Imishini Yeposi Lokuqala

Kuqala-phambili-post (FPTP) iyisimiso sokuvota esilula nesisetshenziswa kakhulu ezweni lesiNgisi elikhulumayo. Kulendlela enqobayo, umvoti ngamunye uvota ibhola elilodwa kulowo ozokhetha, futhi ovota kakhulu esifundeni uwina isihlalo (___lena ingasebenzi ukuthi bafinyelela yini iningi. Amazwe anjenge [[FLT: 0] uZwe loMbuso we-United [[FFLT:1], iCanada, iNdiya, neUnited States asebenzisa i-FPTPP ukuze kukhethwe i-construction.

Izinzuzo zePast-the Post yokuqala

Ukulula Nokutholakala

I-FPTP ilula kakhulu. Amavoter adinga kuphela uphawu lwegama elilodwa ku-collet, enza lenqubo ngokushesha futhi ingabi nangozi. Lokhu kulula kunciphisa ukudideka futhi kunciphisa isithiyo sokuhlanganyela kubantu abangakwazi ukufunda nokubhala noma abajwayelene nezinqubo zokuvota eziyinkimbinkimbi. I-Ecostation futhi incane: umklamo wokhetho ulula, ukubala kwamavoti kuyashesha, futhi imiphumela yaziwa kakhulu phakathi namahora okuhlola okuphetha.

Isixhumanisi esiqinile esisekelayo

Isifunda ngasinye sikhetha ummeleli oyedwa, edala ubuhlobo obuqondile, obuyolandisa phakathi kwabavoti nesikhulu sabo esikhethiwe. Amalungu azi kahle ukuthi ubani okufanele athintane nezindaba zendawo, futhi ummeleli unesisusa esicacile sokukhonza umphakathi wendawo. Lokhu kulandisa komphakathi ngokuvamile kuvezwa njengesihluthulelo sokuqina kwezimiso zeFPTP.

Ukuthambekela Kohulumeni Abakhulu Abanamandla

I-FPTP ithanda izinqubo ezinengxenye ezimbili ezihamba phambili kanye. Ngenxa yokuthi amalungu amathathu awatholi jaho ukuwina izihlalo, lesi simiso sivame ukwenza uhulumeni oneningi elicacile lasephalamende, elingamisa izinqubo ngokungaguquki ngaphandle kokudinga izingxoxo ezihlangene. Lokhu kuzinziswa kungakhanga emazweni afuna ukubusa okuphumelelayo ngaphandle kokushaya i-glackck lock.

Imikhosi Yokuzitika Edumazayo

Ngaphansi kwe-FPTP, amaqembu afuna ukuthathelwa phambili noma angenamuntu oyedwa akuthola kunzima kakhulu ukuwina izihlalo ngoba ukusekela kwawo ngokuvamile kusakazeka ngokwezwe noma akwanele ukuzuza ubuningi kunoma isiphi isifunda. Lokhu kuhlunga kungavimbela imibono eyeqisayo ukuba ingangeni ezombangazwe zephalamende, okunengxenye ekubekeni isimo sezombangazwe esinenani elikhulu.

Izingozi Zeposi Lokuqala

Imisebenzi Yemfucumfucu Nemisebenzi Ehlelekile

Ukugxekwa okukhulu kwe-FPTP yisici “sokuvota okugunyaziwe” / amabhola aphonswa abazobhapathizwa abangawini. Emijahweni eminingi yesigodi, izingxenye ezinkulu zevoti yabavoti abalahlekelwayo, futhi leyovoti ayinathonya emphumeleni. Lokhu kuholela ekuvoteni [[FLT:] okungagunyaziyo [, lapho abavoti belahla khona ukukhetha kwabo kokuqala okuqotho ukusekela umlandeli othembekile, becindezela inkulumo ethembekile yezombangazwe.

Ukubusa Okuncane Nokuntuleka Kwamaningi Kuqala

I-FPTP ngokuvamile iveza abanqobi abathola amaphesenti angaphansi kuka-50 evoti. Umfundi angawina ngo-35% noma ngisho nangu-30% uma ukuphikiswa kuhlukaniswa phakathi kwabanye abacela ukubhapathizwa abaningi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iningi lamavoti lingase livote omunye umuntu, linciphise ukugunyaza komnqobi nokufaneleka okucatshangelwayo kukahulumeni. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, iqembu lingakha uhulumeni omkhulu onevoti engaphansi kwa-40% ethandwayo.

Ukumelelwa Okudidayo

I-FPTP imelela ngokulandelana kakhulu amaqembu amakhulu futhi imelela amancane. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhetho lukahulumeni wase-2019 waseCanada, i-Liberal Party yawina 33% yamavoti kodwa yathola 47% yezihlalo, kuyilapho iGreen Party yathola i-6,5% yevoti kodwa iphesenti elilodwa kuphela yezihlalo. Lokhu kungazinga phakathi kwengxenye yokuvota nesabelo sesihlalo kungaholela ekuvusezweni elibanzi lokuvota.

Izigaba Zesifunda Nokuhlaziywa Kwesayensi Yezwe

I-FPTP ikhuthaza izimpi ukuba zigxile ezifundeni ezijiyile futhi zingazinaki izihlalo eziphephile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kungajulisa izigaba zesifunda sezombangazwe, njengoba amapulatifomu evumela izifunda ezithile kuyilapho edebeselela ezinye. Amazwe anjengeCanada neUnited Kingdom aye abona ukuhlukana kwezindawo, nazo zonke izindawo zivotela kakhulu iqembu elilodwa, zinciphisa ukuhlangana kwesizwe.

Imishini Yokuzikhethela Eyizinqola

Uvota okukhethwe ngokuzikhethela (RCV), okwaziwa nangokuthi ukuvota okusheshayo noma ukuvota okuthandwayo, kuvumela abavoti ukuba bafune ukuthatha izigaba ngokulandelana kwe-colot eyodwa. Uma kungekho mvoti othola amavoti okuqala, ovotayo abambalwa kakhulu abavoti abakhethiwe baqeshiwe, futhi labo bavoti bebodwa baphinde banikwe ama-voti abavote abalandelayo. Le nqubo iphindaphindwa kuze kube yilapho omunye umvoti enzile. RCV isetshenziswa kukhetho lwesizwe lwe- Australia's House of Fistrists, uhvhotiotal, nokhetho lwe-nday yendawo yase-Ireland ezindaweni eziningi. njengaseSan Francisco naseNew York.

Izinzuzo Zokukhetha Okunemisebe

Ukukhetha Nokubonisa Okukhuliswe Ngezindwangu

I-RCV ikhulula abavoti “abangaboni ububi obubini” enkingeni. Esikhundleni sokuvota ngokusemthethweni, izakhamuzi zingahlela bonke abazovota ngokwethembeka, zazi ukuthi uma ukukhetha kwabo kokuqala kuqediwe, amavoti azo azakuthutha. Lokhu kuvumela abavoti ukuba basekele abavoti abancane ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuchitha amavoti abo, benza umvoti abe yisibonakaliso esicebile sokukhetha okungokwezombangazwe.

Ukushisa Okukhulu Kubangela Ukwehla Komoya

Ngenxa yokuthi i-RCV iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho umuntu oyedwa eneningi, owinayo ukhethwa ngamavoti okugcina angaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-50 ."wanika amandla acacile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-RCV isusa “imiphumela ye-isoliyer,” lapho umbhejeli wesithathu empompa amavoti kulowo othatha isigaba esikhulu, okwenza ukuba umuntu othatha i-opera aphumelele. Lokhu kwenza ukuba ukhetho luncintisane kakhulu.

Isikhuthazo Somkhankaso Oqondile

Abathathi bemijaho ye-RCV akumelwe bathathele abasekeli abanye abazokhetha i-22 ne-3-iece. Lokhu kukhubaza ukuhlasela okuphambene nokukhuluma okuhlukene ngoba abazofuna ukuthatha i-screens yabasekeli babaphikisi babo. Ukuhlola kuye kwathola ukuthi imikhankaso ye-RCV ayibhekile neze futhi iveza impikiswano.

Izimpawu Ezihlukahlukene Nezinkolelo Ezibanzi

I-RCV inganikeza izimpawu ezilinganisela kakhulu ngokuvumela izitheko noma abazohlolwa abangaphandle kwesimiso esivamile esinezingxenye ezimbili ukuba bawine izihlalo. Ku-winner RCV (obizwa futhi ngokuthi ivoti eyodwa edluliswayo), yenza i-odoli besithathu bafane, banikeze isigaba sesithathu impoqo kuyilapho besafuna ukusekelwa okubanzi. Lokhu kungandisa ukwahlukahluka kwamazwi ezindlini zomthetho, kuhlanganise nabesifazane abaningi kanye nabathathi-mza abavela emiphakathini engaphansi kwe-a.

Izingozi Zokuzikhethela Okukhethekile

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Kwezincwadi Nezikhulu Zokukhetha

Ukuthatha izinombolo eziningi kungaba yinkinga, ikakhulukazi kubavoti asebekhulile noma abafundile. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi amaphutha okuvota amabhola − njengabalandelayo ngokungafanele noma ukuphuma emagunyeni (avame kakhulu ngaphansi kwe-RCV. Abaphathi be-Ecologist badinga futhi ukuqeqeshwa okwengeziwe ukubala amabhola asebenzisa iziyingi eziningi, futhi inqubo yokuwabala ingathatha izinsuku noma ngisho namasonto emincintiswaneni eseduze.

Imibono Yesikhathi Eside Nebiza Kakhulu

Kukhona izindleko zokuhlela ze-RCV ezibiza kakhulu ukunikeza. Kukhona izindleko zemikhankaso yemfundo yomphakathi, ama-collet ahlelwa kabusha, nemishini yokulungisa i-tebula engenzeka. Ukubala akusheshi ngoba ama-collet egceke ngalinye kumelwe afakwe futhi abekwe phakathi, alibazise imiphumela yokugcina. Emijahweni ephezulu ye-profile njengokhetho lomphathi, lokhu kubambezela kungabangela ukungaqiniseki nokungathembani.

Amabhola Ne - Voter Okudalelwa

Uma umvoti engahleli bonke abavoti noma uma bonke abamelelwayo besuswa ngaphambi kwendingiliza yokugcina, ibhola labo elivotayo “liyancishwa” futhi lingabe lisabalwa uma kuvela umphumela wokugcina. Kwezinye izigaba ze-RCV, amazinga akhathalayo afinyelela ku-10-10-20%, okusho ukuthi amaphesenti abalulekile abavoti akanakusho lutho ekuhlanganeni kokugcina. Lokhu kunganciphisa ukwaneliseka nokujika.

Okungenzeka Ukuba Nemiphumela Engahlosiwe

Nakuba i-RCV inciphisa ukucatshangelwa okuhlelekile, ayikuqedi ngokuphelele. Abanye abavoti bangakhetha ukungahleli i-drunner enamandla, benethemba lokusiza abazothatha i-ocestrate wesibili ukuba banqobe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo lokulahla lungaveza imiphumela ehlukile kulokho iningi elingase likuhlosele uma belazi ukuthi iziphi izintando zalo zingalandelana. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi i-RCV ingaveza “ukuhlukanisa” okunamandla ezinjwayezayo ezithathela phambili ezijikisweni ezijikijela umphumela wokugcina.

Ukuhlaziya I - FPTP Ne - RCV Okuqhathanisayo

Ukuhlanganyela Nokubuya

Izimiso ze-FPTP ngokuvamile zicindezela kakhulu ezifundeni lapho iqembu elilodwa libusa khona, ngoba abavoti banomuzwa wokuthi i-collet yabo ngeke yenze umehluko. E-United States, ukhetho lukamongameli lubona ukujika okukhulu kunaphakathi, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yemisebenzi yokuvota ehleliwe. RCV, ngokwengxenye, ukuhlukanisa ngokungaphezulu, ngokukhetha okungaphezulu kwezindawo ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, data evela ku-Minnesota ze-master ibonisa ukwanda okunesizo oluphansi ngemva kokwamukela i-RCV, ngokunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi u-RCV, ngenxa yokuthi u-vocioce ukhetha kwabo kuhlonisiwe ngisho noma ukhetho lwabo lokuqala lulahlekile.

Ukumelela Nokudlulisela

I-FPTP ehlelwe ngokulandelana i-skews imelela i-fscs eqenjini elikhulu. Ngaphansi kwe-RCV uma isetshenziswa ezifundeni ezinezingxenye ezizimele, i-altitude kodwa ilungile kakhulu kumavoti. Nokho, i-RCV ebanzi kuphela (ivoti edluliswayo eyodwa) efinyelela ukulingana kwangempela. Kuzo zombili izimiso, izindaba zobuculi besifunda: i-FPTPPPP ingaveza izimpawu ezahlukene uma izifunda ziklanyelwe ukuba zibe nokuncintisana, kuyilapho i-RCV ingaqhubelela phambili izici ezifanayo uma zisetshenziswa ezihlalweni ezihlala i-winner kanye ngemingcele ebekwe i-gerder.

Ithonya Lenkulumo Yezombangazwe

FPP ivuza ukudlulisa izinkulumo ezihlukanisayo ezinika isisekelo somphikisi amandla, ngoba kungubufakazi obubodwa obubodwa. Lokhu kungaqhuba i-hyperpartisan kunye nomkhankaso omubi. RCV incenticives cross-partisan izicelo; abazofuna ukuvota kweyesibili nesesithathu okuvela kubasekeli bempi. Ubufakazi obungaqondakali obuvela ku- ukuhlolwa kokhetho lwase-Australia bubonisa ukuthi i-RCV iholela ekukhangisweni okungakhiyo okungakhiyo nakodwa, nakuba umphumela ungahlangani kuyo yonke imininingwane.

Umthetho Wentando Yeningi Nokwethenjwa

Ngaphansi kwe-FPTP, kuvamile ukuba umnqobi abe neqembu elincane elithandwayo lapho ephethe izihlalo eziningi. Lokhu “ukuncitshiswa kwekhono” kunganciphisa ukwethenjwa komphakathi enqubweni yokukhetha kanye nokufaneleka kukahulumeni. I-RCV njalo iveza umnqobi ngeningi ekugcineni, inika umnqobi imvume engcono kakhulu yokuziphatha. Nokho, uma amazinga okukhathala ephezulu, iningi lingase limelele ingxenye yengqikithi ye-votator, inciphe lowo myalo.

Izenzo Nezinselele Zangempela Zezwe

Ukuhlola I - FPTP

Ukhetho lukahulumeni waseCanada 2019 no-2021 lubonisa ngokucacile ukulahla i-FPTP. ISigqebhezana seLiberal sawina 33% wezihlalo kodwa 47% zezihlalo ngo-2019, kuyilapho i-Conservative yathola 34% wevoti kodwa 37% kuphela yezihlalo. ISigqebhezana sathola 6.5% kuphela futhi i-0. U-0,% kuphela yezihlalo. Naphezu kokusekela komphakathi okukhulu kwenguquko yokhetho, uhulumeni we-Liberal washiya isithembiso sokuthatha indawo yeFPTPP ngemva kwekomiti yepalameam 2016. E-United Kingdom, FPPPP uye waholela ekukhukhulweni kwe-Liber Demodatrat ngo-2015, lapho u-Round Warcell uthola izihlalo ze-National Particptic (7) kodwa u-19% wazin.

Ukuhlola I - RCV Ekhuluma Ngecala

I-Australia iye yasebenzisa i-RCV (ebizwa ngokuthi “ukuvota okuphambili”) eNdlu yayo yabameli kusukela ngo-1918. Lesimiso ngokuvamile siveza ohulumeni abaningi, kodwa futhi siphoqelela amaqembu amabili amakhulu ukuba axoxe namaqembu amancane namaqembu azimele ukuze athole izinqumo, andise impikiswano yezimiso. E-United States, iMaine yaba yizwe lokuqala ukusebenzisa i-RCV kukhetho lwamazwe ngo-2018. Izibalo zezinhlanga ze-Maine's 2018 kanye nezi-202020 zibonisa ukuthi i-RCV isusa umphumela wempatho, ivumela abathathi-ngxenye yesithathu ukuba bahambe ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuchazwa kwabaphangi, futhi yaveza abawini be-RV ngokuvota kokugcina. IDolobha laseNew York City lasebenzisa i-RV ngo-201, kanti ukubala i-RC yathatha imiphumela ewufanele wonke, njengoba kwamukelwa kabanzi.

Imibono Evamile Eyiphutha

Inganekwane ephikelelayo iwukuthi i-RCV iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuba ingavoti. Nokho, ukwaziswa okufihlwayo okuvela eSan Francisco naseMinneapolis kubonisa ukuthi ama-collet angaphezu kuka-99% agcwaliswa ngokunembile ngemva kokusetshenziswa kokuqala, futhi imizamo yemfundo inciphisa amaphutha ngokushesha. Okunye okungaqondakali ukuthi i-RCV izuzisa njalo abavoti. Impela, i-RCV ingaveza imiphumela evumela ukulinganisela noma ukuthuthuka, kuye ngokuthi ihamba kanjani.

Ikusasa Lenguquko Emangalisayo

Njengoba ukunganeliseki nge-FPTP kukhula, izikhungo eziningi zicabangela i-RCV noma izimiso ezihlukile ezifana nokumelelwa kwe-propati exubene. Izinhlelo ze-Pilot emadolobheni ase-U.S. ziye zaqinisekisa ukusebenziseka kwe-RCV endaweni yendawo, futhi izifundazwe eziningi zihlanganisa i-Alaska ne Nevada(ase-parta) ziye zamukela i-RCV kukhetho oluthile. Izithiyo eziyinhloko zihlala zikhona entengisweni yezombangazwe: abameleli abakhethwe ngaphansi kwe-FPTPPP bavame ukunqikaza ukushintsha isimiso esibayo esiba imingcele ehlelayo kanye nenguquko ye-bisantsa iyaqhubeka i-RCV ngenxa yokhetho oluthile, iveza ukuthi isimiso sokuvota esingcono kakhulu esiwusizo sibalulekile empilweni yentando yentando yentando yeningi.

Ekugcineni, kokubili i-Fover-prede -post ne-Ranked Coling ithwala izinto ezizodwa ezihamba phambili. I-FPTP inikeza ukudamba okulula nokumelela okukhulu kwendawo ngezindleko zamavoti alahlwayo kanye nokungalingani. i-RCV inikeza amazwi aphambili aphambili nemiphumela eminingi kodwa ifuna ukuba kube yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nemithombo. Ukukhetha phakathi kwazo kuxhomeke ezintweni eziza kuqala zomphakathi: ukuthi ziyakwazisa ukunquma nesiko noma ukufakwa nokuboniswa okunembile kwentando ethandwayo. Njengoba izimpikiswano zokuguqula inguquko ethandwayo zikhula emhlabeni wonke, ukuqonda okucacile kwalokhu kuhwebo kuyadingeka kakhulu kuvota, abafundisi, nabenzi bezimiso.