Isingeniso

Ukusetshenziswa kwekhamera ephathwayo (BWC) ngezinhlangano ezimisa umthetho eUnited States kumelela elinye lamacebo aphawulekayo okubona izinto embonini yanamuhla. Lezi zisetshenziswa, ezincane ngokwaneleyo ukumisa iyunifomu yesikhulu, zihloselwe ukunikeza ukuxhumana okungacaciwe kwamaphoyisa asebenza ngekhamera e-avilia. Uma zisetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo, i-BWC ingavimbela ukungaphathi kahle, igcine ubufakazi, futhi yakhe ukwethemba umphakathi. Nokho, isithembiso samakhamera emzimba sincike kakhulu ezindaweni ezingokomthetho ezilawulayo. Akukho mthetho owodwa womthetho olawula ikhamera yendikimba; esikhundleni salokhu, umbuso ngamunye uye wamisa imithetho yawo, wenza umsebenzi wemithetho ehlukahlukene ehlukeneyo, encikelele imingcele, futhi ufaka umthetho ohlukene.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemithetho Yekhamera Yomzimba

Ngemva kwezenzakalo eziphakeme zokusetshenziswa kwamaphoyisa empikiswano ekuqaleni konyaka ka-2010, amakhamera endikimba athola ikhambi njengekhambi lokuthuthukisa ukulandisa. Uhulumeni wanikeza iminikelo ngezinhlelo ezifana ne-Body-Worn Camera Policy ne-Iupment Program, kodwa ukwenziwa kwemithetho kwashiywa emazweni. Ngenxa yalokho, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zaqala ukunikeza imithetho ekhuluma yonke into kusukela ekusekeleni amalungelo emalini ayimfihlo. Namuhla, cishe wonke umbuso unohlobo oluthile lomthetho wekhamera, kodwa ukujula kwemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yendikimba kuyahluka kakhulu. Amanye amazwe, njengeCalifornia ne-Illinonian, anemithetho ebanzi, kuyilapho amanye ethembele ezimithethweni zomnyango womnyango wendawo noma iziqondiso zokuzithandela.

Imibandela Engokomthetho Edingidwa Imithetho Kahulumeni

Imithetho yoMbuso ephethe amakhamera omzimba iwela ezigabani eziningi ezibanzi: imishini egunyaza ukusebenza, ukugcina ukwaziswa nokulondeka, ukukwazi ukufinyelela izinyawo, nokugcina izimiso zomphakathi. Isigaba ngasinye sisho okukhulu ukuthi amakhamera asebenza kahle kangakanani. Ukuqonda lezi zilinganiso kubalulekile ekuhloleni ukuphumelela kwanoma yimuphi uhulumeni.

Ukusebenza Kwesici: Ubani Onqumayo Lapho Kuqoshwa Amarekhodi Okhamera?

Enye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu zomthetho wekhamera womzimba imfuneko yokusebenza okubophekile. Izikhulu eziningi zinikeza umyalo wokuba izikhulu zisebenzise amakhamera azo phakathi nezinhlobo ezithile zokuxhumana, kuhlanganise nokumisa kwezimoto, ukumisa abacwaningi, ukuma, ukuboshwa, nokusetshenziswa kwezenzakalo eziphoqelelwe. Nokho, udeveli usemicimbini. Ezinye izigodlo, njenge uNorth Carolina, idinga ukusebenza ngokuqondile phakathi nanoma yimuphi umthetho ongase ubophe umuntu, kuyilapho ezinye, njenge Nevada, zivumela izikhulu ukuba ziqondise ezimweni ezithile eziphansi.

Abahlukile Nabahlakaniphile

Imithetho kahulumeni ivame ukuveza okungabangela ukuba ihluleke. Ezinye izenzakalo zihlanganisa izenzakalo lapho isisulu sicela ukuzenzela isibopho somuntu, lapho isikhulu sisendaweni ebucayi (njengesibhedlela noma igumbi lokuvala imoto), noma lapho ufakazi ebhekene nokuziphindisela. Nakuba lezi zindawo zomuntu siqu zibalulekile, zingasetshenziswa kabi. Kwezinye izindawo, abaphathi bakhona bayakwazi ukuvala amakhamera abo phakathi nezingxoxo noma ngemva kokusola, okungaholela ekubeni izikhala embhalweni. Isibonelo, [[FLT:] Oregon umthetho wezoucre's udinga ukuqoshwa okuqhubekayo phakathi nazo zonke izingcingo zobugebengu kodwa uvumela ukuvikelwa kwesikhashana kwendlela yokuvikela imfihlo. Amandla okulawula isilinganiso esiqinile somthetho wokuziboshelwa kwecala:

Ukuhlanjululwa Kokwenqaba Ukuphikisana

Ibalulekile ngokufanayo imiphumela yokwehluleka ukushukumisa ikhamera yomzimba. Ezinye izifunda-mazwe azinaso isijeziso sokungaphazamisi, zithembele ekulayweni kwangaphakathi komnyango wamaphoyisa. Ezinye, njengoColorado, ziye zamisa imithetho eyenza kube khona icala lokujezisa, kanye nokwehla kwezinyawo (noma ukuntula kwazo) kungasetshenziswa ezimpindabeni ezingokomthetho. Ukuhlolwa okukhishwe ku i-Criminology & Public Policy[[ kwathola ukuthi iminyango enezijeziso ezicacile ezingeniswayo ezithinti ezithintiweyo i - 15% yabhekana nokuncishintshwa kwezelelwa kwezehlakalo ezilingana nalezo zenzakalo ngaphandle kwemiyalo esemthethweni. Ngaphandle kokuzibopha iziqondiso ezisemthethweni, ukusebenza okusemthethweni kuba yize.

Ukugcinwa Nokuphatha Kokwaziswa: Inselele Efihlekile

Ukucwaninga amahora amaningi evideo ephezulu evela kumphathi oyedwa ogadayo kudala imfuno enkulu yogcino-lwazi. Isikhulu esisodwa singaveza ama-terabyte amabili e-panting ngonyaka. Imithetho yoMbuso kumelwe ikhulume ukuthi ngubani onomthwalo wokugcina le mininingwane, ukuthi iqiniswe kanjani, futhi okwazi ukufinyelela. Izifundazwe eziningi zidinga izinhlangano ezimisa umthetho ukuze zigcine izinyawo zabasebenzisi abalondekile, ngokuvamile ezinemithetho ecacile yokungena ezingodweni nasekelweni. Ezinye izisho, njenga , zisho ukuthi i-maine, zisho ukuthi izinyawo ziwubufakazi futhi kumelwe ziphathwe, ngokulawula okuqinileyo ukuze zivimbele ukuphaza.

Izindleko Nezici Eziyinkimbinkimbi

Izindleko zokugcinwa kwamafu, izisebenzi, ne-software kungaba umthwalo omkhulu eminyangweni yamaphoyisa emincane. Imithetho eminingi kahulumeni ayiyixhasi ngokwanele isisekelo esidingekayo ukuze ihambisane nezimfuneko zogcino-kwaziswa. Lokhu kungaholela ekususeni iminyango kusenesikhathi ukuze kugcinwe imali, noma ihluleke ukusebenzisa izilinganiso ezifanele zokuphepha. Ngokwesibonelo, umbiko ka-2023 ovela ku-Police Guide Research Forum waphawula ukuthi iminyango ezindaweni ezinezimvume ezingagunyaziwe ngokuvamile igcina imingcele yenkathi emficayo, ilahlekelwa ubufakazi obubalulekile ngaphambi kokuba uphenguluko luvalwe.

Ukukwazi Umphakathi Ukuthatha Ikhamera Yomzimba: Umthetho Wokulinganisela

Mhlawumbe akukho sici somthetho wekhamera wesitho sokuthwebula impikiswano enkulu kunokutholakala komphakathi. Kwesinye isandla, abasekeli bokubonakala ngokukhululekile baphikisa ngokuthi ukuthatha isibopho kulindeleke kumaphoyisa. Kwesinye isandla, ukukhathazeka ngasese ngezisulu, izibukeli, ngisho nabaphathi bafuna imingcele ehlukahlukene kakhulu. Imithetho yoMbuso ishiyana kakhulu endleleni elingana ngayo nalendlela yokulinganisela. Ezinye zisho, njengaye [[FLT: 0] ipennsylinia [[, iphathe ikhamera njengencwadi yomphakathi ngaphansi komthetho we-okwamuntswana wokwamuzwa. Abanye, njengendawo eyimfihlo, efinyelelekayo kuphela ebhokisini lokuqopha noma enkantolo.

Vula amarekhodi v. Ukukhulula kwasese

Ukucindezela phakathi kwamarekhodi avulekile nasese kuholela ekwahlukaneni kwezimiso. Kunombotho Carolina, ukuthatha izinyawo kuvame ukubhekwa njengomlando womphakathi, kodwa akukhululeki kuze kube ngemva kokuphenya okuphelele. [] Kunomthetho owehlulayo, owe-North ukusuka e-apowerbox uma ubonisa, izisulu zobudlova basekhaya, noma abantu ngabanye abasosizini lwezokwelapha. Umthetho weCalifornia uphakathi kwemide kakhulu: uthatha indawo yomphakathi futhi uvumela ukuba kukhululwe ngaphandle kwemvume, kodwa ukwenzela ngokunye ukuthatha izinto ezibomvu. Ngokungafani no New York, ezinye izigaba eziqokozisayo, ukuyekela noma izicelo ezinzima, ukuze ukwenze izicelo ezivamile, ukuze ungene ngokuqondile.

Ithonya Lobuqotho Obuyinzuzo

Izimiso ezisusiwe zisiza ekuvimbeleni ukwesatshiswa kofakazi futhi zivikele ubuqotho bokuhlola okuqhubekayo, kodwa zingaqeda futhi ukwethenjwa komphakathi uma kudlula izinyanga ngaphandle kokutshelwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokubulawa kukaDaunte Wright eMinnesota (isifundazwe esinezimiso ezivuleke kakhulu), izinyawo zakhululwa phakathi namahora angu-48, okwasiza ekulawuleni izinxushunxushunxushu zomphakathi. Ngokuphambene, ukuhlehlisa ukukhululeka kwezinye izifunda kuye kwabangela ukuphikisa nokuqashelwa. Ukulinganisela okulungile kuyinselele okuqhubeka nombuso ngamunye ulwa nayo.

Izikhathi Zokukhumbula: Kufanele Kugcinwe Kude Kangakanani Ukuhamba?

Imithetho kahulumeni inquma ubude obuncane besikhathi sokuqopha ikhamera yendikimba kumelwe igcinwe. Lezinkathi zokugcinwa kwekhamera zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukuthatha izinyawo kutholakala ngenxa yezomthetho, ukubukezwa ngaphakathi, nemibuzo yomphakathi. Izikhathi ezivamile zokuzigcina zisukela ezinsukwini ezingu-30 kuya ku-180, nezithatha isikhathi eside ezihilela ukusebenzisa izenzakalo zejubane, ukuboshwa, noma izikhalo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Maryland[ idinga isibopho sokuthatha okungenani izinsuku ezingu-90, kuyilapho ukusebenzisa izinyawo-injini kumelwe kugcinwe okungenani iminyaka emithathu. [[FLT]] [[FLT]] imvume yokuba zonke izinyawo zigcinwe okungenani ngezinsuku ezingu-90, kodwa izinyawo ezihlobene nokuhlolwa kwecala kumele zigcinwe kuze kugcinwe isigwebo.

Ukuzihlukanisa Nokuzihlukanisa Okuzenzakalelayo

Ezinye izigodi zinamalungiselelo okucisha okuzenzekelayo ngaphandle kokuba izinyawo zifakwe ezinjongweni ezisobala noma zokuphatha. Lokhu kungaba yinkinga uma isenzakalo singabikwanga ngokushesha. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isakhamuzi sifaka isikhalo ezinyangeni ezintathu ngemva kokuxhumana, kungenzeka ukuthi izinyawo sezisusiwe kakade. Izifunda ezimbalwa, njengaye Shynton[, zidinga ukuba izinhlangano zigcine konke ukuhamba ngenkathi encane futhi zithole uhlelo lwenkantolo ngaphambi kokukhipha noma yiziphi izikhathi zokuzinza. Ukuthambekela kokubuya kwecala kunyakaza phambili kusheke, kuqhutshwa ngokwengxenye ukuqaphela ukuthi izikhalo zingaphakama izinyanga noma ngisho neminyaka kamuva.

Izindinganiso zokuzigcina zikahulumeni

Akukho silinganiso esisodwa sikahulumeni sokuzinza, kodwa ukunikeza izinhlelo ezivela kuMnyango woMahlulelo ngokuvamile kudinga ukuba imvume igcine izinyawo ezingaphansi kwezinsuku ezingu - 180. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zathatha lokhu njengesisekelo sazo. I-Prolice Idevice Research Forum itusa okungenani unyaka owodwa [ ekuthatheni izinyawo eziningi, futhi isikhathi eside kakhulu ezinzima. Amazwe amukela izindinganiso eziqinile zokuzigcina ngokuvamile anikeza ukulandisa okukhulu ngenxa yokuthi ubufakazi buhlala bukhona isikhathi eside.

Ukulandisa Ngesenzo: Indlela Ikhamera Yomzimba Eshintsha Ngayo Ukuziphatha Kwamaphoyisa

Ukucwaninga ngokusebenza kwamakhamera omzimba ekuthuthukiseni ukulandisa kwamaphoyisa kuye kwaveza imiphumela exubile, kodwa kuvela indlela ehlukile: amakhamera kuphela; imithetho elawula izinto ezisebenza kakhulu. Ukuhlolwa kokulawula okungahleliwe kwathola ukuthi i-BWCs inciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezehlakalo ze-phoctive nge 30% kuya ku-50% lapho ihambisana nezimiso ezicacile ezifuna ukuba ingasebenzi. Nokho, uma izikhulu zinokuhlakanipha okukhulu, ithonya elinciphile kakhulu. Ukuhlolwa kwe-CURT [[FLT: 0] [unyaka ka-20] kwe-Quantitive Crimology[FLT] [FLT: 1] kuthola ukuthi eminyango enemithetho ebuthakathaka (umz., akukho mijekelo yokuda) ehlangene.

Isifundo Sendaba: ICamden, eNew Jersey

Camden, New Jersey, wasungula uhlelo lwekhamera ebanzi yendikimba esetshenziswa ngesibopho, ngokuqondisa okuqinile, kanye nokubika komphakathi. Idolobha labona ukwehla kwamashumi amahlanu ezikhalalo zamaphoyisa eminyakeni emithathu. Umthetho kahulumeni waseNew Jersey, odinga ukusebenza phakathi nakho konke ukuphoqelelwa komthetho futhi onqabela izikhulu ukuba zibukele izinyawo ngaphambi kokubhala imibiko (ukuvimbela ubandlululo), kukhulunywe njengesibonelo. Umthetho futhi uyala ukuba izinhlangano zikhulule izenzakalo ezibucayi phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-20. Lenhlanganisela yemithetho ecacile nokukhanya ibonakala iphumelela.

Isifundo Sendaba: ISan Diego, eCalifornia

Umthetho wekhamera yendikimba yaseCalifornia, odluliswe ngo-2021 (AB 748), ugunyaza ukuba izenzakalo ezisetshenziswayo zamandla zikhishwe phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-45 ngaphandle kokuba kungaphazamisana nophenyo. Kudinga futhi ukuba izinhlangano zibe nezimiso zokusebenza nokugcinwa kokwaziswa. iSan Diego, kakade eyayinesimiso esiqinile, yabona ukwehla okwengeziwe kokusebenzisa izikhalo ezinamandla ngemva kokuba umthetho kahulumeni usebenze. Nokho, abacusumbuli baphawula ukuthi ifasitela elingama-45 alisoloko lanele ukuba kukhanya okuphelele, futhi eminye iminyango iye yasebenzisa ukuphenyaza njengesizathu sokulibala isikhathi eside.

Izinselele Nokugxeka Okuphikelelayo

Naphezu kwentuthuko, izinselele ezinkulu zisasele. Izinkinga zezemfundo zivame kakhulu ukugxekwa. Amakhamera omzimba aqopha ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa kuphela kodwa futhi nabantu abasengozini emakhaya abo, izisulu zokuhlaselwa ngokobulili, nabantu abanezimo zempilo ebuthaka. Imithetho yoMbuso iyahluka endleleni evikela ngayo lezi zihloko. Ezinye izizwe, njengoVermont, zifuna ukuba zonke izitebhisi ziphinde zibhalwe ngaphambi kokuba zikhululwe umphakathi, okubizayo kanye nokuthatha isikhathi. Abanye bamane bathembele emfundweni yomnyango wamaphoyisa, okungaholela ekuvikeleni okuguquguqukayo.

Umthwalo Obizayo Eminyangweni Emincane

Izindleko zamakhamera omzimba − kuhlanganise nensimbi, indawo yokugcina izinto, nezisebenzi zokuphatha ukwaziswa . . Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zanikeza izimali, kodwa ngokuvamile imali ayinele. Ngenxa yalokho, iminyango eminingi emincane ayisebenzisi amakhamera omzimba noma isebenzise ngaphandle kwezimiso ezifanelekile. Lokhu kungakha isimiso esinezigaba ezimbili lapho ukulandisa kunamandla khona ezindaweni ezicebile, emadolobheni futhi kubuthakathaka kakhulu ezindaweni zasemaphandleni.

Imithetho Eguquguqukayo Enqamula Izilahlo

Ngisho nakuleso sifundazwe, kungaba nomehluko ekusetshenzisweni. Ezizweni ezinemithetho yokuyekelela evumela ukulawula kwendawo, izigodi ezicebile zingathatha imithetho eqinile kunezezentengiselwano. Lokhu kuguquguquka kwenza kube nzima ngezakhamuzi ukwazi ukuthi angakanani amalungelo anawo ngokuphathelene nokuthatha ikhamera yomzimba. Ochwepheshe bezomthetho baphikisa ngokuthi izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zikahulumeni zingasiza, kodwa lokho kubonakala kungenakwenzeka esimweni samanje sezombangazwe.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwezobuchwepheshe Nephutha Lomuntu

Amakhamera omzimba angangasebenzi kahle, amabhethri angafa, futhi izikhulu zingakhohlwa ukuwakhanyisa. Umbiko ka-2020 we-Hulumeni Authority Accounting Office wathola ukuthi i-19% yezinhlangano ezihlolwayo yabika ukwehluleka kwesimiso noma ukuqoshwa okungaphelele. Imithetho yoMbuso ayivamile ukusingatha ukuhluleka kwezobuchwepheshe, iyishiyela ezinkantolo ukuba inqume ukuthi ukushiyeka kwezinyawo kufanele kuholele ekukhishweni izikhalo noma isijeziso. Ngaphandle kwesiqondiso esicacile, abahluleli banezakhono elikhulu, kuholela ekuxazululeni.

Isiphetho

Imithetho kahulumeni elawula amakhamera ibaluleke kakhulu ekuthwaleni umthwalo wamaphoyisa. Inquma lapho amakhamera ehlelwayo, indlela yokuhamba egcinwa ngayo, ukuthi angawufinyelela nini, futhi angawugcina nini. Nakuba ubuchwepheshe ngokwabo bungase bukwazi, ithonya labo libukelwa indawo ezungezile engokomthetho. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bunezimfuneko eziqinile, izijeziso eziqinile, izijeziso ezicacile, izivumelwano eziqinile, nokulinganisela okulinganiselwe kokungena komphakathi kuthambekele ekuboneni inzuzo enkulu. Nokho, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho eqinile kudala izikhala lapho izikhulu zingagwema khona futhi lapho izakhamuzi zibhekene nezivikelo ezingalingani. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nokulindele komphakathi kuqhubeka, izinqumo kumelwe ziphinde zivumelane njalo nale zinselele ezintsha, okusho ukusingatha ukuhlelwa kweminyango, ukugcinwa kweminyango ezindaweni zokunakekela yonke iminyango, noma ukucwenga, imithetho ecacile, isithembiso esiqinisekile, imithetho enikezwa ngokugcinwayo, isithembiso se-parediyo, isithembiso se-sssmestting.