Ubuchwepheshe Bokusebenzisa Ikhono: Ukuqonda Ulimi Lokusakaza Impova Nokudweba

Kunezinyathelo eziphakeme zemikhankaso yezombangazwe, ulwazi luyikho kokubili isikhali nesihlangu. Phakathi kwamathuluzi aphikisana kakhulu ebhokisini lesimanje lochwepheshe kunamasu okucindezela — ukuhlola okuzenza sengathi kuwukucwaninga okungathathi hlangothi kuyilapho usebenza ngenkuthalo ukuze uthuthukise umbono. Ngokungafani nombono womphakathi ongokomthetho oklanyelwe ukulinganisa imizwa, ukuphoqelela ukuphenya kuhlelwa ukuba kushintshwe. Ngokuguqula ulimi olukhethwe ngokucophelela kanye nokufaka ulwazi oluhlelekile phakathi nemibuzo yokuhlola, amaqembu angatshala ukungabaza, aqiniseki ubandlululo, nomonakalo abaphikisi ngaphandle kokwenza ukuhlasela okuqondile. Kuvoti, izintatheli, nabacwaningi, lezizindlela zokuqonda, aziyona indlela yokufundisa; kuyimfuneko ekuhleleni ulwazi oluyinkimbinkimbi. Lesi sihloko sidida ulimi nezindlela zokuhlola ezisetshenziswa ekuhlolweni kweminerali, ukukhankaniza amathuluzi okucu.

Ukuchaza Impova Ephoqelelayo: Lokho Eyikho Nalokho Eyikho

Ukuze umuntu aqonde ukuphenya okuphoqelelwe, kumelwe kuqala azihlukanise nokucwaninga okusemthethweni. Ukuhlola kombono oqotho kusebenzisa ulimi olungathathi hlangothi, isampula eliyindida, kanye nezindlela ezigunyaziwe zokuqoqa ukwaziswa okuveza umuzwa womphakathi. Umgomo ukulinganisela. Ukucindezela, ngokwehluke, ukusebenzisa ulimi olunemibono ephambene, ulwazi olukhethayo, nokubuza okusikiselayo ukuze kufinyelelwe injongo yokuxhumana — okuvame ukuvimbela ukuthumba umphikisi noma ukuguqula imibono empikiswaneni ethile.

Izinqumo zokuphenya zivame ukwenziwa imikhankaso yezombangazwe, amaqembu ezembuyiselo, noma amakomiti ezenzo zezombangazwe eziwubufefe. Angase anikezwe njengezingcingo zokucwaninga, kodwa afinyelela inani elikhulu labavoti — ngezinye izikhathi amakhulu ezinkulungwane — ngaphezu kakhulu kwenani lezibonelo ezidingekayo ekuvotelweni okungokomthetho. Lesisikali siveza injongo yaso: hhayi ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa, kodwa ukuthunyelwa kwemiyalezo. Imibuzo ngokwayo iyisigijimi.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi akuyona yonke izibalo eziphoqelelwe. Ezinye izibalo ezisemthethweni zingahlanganisa imibuzo equkethe ubandlululo ngokungazi. Isici esichazayo sokuhlola okuphoqelelwayo singu ozimisele: umklamo wemibuzo ngamabomu wokuveza ithonya elithonyayo kunokuqoqa ukwaziswa okungakhethi. Lokhu kuhlukanisa kuveza isisindo esingokomthetho nesifanele, njengoba ukuhlola okuphoqelelayo kuhlelwa ngokwemithetho kwezinye izifunda.

Ubuchwepheshe Bolimi: Ubuciko Obungaqondakali Obungasetshenziswa Kakhulu

Isiphawulo esisodwa, isenzo esikhethwe ngokucophelela, noma ukumangalela okushiwoyo kungaguqula umbuzo obonakala ungathathi hlangothi ube imoto ukuze ukholwe. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo zolimi kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuthola ukuxhashazwa.

Amazwi Athwele Nezinkathazo Ezingokomzwelo

Amagama afakiwe anezincazelo ezinamandla ezithinta imizwelo ezingase zihlolwe yintsha ukuba zisabele ngendlela enqunyiweyo. Ekuhloleni okuphoqelelwe, lamagama asetshenziswa ngokufanelekile ukuhlobanisa u-accomptive noma inkambiso enezimfanelo ezingezinhle. Amagama avame ukuhlanganisa " corrupt," "ihlanekezekile," "ihlazo," "i-adificul," "i-me," "i-i-express,"" ne-rithi". ngenkulumo enjalo ebuzayo, ukuphenduza, ukuphenya, i-cocaster idala ukuxhumana okungathi kusethyo, noma kungathi kungenayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, umbuzo ungabuza: " Ungaba mancane kakhulu ukusekela umuntu oye wamangalelwa [[FLT: 1] corrupt ukusebenzelana nabangenisi beminyango? [ Igama "i-corrupt" yenza ukuphakamisa okukhulu lapha. Ifaka imibala ephambene emibala ehambisanayo ngolwazi ngombhalisayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimangalelo silungile yini. Umbuzo awubuzi ukuhlola ubufakazi; imane ihlabe ukusola nokulinganisa umonakalo.

Imibuzo Eholelayo Enikeza Izimpendulo

Umbuzo ophambili yilowo osikisela noma osikisela impendulo ethile. Ezinhlolondweni ezicindezelayo, imibuzo eholayo isetshenziselwa ukuqondisa abaphenywa esiphethweni esifiselekayo kuyilapho ukulondoloza isimo sokungathathi hlangothi. Isimo sombuzo ngokwawo sisikisela ukuthi impendulo "elungile" isobala.

Cabangela lesi sibonelo: uyavuma ukuthi umbuzo uqala nge-"FLT:1] uvumelana nohlohlo-hlohlolo olufuna ukuqinisekiswa. Igama elithi "ungakholeki" liphikisa uphahla lokuziphatha. Futhi "ubufakazi buveza ukumangalelwa, ngisho noma umbhalo uphikiswa noma uthathwe ngaphandle kwe-mongo. I-'FLT' iqala nge "Unit'," ebangela ukucindezela kwezenhlalo ukuba iqinisekiswe. Igama "umthetho ongenakukholeka" ulwelwa njengokwehluleka kokuziphatha. Futhi "ufaka umbiko" uveza ukumangalelwa njengeqiniso, ngisho noma umbhalo ukhanyiswe noma uthathwe ngaphandle kwe-mongongo. Ikhasekungayedwa.

Ulimi Olulukhulumayo Ne - Inuendo

Akuyona yonke indlela yokuhlola ephoqelelayo ebangela ukuvuvukala okungaqondakali. Ezinye izinqubo eziphumelela kakhulu zixhomeke ekungacacini nasekusebenziseni amagama angaqondakali. Ngokusebenzisa amagama adidayo, abahloli bangasikisela izici ezimbi ngaphandle kokumangalela ngokuqondile okungaphikiswa noma kufakazelwe ukuthi kungamanga.

Ngokwesibonelo: [[FLT: 0]] uyayazi [ imibuzo [ ephakanyiswe nge-X' ukuziphatha okudlulele [? [ Amagama "amaphuzu" nokuziphatha kwangaphambili" awenziwa ngamabomu. Amema impendulo ukugcwalisa iziphazamiso nganoma yiziphi izinxulumani ezingezinhle. I-'evotorster itshale imbewu yokungabaza ngaphandle kokwenza noma yini engaqinisekiswa — noma ilahlekile. Lendlela ifihlekile ikakhulukazi ngoba ithambekele ekufuneni futhi izithubani ulwazi olutholakalayo, noma ukuhlanganiswa njalo kwemithombo yezindaba.

Izimpikiswano Zamanga Nokukhetha Okuphoqelelwe

Ukuhlola okucindezelayo ngokuvamile kusebenzisa imibuzo eyiphutha enikeza ukukhetha okungathi sína okukodwa kuphela, kususe noma yisiphi isici esiphakathi noma isimo esiguquguqukayo. Impendulo iphoqeleka ukuba ikhethe phakathi kwendlela engcono nengamukeleki.

Isibonelo: " Ubungakhetha kumfundi lowo ovikela ukuphepha komkhaya wakho [ noma lowo onganaki ubugebengu endaweni yakini [[? [ Akukho vota obungakhetha ukhetho lwesibili, kodwa umbuzo uphikisa izikhundla ezingokoqobo ezikhona. Inciphisa izikhundla zenqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-caricature. Lendlela iphumelela ngoba yenza inguquko ebolekisa umxhasi ngenkathi efuna umphikisi wokuphikiswa ngokuzibophakela ngaphandle kokukhetha.

Ubuchwepheshe Obushintshayo: Indlela Umongo Oshintsha Ngayo Isimiso

Nakuba amasu olimi esebenza ngokwezinga legama nemisho, ukudweba amasu kusebenza ngezinga lokwakheka nomongo. Ukudweba kuyinqubo yokukhetha izici ezithile ezingokoqobo futhi uzenze zibe yisici esiphambili embhalweni wokuxhumana. Izinhlelo zokuphoqelela zisebenzisa ukudweba ukuze zilawule ukwaziswa okucatshangelwayo nendlela abakuhlola ngayo.

Ukuthwebula Impikiswano: Ukugcizelela Nokufihla

Ukufaka indaba kuhilela ukugcizelela amagalelo athile endaba uma ungayinaki noma uyishiya. Ekuhloleni okuphoqelelwe, lokhu kusetshenziselwa ukwakha isithombe esisontekile esisekela uhlangothi olulodwa. Ukuhlola kungabuza ngecala [" compation"[ enkambisweni ehlongozwayo ngaphandle kokuyibala [[[FLT:]]]" izinzuzo"[[FLT:]][FLT]]

Ngokwesibonelo: " Uyayisekela yini inkambiso engagunyaza intela yakho ngo-R1 [R1 500] ngonyaka? [? [ Lomklamo uhlukanisa umphumela owodwa ophambene futhi uyiveza njengengqikithi yenqubo. Umbuzo ususa noma imuphi umongo mayelana nokuthi imali yentela ingakhokhwani, ubani ozothwala izindleko, noma iziphi ezinye izindlela zezomnotho ezingase zibe yikho. I-freyintshi encincane, ephambene ne-fullposethi enikeza impendulo eqondeneyo.

Ukuhleleka Kombuzo Nokuzifaka Endleleni Engalawuleki

Indlela imibuzo enikezwa ngayo ingakha iqoqo elilawula ukuchazwa kwemibuzo kamuva. Abacuphi bezokuhlola basebenzisa lokhu ngokuphenya imibuzo ukuze bakhe indaba emelene nomfundi noma indaba ngaphambi kokulinganisa umbono wokugcina wophendulayo.

Ukulandelana kohlelo kungaqala ngochungechunge lwemibuzo ephambene mayelana nobuntu bomphikisi, kulandelwe umbuzo owodwa ngenhloso yokuvota komvoti. Ngesikhathi umvoti efika kumbuzo wokugcina, aye abekwa ngochungechunge lwezinxulumani ezingezinhle. Umphumela owengeziwe uwukushintsha kokhetho olungeke lwenzeke uma imibuzo ibinganikezwa ngokulandelana kwengathathi-hlangothi.

Lendlela kunzima ukuyibona ngoba umbuzo ngamunye ungabonakala ungenangozi uma uhlolwa wedwa. Kuphela uma ukulandelana kubhekwa njengendlela yokulawula ivela. Abacwaningi bakubiza lokhu ngokuthi " imiphumela esobala"[ — ukusebenza kweminye imiphakathi ethonya ukuhlola okulandelayo.

Imiphumela Efezwayo Nemisuka Esebenza Ngomkhuhlane

Iziphetho zokuphenya zivame ukusebenzisa izimo ezicatshangelwayo ukuze zisikisele imiphumela emibi engabangelwa ukusekela othile ozocela ukubhapathizwa noma isimiso. Lezizimo zivame ukuba zimbi kakhulu, zingakholeki, kodwa zidala ukusabela okungokomzwelo okungathonya izinqumo zezwe langempela.

Isibonelo: " Uma wayazi ukuthi izinqubo ze-Yadite Y zingaholela ekuvalweni kwezikole esifundeni sakho [, kungathinta ivoti yakho? [ Umbuzo usho ukuhlobana phakathi kwemithetho ye-Yakho kanye nokuvala isikole, ngisho noma kungekho ukuxhumana okunjalo. Umfanekiso ubekwa njengethuba elifanele, ushiye impendulo ikhambi ngomvoti ongase ungabi nasisekelo esiyiqiniso. Lokhu kwenza ukuthambekela kobuchopho ukusabela ezinsongweni ngisho nalapho lezo zinsongo zikhona noma zingekho ngokweqikelele.

Eqenjini/Engaphandle kweqoqo

Ezinye iziphetho eziphoqelela ukuba kusetshenziswe ukwaziswa kobungane ukuze kwakhiwe umuzwa "wokulwa nazo" ngokucela ubulungu beqembu — kungakhathaliseki ukuthi busekelwe eqenjini, esifundeni, ezweni noma emfundisweni — umhloli walemibono angabangela ukwethembeka kuleyo mpendulo yemibala.

Ngokwesibonelo: uvumelana [ne- nemithombo yezindaba ebanzi ekhangisayo ngo-Cundidate Z, noma uthemba [ isahlulelo sangempela samaMelika [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] afana nawe? [ Lombuzo umelela imithombo yezindaba njengeqembu elingaphandle ukuze ingathembaniwe futhi ithathelwe izikhundla zobuhle eqenjini. Ngokungaqondisiwe usikisela ukuthi ukuvumelana nezokuxhumana kuwukungathembeki kweqembu lomuntu siqu. Umbuzo awukho ngezimfanelo zonke; ungowesazi sezenhlalo ne-yo.

Izibonelo Nendlela Yangempela Yokucwaninga Neyokuhlola

Ukuhlola imibuzo yokuhlola engokoqobo kwembula indlela lezi zinqubo ezisebenza ngayo.

Isibonelo 1: Ukuzibeka Phansi Kwecala

" Bewazi yini ukuthi i-Candidate A ineminikelo yemvume [ evela eqenjini elisho ukuthi amasu okusika izinzuzo zokulondeka kwezenhlalo[?]

Iziteki ezisetshenziswayo: ulimi olulayishiwe ("Hlula izinzuzo zokulondeka kwenhlala- kahle"), umuzwa wecala ngokuhlangana, nangokususa umongo. Umbuzo awusho ukuthi ozohlolwa kungenzeka ukuthi wavota ngokumelene nesikhundla seqembu noma ukuthi umnikelo wawungaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho. I-frame isikisela ukuthi noma yikuphi ukuhlangana neqembu kugunyaza izikhundla zalo ezingathandwa kakhulu.

Isibonelo 2: Umbuzo ophindiwe

" Ubungasekela i-Candida B uma wazi ukuthi ikwethelwe izintela eziphakeme[ kanye nemali exhaswe amaphoyisa[?]

Ama-technique asetshenziswayo: isakhiwo esinezici ezimbili (izindaba ezimbili embuzweni owodwa), ulimi olulayishiwe, kanye nokulingana okungamanga. Umbuzo uhlanganisa izikhundla ezimbili ezihlukene zenkambiso kanyekanye, uphoqelela i-exanti ukuba iphendule kuzo zombili ngesikhathi esisodwa. Isebenzisa futhi amagama adidanayo — "Izimali ezixhaswe amaphoyisa" ingasho ukuvota ngokumelene nokwanda kwemali ethile, hhayi ukumelana nemithetho emelene nemithetho ehlukene.

Isibonelo 3: Inhlekelele Ebangelwa Ukuphenya

" Uma inqubo yendawo ezungezile yeC iphoqelelwe ukuba izimboni zivale kanye izinkulungwane zezisebenzi zalahlekelwa imisebenzi yazo[[, kungakwenza ube mancane amathuba okuvotela? []

Ama-technique asetshenziswayo: Isimo se-Hypothetic, esisikiselayo, nolimi olungokomzwelo. Umbuzo uveza umphumela omubi kakhulu njengokungathi uyiqiniso. Ayibuzi ukuthi ophendulayo ukholelwa ukuthi isimo singenzeka yini; imane ibuza ukusabela emcabangweni, ngaleyondlela ifaka ukungabaza ngezimiso zomhloniphi.

Umehluko Ongokomthetho Nongasohlangothini

Izindawo zokuhlola ezikhomba zigcwele umthetho nezimiso. E-United States, ngokuvamile zivikelwe njengenkulumo yezombangazwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, kodwa ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa izimfuneko zokudalula. Ngokwesibonelo, izifundazwe eziningi zifuna ukuphoqelela abashayeli bezicelo ukuba babone ukuthi ubani osekela lolubizo. Ukuphula umthetho kungaphumela ekukhokheleni noma kwezinye izijeziso.

Ngokwe-ethername, ukuphenya okuphoqelelwayo kulahlwa yizinhlangano ezikhokhelwayo. INhlangano yaseMelika ye-Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) ihlukanisa ngokucacile ukusunduza ukuhlola ekucwaningeni okungokomthetho futhi inxusa umphakathi ukuba uqaphe ngakho. Inhlangano isho ukuthi ukusunduza ukuhlola kungu " hhayi nhlobo" kodwa uhlobo oluthile lokuzama umkhankaso wezombangazwe. Izintatheli kanye nabasekeli-maqiniso baye babhebhetheza imibuzo yokuphenya njengendlela yokuphenya, ikakhulukazi lapho besakaza izinsolo ezingathandeki.

Kubacwaningi nezifundiswa, ukuhlola okuphoqelelayo kuletha inselele: kungcolisa indawo ezungezile yokwaziswa futhi kuqeda ukwethemba umphakathi ekucwaningeni. Uma abavoti bengakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwenhlolo - vo esemthethweni nempoqo ephoqelelwayo, bayangabaza yonke imininingwane yokuhlola, elulaza elinye lamathuluzi ayinhloko okuqonda umbono womphakathi embusweni wentando yeningi.

Indlela Yokubona Impova Yokucindezela: Isiqondiso Esiwusizo

Ukuqaphela ukuhlolwa okuphoqelelwe kudinga ukunaka okucophelelayo olimini, isimo, kanye nomongo wemibuzo yokuhlola. Lezizikhombo ezilandelayo zingasiza abavoti, izintatheli, nabacwaningi ukuba bahlukanise ukuhlolwa kokuphoqelelwa ekucwaningeni okungokomthetho:

  • Ubukhulu obuyisampula obungajwayelekile: Ukuhlola kweLegitimate kuzama amakhulu ambalwa kuya ezinkulungwaneni ezimbalwa zabantu. Uma ucingo lufinyelela amashumi ezinkulungwane, ngokunokwenzeka luyinhlolo yokusunduza.
  • Ulimi olulayishiwe noma olungokomzwelo: Imibuzo esebenzisa amagama anjenge "corrupt,"" "ingozi," noma "engenakuguqulwa" amaflagi abomvu. Ukuhlola okungokomthetho kulwela amagama angathathi-hlangothi.
  • Akukho mibuzo yenani labantu noma isizinda: Ukuhlola kokusunduza akuvamile ukuqoqa ukwaziswa okuvamile okuphathelene nenani labantu ngenxa yokuthi abanasithakazelo ekuhlaziyweni. Bafuna ithonya elithonyayo kuphela.
  • Imibuzo enikeza ukwaziswa okusha: Isilinganiso seqiniso sokuhlola esikhona manje. Uma umbuzo uqukethe ukwaziswa okuklanyelwe ukushintsha umbono — njengokusola noma isimo esicatshangelwayo — cishe kuyi-athory ecindezelayo.
  • Umfuno othathelwe impendulo ohlangothini oluthile: Imibuzo eqala ngo "ungavumi" noma "Awusho" iklanyelwe ukuveza isivumelwano.
  • Akukho ukuvubukulwa koxhaso: Abavoti bama-Legitimate bazichaza bona kanye nekhasimende labo. Ukuvota kokusunduza ngokuvamile kufihla noma kufiphaze ukuxhasa kwabo.

Ithonya Elibanzi Ngentando Yeningi Nenkulumo Yeningi

Umphumela oqhubekayo wezinhlolo eziphoqelelwayo udlulela ngalé kwemikhankaso yomuntu ngamunye. Uma abavoti bechayeka emilandweni yokuhlola ephindaphindwayo, bangase bafake ukwaziswa okungamanga noma okudukisayo ngezindaba ezikhona. Lokhu kukhukhuleka kwamaqiniso kungabangela ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe, ukuncipha kokuthembana ezinhlanganweni, kanye nekhono elinciphileyo lokucabanga.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvota ngokusunduza kungacindezela umvoti ophendulwe. Ngokusakaza ukwaziswa okungakhi — ngisho nokwaziswa okungamanga — ngombhalisa, bangadumaza abasekeli balowombhalisa futhi banciphise amathuba abo okuvota. Lokhu kulimaza ikakhulukazi emijahweni eseduze lapho izihloko zendaba zibhekene nomthetho. Abanye abacwaningi baye bachaza ukucindezela okucindezela njengendlela ye " ukucindezelwa kwemibuzo.

Imizamo yokuhlola ihlanganisa ukuqashelwa kokuhlola ngokuqhubekayo njengekhono eliyinhloko. Othisha bangasebenzisa izibonelo zokuhlola ukuze bafundise abafundi ngokulawula okungadingi mpendulo, ukuhluleka okunengqondo, nokubaluleka kokuhlola umthombo. Ngokuqonda amakhemikhali okuphoqelela ulimi lokuhlola nokuphoqa, izakhamuzi zingamelana nokusetshenziswa kwemishini yokuzihlela futhi zenze izinqumo eziqondiswe kahle.

Isiphetho: Ukubona Ngombuzo

Izinqumo zokuhlola ezicushwe ngokuphoqelela azikona ukuphenya, ziwuhlobo lokukhangisa kwezombangazwe okufihlekile njengokucwaninga, zisebenzisa ukufihla ikhanda ukuze zinikeze isigijimi esiklanywe ngokucophelela. Amandla azo abonakala ngobuqili babo — igama elithwele lapha, ifuleji elihlotshiwe, ukulandelana okwakha ukulandisa okuphendulayo kungase kungaqondisi. Kodwa uma nje wazi ukuthi yini ongayifuna, ukuxhaphaza kuyabonakala.

Ulimi kanye nezinqubo zokuchaza ezicacisiwe kulesi sihloko — amagama athwele, imibuzo eholayo, ukusikisela okungaqondakali, ukufushanisa, ukunikeza iziqondiso, ukunikeza iziqondiso, ukuchaza imiphumela esikiselayo, nokuchaza amagama — akuyona kuphela ephoqelela ukuphoqelela ukuphenya. Zibonakala ekukhangiseni kwezombangazwe, ukuhlanganisa imithombo yezindaba, nenkulumo yezombangazwe yansuku zonke. Ukufunda ukuzibona ziyisenzo sokuhlakanipha kobuhlakani bomuntu siqu. Enkathini yokwaziswa okugcwele nokusetshenziswa kwemikhankazo eyinkimbinkimbi, ikhono lokubona lokwazi ukubhekana nalo mbuzo lingaphezu kwekhono nje; kuwumthwalo wemfanelo.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngezimiso zokuhlola nokuxhumana kwezombangazwe, bheka Ikhodi lemithetho yezentengiselwano ne [[FLT:] Pew Research Center] Pew's Isiqondiso sokuhlola indlela yokuhlolwa kwezesayensi yezesayensi[. Ukuhlola okujulileyo kokufaka izinkulumo zezombangazwe, cabangela umsebenzi we-ligist George Lakloff ku [[FLT:] 4] faming nezombangazwe zokuziphatha [. Abathathi bezindaba bangazuza 'smenters ekuboneni imikhankano ekhohlisayo. [b[FLT:]]