathi, zavikela abantu abasengozini, futhi zavula amathuba amasha okuhlanganyela komphakathi.
Nokho umsebenzi wokufeza izithembiso zeSichibiyelo seshumi nane awuphelele. Ukulingana kuyaqhubeka emfundweni, emsebenzini, emakhaya, ekugwebeni ubugebengu, nasekuhlanganyeleni kwezombangazwe. Ukucwaswa kuyaqhubeka kulinganisela amathuba ezakhamuzi eziningi. Izithiyo zokubopha umphakathi zivimbela abanye abantu ukuba bahlanganyele ngokugcwele ekuphileni kwentando yeningi. Lezinselele eziqhubekayo zidinga ukuba izakhamuzi ezizinikele ezimisweni zokulingana nobulungisa ziqhubeke ziqapha.
Izakhamuzi zonke zinendima okufanele ziyifeze ekwenzeni iSichibiyelo seMiyalo yeshumi nane sibe nengqondo. Ngokusekela izimiso ezilungile, ngokubekela inselele, ngokusekela ukutholakala kwemfundo namathuba alinganayo, nangokuhlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi, izakhamuzi zingasiza ekwakheni idemokrati ebanzi ehlukene nengenakuphikwa. Inguquko inikeza isimiso somthetho-sisekelo, kodwa ixhomeke ezakhamuzini ukuphefumulela ukuphila ezindinganisweni zazo ngezenzo nangezibopho zazo.
Ukuqonda amalungelo akho ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuthembisana ngokuphumelela komphakathi. Ukwazi ukuthi unelungelo lokuvikelwa ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, ukuthi awunakuphucwa inkululeko noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele, nokuthi unamalungelo afanayo kanye namathuba njengoba zonke ezinye izakhamuzi zikunika amandla okumelana nawe nabanye. Kukunika ulimi namathuluzi angokomthetho okubekela inselele yokungabi nabulungisa nemfuneko yokuba uhulumeni uphile ngokuvumelana nezibopho zawo ezingokomthetho.
Njengoba uhlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi, khumbula ukuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane asiyona nje incwadi engokomlando noma isimiso somthetho esingekho ngqiqweni. Siyisibopho esiphilayo sokulingana nokulunga okumelwe sivuselelwe futhi siqinisekiswe isizukulwane ngasinye. Kuyisithembiso sokuthi bonke abantu eUnited States bayophathwa ngenhlonipho, kungakhathaliseki uhlanga lwabo, ubulili, inkolo, noma isizinda.
Ngokuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ekuphileni komphakathi, ngokumelela amalungelo akho nawethu nabanye, nangokusebenzela ukwakha umphakathi onobulungisa nongahlangani, uhlonipha ifa lalabo abalwela iSichibiyelo seshumi nane futhi usiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isivikelo saso siyotholakala ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Izindaba zakho zokuthembisana, izindaba zezwi lakho, nezenzo zakho zingenza umehluko ekwakheni uhlobo lwentando yeningi olucatshangelwa yiSichibiyelo Seminyaka Eyishumi nane (Indabuko Yezinguquko) lapho zonke izakhamuzi ziyohlanganyela khona ngokugcwele futhi ngokuthuthukisa ikusasa lazo elihlangene.