ISichibiyelo seshumi kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States siyisici esiyisisekelo seSiphakamiso Samalungelo Abantu, esiklanyelwe ukulondoloza ukulinganisela kombuso phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nemibuso. Lesi sihloko siqinisekisiwe ngoDecember 15, 1791, siguqula isimiso sobuzwe ngokumemezela ukuthi yonke imibuso enganikezwanga uhulumeni noma enqatshelwe emibusoni igcinelwe izifundazwe noma abantu. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziywa okubanzi kweSiphendulo Seshumi, silandelela imvelaphi yaso, sihlole izincazelo eziyinhloko zokwahlulela, futhi sihlola indima yaso eqhubekayo empikiswaneni engokomthetho nakuhlwini yenkululeko yabantu ngabanye.

Umlando Wesichibiyelo Seshumi

Izakhi zofuzo zeSichibiyelo seshumi lama-10 zisezimpikiswaneni ezinkulu zokuncishiswa kwenkululeko yabantu zango1787-1788 ngemva kokuba uMthetho-sisekelo ubuthelwe ePhiladelphia. I-Anti-Federalist, kuhlanganise nezibalo ezivelele njengoPatrick Henry noGeorge Mason, zaphikisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ohlongozwayo wavumela uhulumeni oyinhloko, amandla angenakucaciswa angaqeda ubukhosi futhi asongele ukumiswa kwenkululeko yomuntu siqu. Bafuna umthetho wamalungelo ozolinganisela ngokuqondile igunya likahulumeni futhi uvikele nemithetho engekho emthethweni. U-Federalistris, ekuqaleni wamelana nomthetho onjalo, umelana nomthetho-Mthethwe ngowodwa, kodwa u-Rodmian, uthembise ukuletha inkululeko lapho uhulumeni omusha usunguliwe.

Phakathi neSishaya-Mkhandlu sokuqala ngo-1789, uMadison wahlongoza uchungechunge lwezinguquko ezathathwa emihlanganweni yombuso evumelanisa. Isihloko seshumi nesokugcina seBill of Rights sahlongozwa ukusingatha ukwesaba okuphikelelayo kwamandla ayinhloko. Ulimi lwayo lwananela amagama eZihlokwana zeConfederation kanye neSivumelwano saseVirginia Ratification. Ngokugcina amandla angagunyaziwe ezifundazweni noma kubantu, iSichibiyelo seshumi safuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe ungowodwa, uhulumeni olinganiselwe.

Umbhalo WeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nencazelo Yaso

Umbhalo ophelele weSichibiyelo Seshumi ufundeka kanje:

`Igunya elingaphathiswa i-United States nguMthetho-sisekelo, noma inqatshelwe yiwo e-United States, ligcinelwe i-Estates ngokulandelana, noma abantu.”

Uma ulubheka okokuqala, ulimi lubonakala luqondile, kodwa ukuchaza kwalo kuye kwabangela impikiswano enkulu. Ukuzivumelanisa akuwuniki mandla; kunalokho, kusebenza njengesimiso sokwakha, kukhumbuza abahumushi ukuthi noma yisiphi isenzo sikahulumeni kumelwe silandelelwe ekunikezeni igunya elikhethekile lomthetho sisekelo. Lubuye luvume ukubusa okukabili. Imibuso igcina amandla ayo angokwemvelo amaphoyisa negunya lokubusa uma ibona kufanele, njjngesikhathi nje bengawuphuli umthetho kahulumeni noma uMthetho-sisekelo. Inkulumo ethi “noma kubantu” igcizelela ukuthi ubukhosi buhlala ekugcineni ezakhamuzini, hhayi ezikhundleni zikahulumeni.

“ UbuTruism” Noma Imingcele Engalawuleki?

Emlandweni omningi waseMelika, iNkantolo Ephakeme yabheka iSichibiyelo seshumi leminyaka njengendlela yokuzinqumela “iSichibiyelo” kuphela, kodwa inkulumo engasilinganisi ngokwayo isilinganiso samandla kahulumeni ngaphezu kwalokho amagunya ayesekhona agunyaziwe kakade. United States v. Darby[ [1941], iNkantolo yeNkantolo yaphawula ukuthi ukuqedwa kweNkanto “kuyimibuso kodwa isiqinisekiso esingazange sigcinwe konke okungazange kuvunyelwe." Ngaphansi kwalombono, njengoba iSishaya - sisekelo sasisebenza emandleni aso evunyelwe (njengeSikhamu se-Commerciod Claces), iSiphekethi seshumi leshumi leshumi leshumi leminyaka (1941) asinikelangasihlangu sesivikelo sezentengo. Nokho, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-makumi amabili, iNkade yaqala ukuvuselela intengiselwa ye-Admentationsmentationsmentationsmental, ngokuphidentiant, ngokuphikisa okuphindium

Ukuchazwa Kokuqala Nokuvela Kwamandla Kahulumeni

Ukuhlolwa kokuqala okukhulu kweSichibiyelo seshumi kwavela uMcloch v. Maryland (1819). Icala elihilela ukuthi uMkhandlu ungagunyaza ibhange lesizwe noma i-(a) amandla angabekwanga ngokuqondile kuMthetho-sisekelo. UMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall wasekela ibhange njengendlela edingekile nefanele yokubulala imibuso ekhankanyiwe futhi wabizwa “ukuphela kuvunyelwe, kuvumela ukuba kube phakathi kwesilinganiso somthetho-mthetho-siseko, futhi konke okufanelekile... kungumthetho-mthetho-siseko. INkantolo yalahla umzamo kaMariya wokukhokha webha ibhange, igcizelela ubukhulu bombuso ngaphansi kwe-Supremacle Clauslaus. Nakuba i-Cepulth Republicke yabizwa kakhulu yi-Grence, i-Marshall i-messand ukuba ifundelwe kakhulu.

Kulo lonke ikhulu leshumi elinesishiyagalolunye leminyaka, iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesine safeza indima elinganiselwe. INkantolo yathembela kuyo ngokwethukela ukumisa imithetho kahulumeni eyayihlasela ngokuqondile amaphoyisa, njengase-United States v. DeWitt [1869], eyaqeda ukuvinjelwa kukahulumeni ekudayiseni amafutha athile. Kodwa ukuthambekela okugcwele kwakusekuhlanganeni kwamaphoyisa, ikakhulukazi ngemva kweMpi Yombango nempi ye-Gamfekthe, eyanika amandla ombuso omthetho okuphoqelela amalungelo angokomthetho amelene nempi kazwelozwe. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, amandla ezentengiselwano ayenyuselwe ukuvumela ukumiswa kwezindawo zokwakha, izitimela, nezinganiso zezindawo, ishiya amalungelo ezwe ngokukhungathekisayo.

I - New Decrection Nokuguquka Kwezigaba Zomphakathi

INew Deal yeminyaka yama-1930 yalungisa ngokuphawulekayo ukulinganisela kwezwe kukahulumeni. UMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt, njenge-National Industrial Recovery Act ne-Agricultural Service Act, yasusa imingcele yezentengiselwano zeChwele Clauslee ukuba ilawule izithunywa zezentengiselwano ngaphambili ezishiyweni. [[FLT:]] Schechter Poult. v. United States[FLT] [[FLT] [1935] [1935], iNkantolo yeNkanto yeNkantolo yabulala i-NIRA njenge-NTS.[A], i-Ad, i-Adroult, i-Ad, i-Ad, i-Adverase isebenzisa i-A, i-A, i-A, i-evinglective, i-encerse, i-encencerse yalencerdurayo, ephethe ngomthetho we-Ten, ngokukhipha

Nokho, ngemva kosongo lwenkantolo-luphendle lwe-Roosevelt nochungechunge lwemihlalaphansi, iNkantolo yashintsha inkambo. NLB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp] [1937] [i- ne[FLT] United States v. Darby[ [1941], iNkakhulu leNkantolo yagunyaza umthetho kahulumeni wezisebenzi neholo, iwulahla ngokuphumelelayo iSiphetho seshumi njengesilinganiso esinenzuzo. [[[[FLT] i-centurry, i-mendementedmentod ismentances [umpera] njengoba uMkhandisomi wezentengiselwano, intela, namalungelo ngaphansi kwesimiso sokuqondisa uhulumeni emazweni amaningi.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwanamuhla KweSichibiyelo Seshumi

Kusukela ngawo - 1990, iNkantolo Ephakeme ngaphansi kukaMahluleli Omkhulu uWilliam Rehnquist yadweba uhlelo olusha lobuhulumeni, ivuselela iSichibiyelo seshumi njengesimiso esiphoqelelwe ekwahlulelweni. Izinqumo ezintathu ezivelele zibonisa lokhu kubuya kabusha:

United States v. Lopez (1995)

Ku- United States v. Lopez, iNkantolo yabulala uMthetho weGunǎFree School, owakwenza kwaba ubugebengu bukahulumeni ukuba nento yokudubulana nesikole. Uhulumeni waphikisa ngokuthi umthetho wehla phakathi kwezentengiselwano zeChwele Clause ngenxa yobudlova obuhlobene nezibhamu buthinta umnotho wesizwe. Esinqumweni, iNkantolo yalahla leyompikiswano, iphethe ukuthi lo msebenzi “wawungaphethe lutho ngezentengiselwano” futhi wawungaphetheli lutho ngokwezomnotho. Ukukhipha umthetho wokuqala eminyakeni ecishe engu-60 eyayishiywe iNkade i-Countro yaze umthetho wezentengiselwano engaphezulu, futhi yafaka i-endle i-dedededededededede eyiwo yonke i-mthetho yezentengiselwano.

E - United States (1997)

Ku Shicilela u-. Inkantolo yacabangela ilungiselelo le-Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act elalidinga ukuba izikhulu zikahulumeni nezomthetho wendawo ziqondise isizinda sabathengi bemibhamu. INkantolo yathi iSichibiyelo seshumi leSimende sezwe sinqabela uhulumeni “ukuyala” izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba ziqondise izinhlelo zokulawula. Umbono kaMahluleli u - Antonin Scilia wagcizelela ukuthi iziqondiso ezinjalo“ zivimbela imigqa yokulandisa kwezombangazwe” futhi zephula isimiso sobukhosi obuhlangene. Isinqumo saqinisa ubuqotho bohulumeni njengohulumeni abahlukene.

USebelius (202)

Icala lamuva elibalulekile leSichibiyelo seshumi leNguquko se- iNational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, eyabekela i-Affordal Care Act insect inselele. INkantolo yasekela igunya lomuntu ngamunye ngaphansi kwamandla oMkhandlu akhokhela intela kodwa yaphula ilungiselelo elasongela ukuvimba zonke izimali ze-Medicaid ezisezweni ezenqaba ukwandisa iMedicaid. UJaji omkhulu uJohn Roberts, ebhala ngenxa ye-iomillity, wakholelwa ukuthi usongo lokulahlekelwa yi-Medicaid imali ekhona ngokomthetho kahulumeni ekhona [1] olubeka phansi ilungiselelo lokungagunyaziswe ukuboshelwa kwemithetho kahulumeni ekubosheleni ukuphoqeshelwa, ukuphula intengo ye-10, futhi ikhiphe ukukhipha i-mthetho we-templetivel. Imvume yokubusa i-compmption i-ognomone.

Impikiswano Yesikhathi Esizayo Neziphakamiso Zeshumi

Namuhla, iSichibiyelo Seshumi ngokuvamile sibhebhezelwa ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nokunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, ukufuduka, nezidakamizwa.

Ukunakekelwa kwempilo

Ngalé kwe-Affordal Care Act, iziteshi ze-odoc ziye zabekela inselele iziyalo zikahulumeni ngokuphathelene nezimfuneko zomsebenzi we-Medicaid, ukukhipha izisu, nokusebenzisa izidakamizwa ezigunyaziwe. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa ukuhwebelana kwazo siqu kwezempilo nezinhlelo, zifaka igunya ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi ukuze zivumelane nemithetho yendawo. Ukunqatshelwa kwemithetho kahulumeni yokuvimbela ukukhishwa kwesisu. Ngokwesibonelo, njengoCalifornia noNew York, kudlulise imithetho evikela ukukhishwa kwezisu, ziveza ukuthi umthetho wenqubo yezokwelapha ungaphakathi kwemibuso yawo egciniwe yamaphoyisa.

Ukuqashelwa Ngokomthetho

One of the most vivid Tenth Amendment battlegrounds is marijuana policy. Although marijuana remains a Schedule I controlled substance under federal law, more than 30 states have legalized it for medical or recreational use. Federal enforcement has generally deferred to state laws under the Obama‑era Cole Memorandum (later rescinded under the Trump administration) and subsequent guidance. State officials often invoke the Tenth Amendment to defend their legalization statutes, arguing that the federal government lacks the constitutional authority to force states to criminalize marijuana. The tension between state legalization and federal prohibition persists.

Ukufuduka Nokuhlanzwa Kwabantu

Izindawo zokubusa zedolobha nezindawo zikahulumeni − lapho imibuso yendawo ilinganisela khona ukubambisana nokugcinwa kwezentengiselwano zokufuduka kukahulumeni − futhi incike ezimpikiswaneni zeSichibiyelo seshumi. iDolobha laseChicago v. Izinqumo[ (2017]), isifunda seSeven transfected trainments ezidinga imingcele yombuso ukuze usize iziphathimandla zokufuduka, sikhomba izimiso zokulwa kwemithetho yokuvimbela ukuphuma ezweni, sikhomba izimiso zokulwa kwemithetho esemthethweni [[FLT]] . Ngokufanayo, izigaba eziningana ziye zafaka izicelo zikahulumeni zesifunda ukuba zivimbe emadolobheni amakhulu, zinqabela uhulumeni weshumi izigwebo lokuvimbela ukuvumelana komthetho wokuvimbela ukunxeba [[FT:2]

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

I-Ceac Air Act ne-Clean Water Act iye yabangela ukungezwani kweSichibiyelo seshumi. Amazwe anjengeTexas neWest Virginia aye abekela inselele imithetho ye-EPA elawula ukukhishwa kwegesi eshisayo, ethi uhulumeni ungenelela emisebenzini engokwesiko yombuso njengokusetshenziswa komhlaba nogesi. Kuyi-West Virginia v. [[[FLT][FLT] [2022], iNkantolo Ephakeme yavimbela igunya le-EPA lokumisa izigwegwegwe ngaphansi kwe-Ceact, iqinisekisa isimiso sokuthi i-Hulumelo kumelwe ikhulume ngokucacile uma ifuna ukuguqula ukulingana kwe-simeyase-.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nenkululeko Kamuntu Ngamunye

Nakuba iSichibiyelo seshumi ngokuyinhloko siphathelene nokwakheka kukahulumeni, ithonya laso enkulu enkulu enkululekweni yomuntu ngamunye. Ngokugcina amandla ezifunda, ukulungisa kwakha indawo yombuso wentando yeningi lapho izimiso ezihlukahlukene zingachuma khona, zibonise izindinganiso nezinto ezithandwayo zendawo. Lokhu kungafani kungathuthukisa inkululeko ngokuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zithuthele ezindaweni ezinemithetho evumelana nezinkolelo zazo.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Ngokumelene Nokufinyelela Kwezizwe Ngezigaba

Ngoba izifundazwe zisondelene kakhulu nabantu, zingasebenza njengesivikelo ekungeneni kukahulumeni ekungcoliseni inkululeko. ISichibiyelo seshumi sinikeza isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo sokuba imibuso imelane nemithetho kahulumeni engase iphazamise inkululeko yomuntu siqu. Ngokwesibonelo, izifunda zikahulumeni zivikela amalungelo ezibhamu, inkululeko engokwenkolo, kanye nezindaba zomuntu siqu ngokuvamile ngaphezu kwalawo anikezwa uhulumeni. Ngokuphambene, izifunda zinegunya lokwandisa amalungelo omphakathi angaphezu kwesilinganiso sombuso, njengoba kuboniswa emithethweni kahulumeni enqabela ukucwasana ngesisekelo socalulo olungokobulili noma ubulili.

Ukushintshashintsha Kwamalungelo

Isimiso esifanayo sombuso esivumela ukuthuthukisa inkululeko singavumela futhi imingcele ehluka kakhulu kulo lonke izwe. Ukukhishwa kwesisu, imithetho yokuvota, nokulingana komshado (kuyi-bergefell v. Hodges]) kwakuyizindawo lapho ukungabi khona kwendinganiso kahulumeni efanayo kuholele ekuhlukaneni okusobala. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuthembela eSichibiyelweni seshumi sokuvikela isinyathelo sikahulumeni kungawalulaza amalungelo ayisisekelo uma amazwe ebeka imingcele yokuthi iningi labantu besizwe lizolahla. Ngakho, ukuhlanganisa inkululeko nenkululeko yomphakathi kuxhomeke ekutheni imbono eyodwa yendawo yokuzihlukanisa ngokwenkululeko engokwemvelo njengenkululeko ezimele noma njengemoto enkulu yokucindezela.

Isiphetho

ISichibiyelo seshumi sisalokhu sibalulekile futhi siphikiswana nomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Ulimi lwaso olulula noluhle luphikisa umlando oyinkimbinkimbi wokuchaza okuye kwasuka ekunqabeni eduze kwe-arinvision kuya ekuvimbeleni amandla kahulumeni. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme iqhubeka ivimbela imingcele yegunya likahulumeni, ukulungisa okungenakugwenywa kuyobonakala ngokungenakugwenywa ezimpikiswaneni zempilo, isimiso sezidakamizwa, ukufuduka, nesimiso sendawo ezungezile. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi, ukuqonda iSichibiyelo seshumi kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni ukuhlanganisa imingcele ehlangene bombuso wezwe, ubunye nenkululeko echaza ukuzama iMelika. Ukungantengiselwa okuthathwe yimpikiswa yimpicabadala akuyona inkinga kodwa isici esici esiqinisekisa ukuthi impikiswano engathiyo engxenyeni yohulumeni nesimiso somthetho esiyinhloko sihlala njalo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola i-Constitution Anconoted ukuze uthole ukuhlaziya okuningiliziwe, Cornell Information Institute yecala lokufushanisa, kanye neprojekthi ye- ye-Oyez yemiqondo yomlomo nemibono yezinqumo eziyinhloko zeNkanto.