Izikhalo sekuyisikhathi eside zisebenza njengendlela yezakhamuzi zokuthonya ngokuqondile inkambiso yomphakathi, futhi ithonya lazo liba likhulu kakhulu ezikhathini zokhetho. Uma abavoti belungiselela ukuphonsa abavoti babo, abavoti kanye nezikhulu ezikhubazekayo bazwela kakhulu emizweni yomphakathi, bakha ithuba lokufaka utshani obusakhayo, ukuhlola izenzakalo zomlando, izinqubo zanamuhla zezezimali zangempela zezwe, ukuhlola kwesizwe, iziteshi zeqembu, futhi ngisho nokuphoqelela ukuthatha inqubo yomthetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola amandla okunxusa kwesicelo-drnvocervoce phakathi nokhetho, ukuhlola izenzakalo zezobuchwepheshe bezwe, ukuhlolwa kwangempela kwezesayensi yanamuhla, kanye nokulinganiselwa okumelwe kuthathwe.

Izimbangela Ezingokomlando Zezimfuno Embusweni Wentando Yeningi

Ilungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni lihlanganiswe kumthetho-sisekelo wentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. E-United States, iSichibiyelo sokuqala siqinisekisa ilungelo "lokucela uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo." Lesi simiso sinezimpande ezijulile ezingokomlando. Phakathi nekhulu le-18 nele-19, izicelo zaziyindlela eyinhloko yamaqembu ahlukene — kuhlanganise nabesifazane, abantu abagqilaziwe, nezisebenzi — ukucela ushintsho. Umbutho wakwamukelwa kwezicelo zesayina ezikhuthaza ukuqeda ubugqila, futhi imibutho yabesifazane isebenzisa izicelo zokubonisa ukusekela amalungelo okuvota.

Lemikhankaso yakuqala yayivame ukumelana nokumelana nezinhlangano. Izikhalo zaxoshwa, zakhishwa, zathathwa, zangalelwa, noma zanganakwa abenzi bomthetho ababengabaza ukufaneleka kwazo. Nokho uquqaba lwezigqebhezana, kanye nokuhlelwa kwezimpande zotshani, kwashintsha kancane kancane umbono womphakathi nezimpikiswano eziphoqelelwe zemithetho. Abangu - 1830 babona umkhankaso omkhulu wokucela ngokumelene nokuthathelwa iTexas, ukudweba izinkulungwane zezincwadi. Nakuba leso sicelo siwodwa sihlulekile ukuvimbela ukuthatha isikhundla, sabonisa amandla eqembu lezenzo zokuvimbela noma ukubambezela inqubo. Namuhla, lelisiko liyaqhubeka, kodwa amathuluzi ashintsha ngokuphawulekayo.

Izicelo Zanamuhla Zezinombolo: Ziqabula Izwi Lomphakathi

Ukuvela kwe-Internet ne-social media kuye kwaguqula ukunxusa kwenqubo ethatha kancane, esekelwe ephepheni kuya esenzekeni sembulunga yonke. I-Platforms enjenge Change.org, Faka Kuno - On, kanye nesicelo sikahulumeni esisemthethweni (njengesimiso sezicelo sePhalamende le-UK) kuye kwehlisa isithiyo ukuze singene ngokuphawulekayo. Noma ubani oxhumanisa i-website angaqala isicelo ngemizuzu emincane, asihlanganyele phakathi kwemiphakathi kwezimiso zezenhlalo, futhi ahlanganise amakhulu ezinkulungwane zemibhalo yesivumelwano phakathi kwezinsuku ezimbalwa.

Izicelo zemishini zinikeza izinzuzo eziningana kunezindlela ezingokwesiko. Zivumela ukulandelela amanani angempela, ukulandisa ngevidiyo nezithombe, nokusebenzisa izigijimi ezisheshayo nabasekeli. Zikwenza kube lula ukuhlasela abenzi abathile bezimiso ngokuziyisa amasayithina kuziphathimandla ezibalulekile. Nokho, ukushelela kwezicelo zonyaka kuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nokuzibophelela. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuchofoza nge-a - link kudinga umzamo omncane kakhulu kunosayinwa ngesandla esisebhukwini esibonakalayo, okunganciphisa amandla okusekela okucatshangelwa.

Naphezu kwalokhu kukhathazeka, ukucwaninga kwemitapo kuye kwabonisa ukuthi izicelo zobuchwepheshe zingaveza imiphumela ebonakalayo. Ucwaningo lwe-Pew Research Center luthole ukuthi izicelo ze-inthanethi ziphakathi kwezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe enkathini yonyaka, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabase-Melika abasebasha. Uma isicelo sihambisana ne-proxy — njengoba kwenzeka ngokunxusa ukulawulwa kwezibhamu ngemva kokudubula kwe- Parkland ngo-2018 — zingaveza ukuhlanganisa okukhulu, izinkampani ezicindezelayo ukuze zishintshe izinhlelo zezenzwe, futhi zifune izikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuba ziphendule obala.

Indlela Izimfuno Eziyithonya Ngayo Imikhankaso Yokunqoba

Phakathi nemijikelezo yokhetho, izicelo zisebenza njengethuluzi eliwusizo kubavoti, amaqembu okuxhaphaza ngisho nakwabafuna ukuphambana.

Ukuhleleka Kwe - Agenda

Izicelo ziyimincintiswano yokuncintisana. Imincintiswano eminingi encishiswayo yokuthola imithombo yezindaba elinganiselwe, isicelo esinqwabelana ngokushesha singagqashuka ngenxa yomsindo. Isicelo esiqoshiwe singaphoqelela ozothatha ukuma kwendaba ebengase ayikhethe. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokhetho lukamongameli wase-2016, isicelo sokushintsha imithombo yezindaba.org sibiza impikiswano eqoshiwe enikezelwe ukushintshwa kwesimo sezulu kuphela okunezigqebhene ezingaphezu kuka-220 000. Nakuba le mpikiswano ingakaze ithathe indawo engcono, umkhankaso wacindezela abathathi abazolwazi kakhulu ukuba banikeze izinkulumo zesimo sezulu ababezigwema ngaphambili.

Ukusabela Okusheshayo Noshintsho Oluyi - Platform

Amakhampasi avame ukubheka iziteshi zezicelo ekuqaleni komkhankaso wokuhlola izinto eziza kuqala. Indaba ekhanga umsebenzi obalulekile wokucela ingabhekwa njengesethutho noma ithuba. Ekuphenduleni, abacelayo bangafaka isicelo kumapulatifomu abo, izimemezelo zomphakathi, noma benze izithembiso zezimiso. Lokhu kwabonakala phakathi nonyaka ka-2020 weDemocratic, lapho izingcingo zotshani ezimayelana nokwelapha nabafundi zisiza ekuqhubekiseleni lezo zimpikiswano phambili. U-Senter Bernie Sanders, owakha umkhankaso wakhe ngezindaba ezinjalo, wafaka njalo ezicelweni zezicelo njengobufakazi bokusekela umphakathi.

Ukuthuthukiswa Kwemithombo Yezindaba

Izintatheli zivame ukulandelela izingcingo ezihambisana nomzwelo womphakathi. Isicelo esifinyelela inqwaba yezigqwithela ezigxekayo — mathi, i - 100 000 engosini kahulumeni we-UK — ngokuvamile sibangela ukusakazwa kwezindaba. Lokho kuhlanganisa, kuqhubeke kuqinisa isigijimi sesicelo futhi kwandisa ukucindezela kwabazo. Phakathi nokhetho lwama-2019 lwase-UK, isicelo sokufuna i-Brexit noluendenderum sathola izignesha ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyisithupha, kulawula izihloko eziphambili futhi kuphoqelele bonke amaqembu ayinhloko ukuba bakhulume kulendaba esobala yabo.

Ukuhlola Icala: Izicelo Ezathonya Umthetho Phakathi Nokukhethwa

Izibonelo zezwe langempela zibonisa ukuthi izicelo ezingokoqobo zingaba nethonya elingakanani emiphumeleni yezimiso lapho zikhishwa imijikelezo yokuvota.

I - Dakota Access Pirline Ka - 2016 Nomjaho Womongameli

Ngo-2016, i-Raving Rock Sioux Tribe yafaka isicelo sokumisa uhulumeni wase-U.S. isicelo sahlanganisa ngokushesha amakhulu ezinkulungwane ezigqebhene zemvume futhi saba indawo yokuhlanganisa abashisekeli bemvelo. Phakathi nokhetho lukamongameli, impikiswano yaphoqelela uHillary Clinton noDonald Trump ukuba bathathe izikhundla kumalungelo esizwe nasebulungiseni bendawo ezungezile. Nakuba isikhulu se-Obama ekuqaleni sahlehlisa imvume eyinhloko, i-Trump yangena nenkambiso yabuya. Isicelo asizange simise uphayiphiwe uphayiphi nakamiso, kodwa sadala ukuqapha okuhlala njalo kwezombangazwe futhi kwaqhubeka. Kwabonisa futhi ukuthi izicelo azizona izixazulu ezimele kodwa kumelwe zihlanganiswe namasulelo aphakeme kakhulu.

Indaba Yokuphila Okumnyama Nezimfuneko Zokhetho Ezingu - 2020

Ngemva kokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd ngoMay 2020, izicelo eziningi zokucela ukuguqulwa kwamaphoyisa zavela engcupheni. Esinye isicelo sokushintsha i-Treand safuna ubulungisa obukhulu kakhulu emlandweni wesikhulumi, sadonsa izigqebhezana ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyi 19. Isicelo samandla adlulelwa ku-2020 U.S. lapho abahlolile ukuba bakhulume ngecala lamaphoyisa, ukususa, nokucwaswa kwezimiso. Izicelo zendawo nombuso zaholela ngokuqondile ekushintshweni kwemithetho: idolobha laseMinneapolis lithembisa ukususa umnyango walo wamaphoyisa (ngokumuva) futhi lidlulisa imithetho yamaphoyisa amasha. Umkhankaso wawuyingxenye yomkhankambiso womphakathi owawuhlanganisa ukubhikisha, ukuvota, nokuvota, ekugcineni ukugcizelela komthetho wobandlululo.

IPhalamende Lase - UK Liyanxusa Ne - Breevenum

Iwebhusayithi yezicelo ezisemthethweni kahulumeni we-UK inesimiso: noma isiphi isicelo esifinyelela ku-100 000 kumelwe sihloselwe ukuphikisana ngenkulumo yephalamende. Phakathi nonyaka ka-2016 i-astendendium nemiphumela yayo, izicelo zaba isici esiyinhloko sengxoxo yomphakathi. Ngemva kwe-Bretitvote, isicelo sokucela i-mestamente yesicelo sesibili esiqongelelwe i-arhenteum eqongelelwe i-operation engaphezu kwezigidi ezine ezinsukwini ezimbalwa nje ezimbalwa, okubangela ukuba lewebhusayithi iphahla liphahlazeke. Nakuba i-tempempery ayizange ivele, isicelo saphoqelela ama-MPs ukuba avume izinga lokwano oluphikisayo futhi sihoxiwe ka-pal. Isicelo sasebenza njengethuluzi lokusekela abasekeli abahlala phakathi nokhetho olulandelayo ngo-20171717171717 no-1919, sigcina impikiswano esiphilayo enkulu enkulumweni esikhona enkulumweni sesikhulu senkulumo.

Ukulinganiselwa Nezinselele Zokunxusa Okusekelwe Ekulungeni

Naphezu kwalempumelelo, izicelo aziyona inhlamvu yomlingo.

Ukuqinisekisa Izitifiketi Nokungaqondi

Izicelo zemishini zingaba yizisulu zokukhwabanisa nokusayina. Ngaphandle kokwenza isiqiniseko esiqinile, abakhiqizi bezimiso bangase balahle isicelo njengesingathembekile. Amanye amapulatifomu asebenzisa iziqinisekiso ze-CAPTCH ne-imeyili, kodwa lezi aziyivimbeli imikhankaso ehleliwe ekusebenziseni ama-akhawunti amaningi. Izinxulumani zikahulumeni ngokuvamile zifuna abasebenzisi ukuba babhalise ukwaziswa okuqinisekisiwe, okukhulisa ukuthembeka kodwa kunciphise ukuthatha iqhaza. Ukuphikisana nokungaqiniseki, abahleli abaphumelelayo abafaka izingqhinga ze-akhi abanothi ze-accomply eziqoqweni ezingaphandle, izimemo zomphakathi ezigunyaziweyo, kanye nemininingwane ethinta umphakathi.

Ukuguqukela Enqubweni Yesimiso

Ngisho nosayino lwesigidi aluzisekeli isiqinisekiso sokuthatha izivumelwano zomthetho. Abenzi bemithetho bahlola izicelo ezimelene nezinye izici ezinjengokunxenxela emaqenjini enzalo agcwele kahle, ukuhlolwa kwezentengiselwano, kanye nokuhlola komphakathi. Isicelo esiphikisana nesisekelo somenzi wezomthetho noma umholi weqembu lomphathi wenhlangano siyongashaywa indiva uma sihlangene nezinye izinhlobo zokucindezela. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi no-201818.S. maphakathi nezikhathi, izicelo ezifuna izicelo zesizinda sokuhlola ukuthengwa kwezibhamu ezithelwe ngemva kokudubula kwe-Parkland. Nakuba benikela ekudluliseni kwe-Bipartar Svens Micle Act ngo-20222, ukuthi umthetho wawubuthakathaka kakhulu kunabaceli abaceli abafunayo nezombangazwe.

Ukutubeka Nokwenza Umthetho Onamandla

Ngezinye izikhathi abagxeki bafaka isimemo sokusayina "impompozi" — ukuhlanganyela okuphansi okunikeza umuzwa wokufeza okungathinteki. Nakuba lokhu kuveza ubuntu kuvame ukungalungi, kunengozi yangempela yokuthi abashisekeli bagxile ezicelweni njengesiphetho sabo siqu kunokuba ziqale. Ukuze baphumelele, izicelo kufanele zihlanganiswe emkhankasweni ohlanganisa izikhankaso zomphakathi, ukungenela kwezindaba, ukunxusa, ukukhuthaza imihlangano, nokuzihlela. Ngaphandle kwalezi zingqimba ezengeziwe, izikhulu zingabheka isicelo njengesiwukukhanyisa okufushane kwentukuthelo kunokuba zibone ukuqhubekela phambili.

Izinyathelo Zokunciphisa Ithonya Lezicelo

Ukuze kunqotshwe lokhu kulinganiselwa, imikhankaso ephumelelayo isebenzisa amasu avunyiwe aguqula isicelo sibe ithuluzi elinamandla lokushintsha.

Ukuthatha Izincwadi Zokwakha Kusenesikhathi

Isicelo sizuza ukuthembeka uma sisekelwa izinhlangano ezimisiwe, abaholi bomphakathi, namazwi athenjwayo. Izinhlangano ezibambisana nezingazuzisi, izinyunyana, namaqembu okholo zinganikeza kokubili isisekelo esilungiselelwe abasekeli nobuchwepheshe bezinhlangano. Phakathi nomjikelezo wokhetho wama-202020, iqembu lezokukhetha isimo sezulu esingu-ayisensi elingu-350.org lisebenzisane nezahluko zendawo ukukhipha izicelo ezihloselwe abameleli abameleli abangaphandle. Lezozicelo zazingase zitholakale kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi zavela kumaqembu, hhayi nje umuntu.

Xhoxa Umenzi wesinqumo esifanele

Isicelo esivamile ku-"hulumeni" asisebenzi kakhulu kunesokuqondiswe kumphathi womthetho othile, inhloko yenhlangano, noma isicela. Phakathi nokhetho, izicelo kufanele ziqondiswe kubantu abanezihlalo ezisengozini noma labo abaye bagwema ukuthatha isinyathelo. Uma kucaca umbuzo, kulula kakhulu ukuba umphakathi uqonde futhi ufihle izintatheli. Ngokwesibonelo, isicelo sokutshela ummemezeli ukuba "asekele u-Dec Energy Act" sisebenza kakhulu kunesenzo esisodwa esifuna "isinyathelo esinesidingo esinzima sokulawula i-"impoqo."""

Ukumisa Isikhathi Nokuphola

Izicelo eziqanjwa phakathi nezikhathi eziyisihluthulelo — ngemva kwesenzakalo esiphakeme, esenzekeni esinomthofu oya phezulu empikiswaneni yokuqala, noma ngokushesha ngemva kwekheli lesizwe — zingathwala igagasi lokunaka komphakathi. I-Momenum kumele isekelwe ekushicileleni njalo, izisayithi ezintsha, kanye nokuhlangana kwemithombo yezindaba. Imikhankaso eminingi ephumelelayo isebenzisa "isikhongozelo" sokukhipha izenzakalo zokusayinwa ukuze kusungulwe imijikelezo yezindaba. Ngokwesibonelo, isicelo esifinyelela ku-500 000 singathola indaba yendawo, kuyilapho isigidi sikhanga izibalo zesizwe.

Hlakulela Imfundo Yesibani

Izicelo zosuku lokukhetha kufanele zenze okungaphezu kokuqoqa amagama. Kufanele futhi babhalise abavoti, banikeze ukuqhathanisa okuthatha i-operation, futhi baxhumane nezindawo zokuhlola. Lokhu kuguqula isicelo esithathwe kwesinye isenzo esingekho sibe ithuluzi lokuhlela isikhathi eside. Phakathi naphakathi kwezikhathi ezingu-2022 U.S., imikhankaso eminingana yesicelo mayelana namalungelo okuzala ihlanganisa amafomu okuvota kanye namaxhumela emininingwane yezibalo, ngokuphawulekayo ukuguqulwa kwesicelo phakathi kwabasayithi bezicelo.

Isiphetho: Izimemezelo Njengengxenye Yethuluzi Lomsebe We - “bupic ”

Izimemo ziyisibonakaliso esibalulekile sokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi, ukunikeza abantu amandla okuveza izwi labo nokufuna ukulandisa kwabo kulabo abafuna noma abanegunya. Phakathi nokhetho, bangaguqula impikiswano yomphakathi, abafuna ukuphoqelelwa ukuba bakhulume ngezindaba ezinganakwa, futhi babeke isisekelo soshintsho lwesimiso sesikhathi esizayo. Nokho, ukuphumelela kwabo kukhulu kakhulu uma kusetshenziswa kwezinye izindlela zokuthembisana — ukuvota, ukubhikisha, ukubhikisha, nokunxusa.

Umlando usifundisa ukuthi akukho isicelo sodwa esanele sokuguqula isimiso sezombangazwe, kodwa uma sisekelwa amasu, imifelandawonye, nezenzo eziqhubekayo, izicelo ezingabangela ukucindezela okudingekayo ukuze umphakathi ushintshe intando yomphakathi.

Ukuhlola okwengeziwe mayelana namakhenikha ezicelo eziphumelelayo, imithombo enjenge- UK Palamente inxusa iKomiti inikeza isiqondiso sokwakha imikhankaso ephumelelayo. Kuzo zonke izikhankaso zezicelo ezikhethwe izikhulu, i-Center for American Progres inyathelisa ukucwaninga ngesazi sezakhamuzi. Futhi ngombono wembulunga yonke wezenzo zobuchwepheshe, i-Centre ye-Internetic Reconvement Intion[FLT] inikeza ukuhlola kwemilungo yemiluko phakathi kwe-democracy.

Ekugcineni, amandla esicelo awakho kuyinki ekhasini noma ukuchofoza inkinobho, kodwa enqubweni eyimele. Ukukhetha kuyizikhathi zokunaka kakhulu; isicelo esihlelwe kahle singadonsa lokho kunaki futhi sifake ukushintshela kwezombangazwe okuqinile.