Isingeniso: Umklamo WePhalamende LaseNdiya EliyiBhakashayo

IPhalamende laseNdiya liyi-bidaral commission, okusho ukuthi linezindlu ezimbili: i-Rajeya Sabha (Indlu Yabantu) ne-Lok Sabha (Indlu Yabantu). Lesi sakhiwo sakhethwa ngamabomu abalawuli be-constritures. Isizwe sakhetha ngamabomu abameleli boMthetho-sisekelo we-Calture ukuze silinganisele isidingo sokumelelwa okuthandwayo nesidingo sokumelelwa kwesifunda nokungaxegini, ukucatshaza. Ukuqonda amandla aphakathi kwalezi zindlu ezimbili kuyadingeka ukuze kuqonde indlela yokulawula umthetho, ukulawula ngokwezimali, nokuphatha isikhulu sezenzwe ze-democrial. Imithetho ye-Lok Sabha ivame ukubhekwa njengesidingo esinamandla esihambisana negunya elingokomthetho eliqondiswe kuhulumeni, i-Rayya Shab yenza indima ebucayi njengegumbi elimelela futhi igumbi elimelela i-pane. Imithetho yokulawula nokuhlela imithetho emibili nezimiso.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziywa okubanzi kwemibuso yomthetho-sisekelo, amandla asebenzayo, kanye nomphumela wangempela wobuhlobo phakathi kweRajeya Sabha neLok Sabha. Ihlanganisa izakhiwo zabo, imibuso ekhethekile, imithwalo yemfanelo efanayo, namaqiniso ezombangazwe avame ukudlula umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo ongacacile. Ekupheleni, abafundi bayoba nokuqonda okuhlukile ngendlela amandla ahlukaniswa ngayo futhi ancintiswane ngayo ePhalamende laseNdiya.

Ukwakhiwa Nokuhlelwa Kwezindlu Ezimbili

ILok Sabha: Indlu Yabantu

ILok Sabha, noma indlu ephansi, ikhethwa ngokuqondile izakhamuzi zaseNdiya nge-uffagedment of 104th Constitution. Inamandla amakhulu amalungu angu-552, amelela izifunda, angu-20 amelela amasimu, futhi ama-2 amiswa nguMongameli osuka kumphakathi wama-Anglo-Indiya (umkhuba oye wamiswa yiSiphenduko soMthetho-sisekelo sa - 104, 2019, owenyuselisa ukuhlanganiswa kwezwe kwaze kwaba ngu-2030). Okwamanje, indlu inamalungu akhethiwe angu-553. Igama leLok Sabha liyiminyaka emihlanu ngaphambi kwalokho, ngaphandle kokuba lincitshiswe uMongameli. UNdunankulu noMkhandlu weSikhulu banomthwalo womthetho unomthwalo wemfanelo wonke weSikhamu, uwenza inkundla we-Sabba, futhi ulweze wakha inkundla eyinhloko kahulumeni.

URaje Sabra: UMkhandlu Wase - United States

IRaje Sabba, noma indlu engaphezulu, iyindikimba ehlala njalo engasavuleki. Ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zamalungu ayo ithatha umhlalaphansi njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili. Amandla amakhulu eRajeya Sabhaha angamalungu angu 250, angu 238 angabameleli bezwe namasimu amabili, futhi engu-12 imiswe uMongameli ngenxa yobungcweti bawo emasimini njengezincwadi, isayensi, ubuciko, nenkonzo yezenhlalo. Amalungu akhethiwe eRajanya Sabhaha awaqondile: amalungu akhethiwe eSigqeqebhene akhetha i-Oligisss Aventism esebenzisa ukumelela okulingana ngezimiso ezidluliswayo kanye. Lemiklamo iqinisekisa ukuthi u-Rajeya Yabba uveza ubuciko obuseNdiya, kanye nenani elilinganayo.

Ukwehluka Okuyinhloko Kwendlela Yokuhlela

  • Ukhetho: Amalungu e-Lok Sabha akhethwa ngokuqondile; amalungu uRaje Sabha akhethwa ngokungaqondile ngemihlangano kahulumeni.
  • I- Lok Sabha inegama elimisiwe elithatha iminyaka emihlanu (ebhekisele ekudilizweni kuqala); Rajiya Sabha uhlala unomhlala-khona uma uthatha umhlalaphansi oxegayo.
  • Incazelo:[ Lok Sabha imelela abantu baseNdiya bebonke; Raje Sabha umelela izindawo zesifundazwe nezokuhlanganisa.
  • I-[[FLT] Lok Sabha inamalungu amaningi (manje angu-553); Raje Sabha unamalungu angu-245.

Lokhu kungafani kokwakha akukona nje ukuma kwe-procedal; ngokuyinhloko kubumba amandla ashukumisayo. Igunya lokhetho eliqondile linikeza iLok Sabhaha ilungelo elikhulu kakhulu lobuntando bentando yeningi, kuyilapho ukukhethwa okungaqondile nokunyakaziswa kweRajiya Sabha kuyenza ibe nokuzinza nombono othé xaxa, ngokuvamile kuyenza ingangeni kalula ezimweni zezombangazwe ezithatha isikhathi esifushane.

Amandla Omthetho-sisekelo: Ukuqamba okuphelele nokuhlanganyelwayo

UMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya umisa imibuso yendlu ngayinye ezihlokweni eziningana. Nakuba iLok Sabha iphakeme kwezinye izindawo, iRajiya Sabhaha inamandla akhethekile kwezinye. Ukuqonda la malungiselelo kubalulekile ekubekeni ukulingana kombuso.

Amabhuloho Emali: Umkhakha Ophelele WeLok Sabha

Mhlawumbe amandla akhethekile kakhulu eLok Sabhaha yigunya lawo lokukhokha imali. ISiphakamiso 110 sichaza isikweleti semali njengesibondayo esiphathelene nentela, izindleko zikahulumeni, ukuboleka, noma iNgxongo yemali ehlangene yaseNdiya. Imali ingafakwa kuphela eLok Sabhaha. Ingase idluliswe ngeLok Sabha. Uma i-Rapya Sabhaha ihluleka ukubuyisa umbiko phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-14, ibizwa ngokuthi idluliswe yizindlu ngezindlela zayo zokuqala nge-Lobab. Nokho, i-Lok Saha ayibopheki ukuthatha noma yikuphi ukutusa; ingadlula ngomphakathi ovamile. Uma i-Rajaya Sabba ihluleka ukubuyisa izikwethulo ngezindlela ezingu-14, kubhekwa ukuthi idluliswe ngezindlela zombili ngezindlela ezingenisiwe ngezindlela zokutusa i-Saba.

Nokho, ukuhlelwa kwemali njengemali kunqunywa nguSibhakathi weLok Sabha, osinqumo sakhe sisokugcina. Lokhu kuye kwaba umthombo wempikiswano, njengoba ohulumeni ngezinye izikhathi beye babiza izikweletu ezivamile njengemali yokudlula i-Rajiya Sabhaha ihlola. Isibonelo esiphawulekayo kwakuyi-Aadhaar Act, 2016, eyadluliswa njengemali, kanjalo yakhishwa i-Rajanya Sabha empikiswanoni enengqondo. INkantolo Ephakeme, ku-Kalty. U-Kaxice.S. UPaswamy (Red.) Unions of India , yasekela uMthetho we-Act kodwa kwesobunxele umbuzo wayo, uphawu oluthiwayokuvulayo lokusetshenziswa kwemali.

Imithetho Evamile: Ukuhlanganyela Amandla Nenzuzo YeLok Sabba

Kuzo zombili izikweleti ezivamile, inqubo ilinganisekile. Imali ingasungulwa kunoma yimuphi umuzi (ngaphandle kwezindleko zemali). Kumelwe idluliswe yizo zombili izindlu ngendlela efanayo. Uma kunokungavumelani. Uma kunezingxabano, uMongameli angacela ukuba kuhlale isibopho esisodwa kuzo zombili izindlu. Uma i-Lok Sabhaha, enamalungu amakhulu, inenzuzo enkulu. I-Rajiya Sabha'' inamandla okulibazisa isikwenzisa somthetho kodwa ingabangaphelele. Ilungu lingabuthwa kuphela uma isibambiso sendlu eyodwa, sidluliswe ngokudluliswa kweminye, noma izinyanga ezingaphezu kwesithupha ezidluliselwe kusuka umthetho odluliselwe kwenye indlu. Lenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi i-Sabbahn elungiselelwe inqubo ehlangene, inqunywe yinqubweni enkulu.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuhlalisana kwamalungu kuyivelakancane, − kuye kwagcinwa kathathu kuphela emlandweni wephalamende laseNdiya (kuyiDowry Prohibition Act, 1961; iBanking Service Commission Repeal Bill, 1978; ne - Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002). Lokhu kuveza ukuthambekela okuvamile kwazo zombili izindlu ukuba zithole ukuvumelana ngokuxoxa nangokulungisa, kodwa ilungiselelo lomthetho libonakala njengomphuli wendlu ephansi.

Izinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo: Ukuhlanganyela Okulinganayo

Uma kuziwa ekulungiseni uMthetho-sisekelo, amandla asakazwa ngokulinganayo. Izinguquko ezithile zidinga inani elikhethekile (amalungu amabili-ntathu akhona kanye nokuvota, kanye neningi lelungu eliyingqikithi) endlini ngayinye, kulandelwe ukuqiniswa cishe nengxenye yezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Ukulungisa okunjalo, ukuhlala okuhlangene akutholakali; imvume ka-Raja Sabhaha ibalulekile. Lokhu kwenza i-Rajan Sabha ibambe indima enamandla ekushintsheni isimo sikahulumeni, ukumelelwa, noma amalungelo ayisisekelo. Isibonelo, i-101, iSimendo somthetho-mthetho-Systena (Izinkonzo Ezinhle nezentengo) idinga ukumiswa ngengxenye yezindawo ngemva kokudluliswa kwezindlu. I-Syshabhab yayiyinkulu ngempela, futhi i-Rajhab yagunyazwa kakhulu, futhi imvume yemali engaphezulu.

Amandla Emali Angaphezu Kwamabhilidi Emali

Nakuba izimali zemali zinikeza iLok Sabha izimali ezikhundlekayo, iRajiya Sabra iyaqhubeka inethonya ngamakomiti emali nangendima yayo ekubukeleni uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali. IKomiti ye-Public Accounts ne-Livings Committee ihlanganisa amalungu azo zombili izindlu, nakuba uLok Sabhaha amalungu e-Lok Sabha ephethe izimfuno eziningi. Amalungu ekomiti yezimali kaSabha aletha umbono wezwe ophakathi, ngokuvamile oqokomisa ukuhlukana kwezimali ngokwenani eliyimali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iRajiya Sabhaha ingaxoxa ngemali ebhazweyo yonyaka kanye nezindaba ezivamile zemali, kodwa ayinakuvotela imfuno yemvume yokukhokhelo (okuyilungelo likaLokha Sabba). Njengoba lokhu kuqinisa ukulawulwa kweSikhashisha ukulawulwa kukahulumeni.

Ukulawula Kwesikhulu Nokulandisa

Ukuhlelwa Kukahulumeni Nezisusa Zokwethembana

UNdunankulu noMkhandlu Wezikhonzi banomthwalo wemfanelo njengeqembu kuyiLok Sabhaha. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe ajabulele ukwethenjwa iningi eLok Sabhaha. IRaja Sabha ayinandima ekwakheni uhulumeni noma ekudluliseni ukunyakaza kokungathembi. Nokho, iRajiya Sabhaha ingaxoxa ngezenzo zikahulumeni futhi idlulise izinqumo ezithwele isilinganiso sezombangazwe, kodwa ayibophanga uhulumeni. Le Rajinya Sabha ingundondayn.

Ihora Lombuzo Nokugada KwePhalamende

Zombili izindlu zinendlela yokubuza uhulumeni ngehora lokufuna ukuba aphendule. Izikhonzi kumelwe ziphendule imibuzo yamalungu. Nokho, ihora lombuzo likaRaje Sabha ngokuvamile alilwi kakhulu kuneloLok Sabhaha ngoba uhulumeni akanacala eliqondile kuyo. Noma kunjalo, iRajiya Sabhaha ingabiza izikhonzi futhi ifune izincazelo. Indlu ephezulu futhi inamandla okuxoxa ngezindaba zokubaluleka komphakathi okuphuthuma ngenkathi yokuthatha izivumelwano zesikhashana nangezingxoxo zehora.

Ukuhlongoza Nokususwa Kweziphathimandla Zomthetho - sisekelo

I-Rajiya Sabra inendima ekhethekile ekususweni kwabaphathi abathile besikhundla esiphakeme. Ngokwesibonelo, ukususwa kwejaji leNkantolo Ephakeme noma iNkantolo Ephakeme kudinga ikheli lendlu ngayinye yePhalamende, ngokusekelwe ekufakazeleni ukuthi iphutha noma i-pacataigratio. i-Rajiya Sabbaha kumelwe idlulise isinqumo sokungaqondi esikhethekile ngeningi. Ngokufanayo, ukususwa kwe-Vice-Prence, okubuye kube yi-offiotio Shaman ka-Rajiya Sabbaha, kusungulwe ngesinqumo eJaya Sabbaha sha . Le misebenzi inikeza indlu ephezulu i-jakha kuhlolwa okukhethekile kwe-judiary kanye nesikhulu esiphezulu.

Ababusi Abakhethekile BeRaje Sabha

Naphezu kokubusa kweLok Sabha, iRajiya Sabha inamandla athile akhethekile agcizelela isimo sayo sombuso:

  • Ukudala noma ukuqedwa kwemikhandlu yesizwe yezishaya-mthetho: ISiphakamiso 169 sinikeza iRajiya Sabba okuwukuphela kwamandla okwakha noma okuqeda i-Legislative Council esizweni ngokudlulisa isinqumo ngeningi elikhethekile. I-Lok Sabha ayinandima kulendaba.
  • Ukumisa iPhalamende ukuze lenze imithetho ezihlokweni zikahulumeni: Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 249, iRajiya Sabha ingadlulisa isinqumo (esisekelwa okungenani amalungu akhona amabili-mitha namathathu akhona) isho ukuthi kuyadingeka nesithakazelo sesizwe sePhalamende ukuba simise umthetho ogcinelwe izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Isinqumo esinjalo simise imithetho kuleyondaba kuze kube unyaka owodwa, sinwebe.
  • amandla okwenza imithetho yokumisa zonke izinkonzo ze-Indiya: ISiphakamiso 312 sinika iRajiya Sabha amandla ukuze adale zonke izinkonzo ze-Indiaya (njenge-IAS, IPS) ngokudlulisa isinqumo neningi elikhethekile. I-Lok Sabha ihilelekile emthethweni olandelayo, kodwa inyathelo lokuqala likhona nge-Rapya Sabata.

La malungiselelo abonisa indima kaRaje Sabra njengomqaphi wesakhiwo sikahulumeni.

Imishini Yamandla Enquboni: Ingxabano Yangempela Nemikhuba

Umbhalo woMthetho - sisekelo unikeza isisekelo, kodwa amandla angempela alolongwa amabutho ezombangazwe.

Iqembu Elibusayo Nezikhulu Zalo

Isici esibaluleke kakhulu esithonya amandla ukuthi ingabe iqembu elifanayo noma ukubambisana kulawula zombili izindlu. Uma iqembu elibusayo lineningi lezisebenzi ze-Lok Sabba kodwa lingenayo eRajeya Sabba (njengoba kwakungundaba ku-2020 ngaphansi kukahulumeni weModi), iRajeya Sabba iba ukuphikiswa okuqinisekile. Ingabambezela futhi iqede umthetho, iphoqelele uhulumeni ukuba ulungise noma usebenzise ezinye izindlela (umz., izikweletu zemali, iziqondiso). Isenzo sokumisa i-National Juvicial Commissions Commissions (NJAC) ngaphansi kwe-20 sadluliswa yizombili izindlu kodwa kamuva sahlaselwa yiNkanto ephakeme; u-Rajahab waphon'uahd'irment awumjikelezo. I-Syrab sasetshenziswa ekukhipheni umthetho we-Syragray (irrab) njengomthetho wesimetive, njengoba inguquko eholimele ukuba iholi yeze leyo mvume inguquko, i-1917.

Ngokuphambene, lapho uhulumeni ejabulela iningi kuzo zombili izindlu, iRaje Sabha uthambekele ekusebenzeni njengesitembu senjoloba. Phakathi nenkathi ka-2014-202019, naphezu kokuntula iningi eRajiya Sabba, uhulumeni wakwazi ukudlulisa izikweleti eziningi eziyinhloko ngemva kokwakha. I-Real Mocess (Izikhundla Nentuthuko), i-Act, 2016, yadluliswa ngemva kwenkulumo - mpikiswano enkulu, neRajavya Sabhaha isikisela ukubuyiselwa kokuthi i-amprangement ukuthi i-Lok Sabha yayamukela. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi amandla awakho nje kuphela ngokuphathelene igunya elingokomthetho kodwa futhi nangekhono lezombangazwe kanye nesidingo sokusekela ukubambisana.

Izimpikiswano Zamuva: Indima YeRaje Sabba

Enye yezimpikiswano eziphikisana kakhulu bekuwukusebenzisa imithetho ukuze kugwenywe uRavya Sabba. Umthetho-sisekelo uvumela uMongameli ukuba athathe imithetho ye-promultuage uma iPhalamende lingasekho esiqenjini. Kodwa umthetho kumelwe uvunyelwe yizo zombili izindlu phakathi namasonto ayisithupha alandelana. Uma uhulumeni ebhekene nekomiti ye-Rajiya Sabhaha emelene nomthetho, ngokuvamile uphendukela ezimisweni, eziphindaphindiswayo. Lokhu kuye kwagxekwa njengokukhukhuleka kwenqubo yemithetho. Ngo-2020, i-Rajiya Sahabra wadlulisela isinqumo sokumiswa kwekomiti yepalamente ukuze ahlole ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho, iqokomisa ukukhathalela kwendlu ephezulu ngendima yayo enciphile.

Enye indawo yokumisa i-profession i-commission yamakomiti ephalamende. Nakuba amakomiti ngokuvamile ebonisa amandla amaqembu endlini ngayinye, uhulumeni ngezinye izikhathi uphinde uyinike amakomiti azimele ngendlela enikeza iningi ngisho naseRajiya Sabba. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekumangalelweni kwamakomiti okuhlela ukunqanda ukungavumelani. Umbhali we-Shagya Sabba kanye nemithetho uvumela i-Chairman ukuba anikeze isikhathi ngokuphumelelayo, kodwa izibalo zezombangazwe zivame ukuphumelela.

Ithonya Emfanelweni Yomthetho

Amandla anamandla futhi athinta izinga lomthetho. Uma i-Lok Sabha ingadlula i-Rajeya Sabhah ngenqubo yokuhlala noma indlela yokukhipha imali ehlangene, kunengozi yokuthatha imithetho esheshayo noma engalawuleki kahle edlulayo. Ngokuphambene, uma iRajiya Sabra isebenzisa indima yayo yokuthatha imingcele ngokufuna ukuba impikiswano ephelele nokulungisa isimo, umthetho uvame ukuthuthuka. I- Companies Act, 2013, iyisibonelo sokucandayo yendlu ebanzi eholela ekwakhiweni komthetho wezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano ebanzi. Ngokungafani, ukudlula komthetho weSiphendumiso seSizwe, 2019, kwabona i-Rajiya Sabba iphiwa ngokusheka, ngokuphikisa konke okuthiwa uhulumeni ophethe izigebeqelele ngomthetho wawo omkhulu kanye nezindlela eziwu.

Ukufunwa Kwentando Yeningi YamaNdiya

Ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kwalezi zindlu ezimbili kunezici ezithatha kakhulu zokuthi umsebenzi wentando yeningi usebenza kanjani eNdiya. Ukusondela kweLok Sabba kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uhlala ekwaziwa abavoti. Njengoba okhethweni kumelwe ukuba babe khona njalo eminyakeni emihlanu, i-Lok Sabhaha isabela kakhulu embonweni womphakathi. I-Rajiya Sabba, njengoba ikhethwe ngokungaqondile futhi ingazinzi, inikeza isikhawulo sokumelana nezimfashini zezombangazwe ezithatha indawo eyodwa. Lesi sakhiwo esinezici ezimbili zisiza ekuvimbeleni ukulawulwa kwenkululeko yenkolo encikene noma izithakazelo zikahulumeni.

Nokho, isimiso sikhona ngaphandle kokuba abagxeki. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi isimo esiwujuqu sikaRajiya Sabba kanye nokuthembela kwakhe kubenzi bemithetho kahulumeni kwenza kube yinhlangano engekhona idemokrati emelela amaqembu abusayo kunokuba imele izifunda ezingokoqobo. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukubusa kweLok Sabha, ikakhulukazi ngendlela yemali, kuvumela ohulumeni ukuba bashaye ukuhlolwa okunenjongo. Ukulinganisela kombuso kuvivinjelwa lapho iqembu elibusayo eCentre liphikisana nohulumeni abaholwa amaqembu ahlukahlukene, okwenza iRajiya Sabba ibe indawo yokuphikisana kwezombangazwe kunokuba ihlolwe.

Intando yeningi enempilo idinga kokubili ukuba kusebenze phakathi kwemingcele yayo engokomthetho-sisekelo kuyilapho ihlonipha izindima zomunye. IRaje Sabha ikwazi ukuba igumbi elinenkululeko elihlola ukuphamba kwesikhulu, kodwa ukuphumelela kwaso kuxhomeke emaqenjini alawulayo. Izakhamuzi nabafundi bokubusa kumelwe baqaphele ukuthi amandla awaqinile; bashintshana nemiphumela engcono nempucuko yezombangazwe yangaleso sikhathi.

Amakhiye Okuthatha Izindawo

  • ILok Sabha inegunya eliyinhloko ngenxa yomyalo wayo oqondile, ukulawula kuphela izikweletu zemali, nekhono lokunqoba iRajiya Sabhaha ngokuhlala ndawonye ukuze ithole izikweletu ezivamile.
  • IRaje Sabra isebenzisa imibuso eyingqayizivele ezindabeni zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokwakha imikhandlu yemithetho kahulumeni nemithetho ye - Union ekhuluma ngezindaba zikahulumeni.
  • Izinguquko zoMthetho - sisekelo zidinga ukuba indlu ngayinye ibe neningi elikhethekile, zinikeze iRaje Sabra amazwi alinganayo ekushintsheni ukwakheka okuyisisekelo.
  • Uma sisebenza, ukulingana kwamandla kuxhomeke ekutheni isigaba esibusayo silawula zombili yini; iPhalamende elihlukene liholela ekuxoxisaneni okukhulu, kuyilapho elinye litsheka ngokuqinile liqonde kuyiLok Sabha.
  • Ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho yokuhlukanisa imali, imithetho, namasu okusungula kungawenza buthaka umsebenzi owawuhloswe iRaje Sabha njengegumbi lokulungisa imali ngokucophelela.
  • Ukuqonda lezi zici ezinamandla kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofunda ngentando yeningi yamaNdiya, njengoba ibonisa ukungezwani phakathi kobukhosi obuthandwayo nokumelelwa kukahulumeni.

Ukufunda Okwengeziwe Nokuxhumana Kwangaphandle

Ukuze uthole ngokujule ngokwengeziwe amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo abusa lezi zindlu ezimbili, hlola lemithombo elandelayo:

Ubuhlobo phakathi kweRaje Sabba neLok Sabha bungenye yezici ezicatshangelwe kakhulu zoMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya. Zombili izindlu zinendima ezihlukene eziphelelisayo kunokuncintisana, kodwa izinto ezingokwezombangazwe zivame ukubangela ukungezwani. Kubafundi nabafundisi bobubusi baseNdiya, ukuqonda okucacile kwalezi zici kubalulekile hhayi nje kuphela ekuqondeni imfundo yezemfundo kodwa nasekutholeni izakhamuzi. Njengoba ukubusa kwentando yeningi kwaseNdiya kushintsha, ukulingana phakathi kwamakamelo ayo amabili ephalamendeni kuyoqhubeka kuyisicici esiyinhloko ekulolongeni imithetho nezimiso zesizwe. Ngokuhlola injongo yomthetho-sisekelo nokusebenza, singawazisa kangcono kokubili amandla kanye nezindawo zolwazi lwezwe.