Imvelaphi Yomthetho - sisekelo Yokukhethwa Komongameli

I-United States Constitution, eyagunyazwa ngo-1788, yasungula isimiso esisha ngokuphelele sokukhetha umphathi omkhulu wezwe. Ngaphambi kokuba yamukeleke, i-Theage of Confederation yayingenalo igatsha eliphethe, ishiya isizwe singenamholi oyedwa. Abakhi baphikisana kakhulu e-Philadelphia Convention ngo-1787 ngokuthi bangakhetha kanjani umongameli. Abanye abameleli bakhetha ngokuqondile umongameli, kuyilapho abanye babefuna ukuba uKholiji akhethe umongameli. ISiphakamiso sabangela ukuba i-Electoral College, isikhungo esiyingqayizivele esilinganiselayo nombuso othile ngesikhathi esifanayo sivikela ukukhetha okusekulawuleni okuvamile.

ISiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo simisa uhlelo lokuqala lokhetho lukamongameli. Sikhuluma ngokuthi ubani ongavota, ukuthi okhethwe kanjani, nokuthi kwenzekani uma kungekho mfakela owina iningi. Abakhi bamakhenikha bashiyela ngamabomu imininingwane eminingi eKhongolo nasezifundazweni, bavumela isimiso ukuba siphendukele ngokomthetho ngesikhathi nangezinguquko zomthetho. Lokhu kuvumelana nokuvumelana nemithetho. Kuye kwabonakala kubalulekile njengoba isizwe sinwebeka kusukela ezindaweni ezingamashumi amathathu kuya ezingamashumi amahlanu futhi njengoba sandiswa kusuka kubaphathi bempahla besilisa cishe kuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezimhlophe ezineminyaka engaphezu kweyisishiyagalombili.

Ukuqonda lokho uMthetho-sisekelo okushoyo ngempela ngokhetho lukamongameli kudinga ukuhlukanisa umbhalo wokuqala kulolushintsho nemithetho kahulumeni elawula lenqubo. UMthetho-sisekelo umisa izakhiwo eziyinhloko, kodwa umthetho kahulumeni ugcwele imininingwane eminingi esebenzayo. Amazwe futhi aphethe igunya elibalulekile ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso II, esithi isifunda ngasinye sizakumisa abavoti "eManner njengaseMthethweni onjalo angaqondisa" lolu limi lunike izifunda ezibanzi zemvume zokungena, ukuvota, ukuvota, kanye nokuphatha kokhetho.

I - Electoral College System

Isihloko II, Isiqephu 1

UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala unikeza ukuthi uhulumeni ngamunye umisa inani labakhethi elilingana nengqikithi yabo eMkhandlwini — isibalo sabaphathi bawo (ngaso sonke isikhathi ababili) kanye nabameleli bawo (ababunjwe abantu). Lendlela isho amazwe amancane anethonya elincane kakhulu elihlobene nenani labantu. Ngokwesibonelo, iWyoming inezivoti ezintathu zabavoti kubantu abangaphansi kuka-60 000, kanti iCalifornia inezinombolo ezingamashumi amahlanu nane kubantu abacishe babe yizigidi ezingamashumi amane.

Abahloli bahlangana ezifundazweni zabo ezihlukene futhi baphonse amavoti kamongameli nomongameli oyisekela. UMthetho-sisekelo ufuna ukuba okungenani omunye wabavoti abangabakhi besifundazwe salowo khetho. Lomthetho uvimbela ukukhuthaza abafuni abathandekayo nokukhuthaza imifelandawo ebanzi yobuzwe. UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wanika umongameli ngamunye amavoti amabili, umgijimi oweqashayo abe yisekela likamongameli. Lesimiso saveza ukukhethwa kwe 1796 nokhetho oluboshelwe ku-1800, okwaholela ngokuqondile ekukhetheni i-Twelf Refection.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

Ratified in 1804, the Twelfth Amendment fundamentally changed how electors vote. Instead of casting two undifferentiated ballots for president, electors now cast one ballot specifically for president and a separate ballot for vice president. If no candidate receives a majority of electoral votes for president, the House of Representatives chooses from the top three candidates, with each state delegation casting one vote. If no candidate receives a majority for vice president, the Senate chooses from the top two candidates. The Constitution Annotated provides detailed analysis of these contingency procedures.

ISichibiyelo seTwelfth sanciphisa futhi inani lababezobhapathizwa elithathwa yiNdlu lisukela kwabahlanu kuya kwabathathu. Lokhu shintsho lwenza ukuba kukhethwe abantu abaningi futhi lwanciphisa ingozi yokufa. Indlu iye yasebenzisa lenqubo kabili kuphela kusukela ngo-1804: kukhetho lwango-1824 no-1876. Kuzo zombili izimo, iNdlu yakhetha umongameli owayengawinanga vhoti ethandwayo noma ivoti ekhethekile, ebonisa amandla angavamile okhetho olugunyaziwe.

Abakhethi Nabalawuli Bombuso Abangenalukholo

UMthetho-sisekelo awusho lutho ukuthi abavoti kumelwe balandele ukuvota okuthandwa yizwe. Lokhu kuthula kwadala impikiswano emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ngokuphathelene "nabavoti abangakholwa" — abavoti abavota ngokuphikisana nesivumelwano sabo. Izifundazwe eziningi zadlulisela imithetho ebopha abavoti emphumeleni othandwayo, kodwa umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo unikeza abavoti isahlulelo esizimele. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma lempikiswano [20:0] [i-Chifafolo v. Washington, iphethe ukuthi umbhalo womthetho ungaqinisa izifungo futhi ususe noma ukhiphe abavoti abangathembekile. Umbono weNkanto yeNkanto ehlangene ukuthi kuyi-ondsme ingubo ingu iphethe [FFOLT].[3]

Izimfuneko Zobubonisi

Izimfuneko Zomthetho - sisekelo

ISiphakamiso II, iSiqeshana 1 simisa izimfanelo ezintathu zobumongameli. Umongameli kumelwe abe isakhamuzi esingokwemvelo, okungenani esineminyaka engamashumi amathathu nanhlanu ubudala, futhi abehlala e-United States okungenani iminyaka eyishumi nane. Lezi zimfuneko zibonakala ziqondile, kodwa ngasinye sibangele imibuzo engokomthetho. Isigaba sezakhamuzi ezingokwemvelo siye saphikiswa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emongweni wabazali abazozalwa kwamanye amazwe. Umthetho awukaze udlulise ngokunembeka kahle umthetho ochaza "isakhamuzi esizalwe ngokwemvelo", ushiye izinkantolo zichaze incazelo yale isithiyo lapho kuphakama izinselele.

Imfuneko yobudala iyinto edinga impikiswano encane kakhulu, njengoba abazobe bedlula kude kakhulu. umongameli omncane kunabo bonke wake wakhethwa kwakunguJohn F. Kennedy eneminyaka engu-44-3, futhi upopu omncane kunabo bonke ukuba athathe ihhovisi kwakunguTheodore Roosevelt engamashumi amane nambili ngemva kokubulawa kukaWilliam McKinley. Imfuneko yokuhlala idinga iminyaka eyishumi nane yokuhlala "nain" eUnited States, kodwa ayisho ukuthi leyominyaka kumelwe ilandelelwe noma ukuthi isikhathi sifinyelele ingqikithi. Le nkathi ayikaze ixazululwe ngokuphelele yizinkantolo.

ISichibiyelo Esingamashumi Amabili

I-Ratived yamiswa ngo-1951, i-Reformation engamashumi amabili namashumi amabili e-Sacond Exchange ilinganisela abaphathi kumagama amabili akhethiwe. Inikeza futhi i-ecester yesekela likamongameli ophumelele kumongameli futhi okhonza iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili yegama lowandulelayo ingakhethwa kanye. Lokhu kulunga okulandelwa uFranklin D. Roosevelt's's's jongal's futhi ibonise ukukhathazeka ngamandla aphezulu. Inguquko isebenza kuphela ekukhetheni izithozo ezithile, ngakho umongameli okhonza iminyaka engaphansi kwemibili yegama elingakalangalanga angaqhubeka efuna izinombolo ezimbili eziphelele.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Nokungahleleki

Ingxenye 3 yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo seMiyalo yeMinyaka Ene isusa isikhundla sikahulumeni noma ubani owafunga ukusekela uMthetho-sisekelo futhi wabe esehileleka ekuvukeleni noma ekuvukeleni i-United States. Leli lungiselelo, ekuqaleni elalihloselwe obekuyiConferatesrates, muva nje lithole ukunakekela okusha emongweni we-Anglement 3 yokuhlasela kweCapitol. UKhomishani ingasusa ukususwa kokukhishwa kwemvume ngevoti yegumbi ngalinye. Inkonzo yokucwaninga ngophengululo lwe-Congressionalionment inyathelisery Sercional inyathelise ngokuhlola kwesigaba 3 sokukhetha umongameli .

Izenzakalo Zesikhathi Sokukhetha Nezinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo Ezifile

Usuku Lokukhetha

UMthetho-sisekelo awuluchazi usuku lokhetho lukamongameli. Igunyaza iKhomishane ukunquma isikhathi sokukhetha abavoti nosuku abavota ngalo. ISishaya - mthetho simise uSuku Lokhetho njengoLwesibili lokuqala ngemva koMsombuluko wokuqala ngoNovember ngo-1845. Lolu suku luqala phakathi kukaNovember 2 noNovember 8, luqinisekisa ukuthi kuzoba nokhetho ngemva kokuvuna kodwa ngaphambi kokuba isimo sezulu sasebusika sivimbele ukuhamba ngekhulu leshumi elinethobathathu.

Izwe liyakwazi ukusungula amahora okuvota nokuvota ngaphambi kwesikhathi phakathi kwalesi simiso. Izifunda eziningi manje zinikeza ukuvota nokuvota kwasekuqaleni, imikhuba eye yasekelwa izinkantolo ngokuvumelana nomthetho wokhetho kahulumeni. Ukuthula koMthetho-sisekelo ngokukhetha kunikeza amazwe inkululeko enkulu, uma nje engangqubuzani nesivikelo esilinganayo noma ezinye isiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo.

Umhlangano We - Electoral College

UMthetho-sisekelo udinga abavoti ukuba bahlangane ngosuku olufanayo ezweni lonke, iSishaya-Mkhandlu esimise njengoMsombuluko wokuqala ngemva koLwesithathu lwesibili ngoDecember. Lo "Mhlangano" uyenzeka enhloko - dolobha yezwe ngalinye, hhayi embuthanweni wesizwe owodwa. Ababheki bezincwadi zephepha bafaka amabhodi kamongameli nomongameli wesekela, abe esedluliselwa kuMongameli weSigele, umkhapheli we-Amplica, nezikhulu zikahulumeni. Imihlangano ehlukene yezwe, kunokuba inciphise umhlangano wesizwe, inciphisa ingozi yokusetshenziswa noma ukungenela kwesizwe endaweni eyodwa.

Ukubala Izinhlobo Zezitshalo Ezinomsila

UMthetho-sisekelo ufuna ukuba uMongameli weSigele uvule futhi abale amavoti okhetho phambi kwazo zombili izindlu zobumbano. Lesi simiso esihlangene senzeka ngoJanuary 6 ngemva kokhetho, njengoba samiswa yi-Electoral Countal Count Act ka-1887, njengoba ilungiswe nge-Electoral Reformation Act ka-2022. UMongameli, njengoMongameli weSigele, uqondisa ukubala kodwa unemisebenzi yokukhonza kuphela. Izinguquko ezingu-20222 zacacisa ukuthi indima kaMongameli umongameli umanel ingowodwa nje owemikhosi, ususa ngokungeyikhohlaka ewulweni lokhetho lwamashumi amabili amabili.

Usuku Lokuvulwa Kwemivubukulo

ISichibiyelo sonyaka ka-1970, sagunyazwa ngo-1933, sasusa uSuku lokuHlaziya kusukela ngoMatshi 4 kuya ku-January 20. Lokhu kushintsha kwafinyeza inkathi "yedada elimnyama" phakathi kokhetho lukaNovember nokuqala kwegama elisha. Inguquko inikeza nokuthi uma umongameli okhethayo efa ngaphambi kokuba athathe isikhundla, isekela likamongameli waba umongameli uba umongameli. Uma kungekho mongameli okhethwe ngu-Inaugration Day, umongameli ongumsizi wobumongameli kuze kube yilapho umongameli efaneleka.

Izindima Zenhlangano Nesinqumo Sezingxabano

Ukubala Nokuthanda Ukuzitika

I-Electoral Count Reform Act ka-2022 yayithuthukisa kakhulu inqubo yokubala amavoti akhethiweyo nokuxazulula izimpikiswano. Ngaphansi komthetho wamanje, ukuphikisa amavoti kahulumeni kumelwe kubhalwe cishe ngokwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zamalungu endlu neSishaya-mthetho — umnyango ophakeme kakhulu kunemfuneko yangaphambili yelungu elilodwa kuphela elivela egumbini ngalinye. Impikiswano ibangela ukuba kube khona impikiswano elinganiselwe ngamahora amabili, ilandelwe amavoti egumbini ngalinye. Zombili izindlu kumelwe zivume ukusekela ukuphikisa ukuze iphumelele. Lokhu kulungisa okuye kwenza ukubamba inqubo yabalwe kalula ukubala isigaba semidlalo.

Ukukhethwa Okuphambili Endlini

Lapho kungekho mvoti womongameli othola amavoti amaningi angokhetho, iSichibiyelo seTwelfth siqondisa iNdlu yabameleli ukuba ikhethe umongameli. Indlu ivotela abameleli bamazwe, igomele isifundazwe ngasinye sivote kanye noma izakhamuzi zingaphi. Lenqubo ilulaza ithonya lamazwe amakhulu futhi iqinise amandla amazwe amancane. Umfundi kumelwe athole amavoti kuningi labameleli bombuso — okungenani angamashumi amabili nayisithupha kwabangamashumi amahlanu — ukuze anqobe. Indlu iye yasebenzisa lenqubo kabili: ngo1801 nango1825. ISigebe sikhetha ngokufanayo isekela umongameli kukhetho lwezigaba, kanye ne-Sentator ngayinye evota umuntu ngamunye.

Indima YeNkantolo Ephakeme

UMthetho-sisekelo awuyabeli ngokuqondile iNkantolo Ephakeme indima okhethweni lukamongameli, kodwa iNkantolo iye yafushanisa izimpikiswano eziningi ezihlobene nokhetho. INkantolo yanquma ukhetho lukamongameli luka- 2000 ku- bush v. Gore, imisa i-Florida izibalo futhi inikeze umongameli kuGeorge W. Bush. Muva nje. iNkantolo ikhulumele abavoti abangenalukholo ] Chifafalo v. no-Revidition enca ku-[FLT] [FLT] . [FLT:] ku-RUT] phumeze ngokuphumelelayo ukunikeza umongameli u-George W. [FLT] v. .] Inkantolo ihloko ehlose-mthetho-mthetho, kodwa ingenela embuthweni.

Iziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo Zisusa Ukwamukelwa Komongameli

Izinguquko eziningana zomthetho-sisekelo ziye zandisa futhi zacwengisisa ukhetho lwamapresidenti ngalé kwesakhiwo sokuqala. Lezi zinguquko zibonisa ukuqonda okushukumisayo kwesizwe ngedemokrasi, ukulingana, nombuso.

  • ISichibiyelo seshumi nambili (1804) — amavoti ahlukene kamongameli nesekela likamongameli, izinqubo zokukhetha ezishintshwe inqumo.
  • ISichibiyelo seNguquko seNyakatho (1870) — ukucwaswa kohlanga ekuvoteni kwabhebhethekiswa, nakuba ukugcinwa kwemithetho yemithetho kwakubuthakathaka cishe iminyaka eyikhulu.
  • Sevententh Isichibiyeli (1913) — Salungiselelwa ukukhethwa okuqondile kwamaSenator, okuthinta ukhetho lukamongameli ngokungaqondile ngokwenza izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zibenenkani kukhetho olusemthethweni.
  • ISichibiyelo seNineteth (1920) — ingcingo ekhudlwana kwabesifazane, iphinda kabili imikhankaso yokukhetha nokulungisa umongameli.
  • ISichibiyelo se-Treatieth (1933) — Isusa Usuku lokuHlaziya ku-January 20 futhi yamisa izinqubo zokulandelana.
  • Isichibiyeli esingamashumi amabili-Sihlangene (1951) — amongameli abalinganiselwe kumagama amabili, athinta amandla ombango.
  • Isichibiyeli seThird esingamashumi amabili (1961) — amavoti agunyaziwe avotile eSifundeni saseColumbia, anikeza izakhamuzi zenhloko ndlu yezwe imelele umongameli kukhetho.
  • Isichibiyeli seFourth (1964)] — intela yokuvota ekhishwe kukhetho lukahulumeni, isusa isithiyo sokuvota izakhamuzi ezithola imali ephansi, ikakhulukazi emazweni aseNingizimu.
  • Isichibiyeli se-Sixth (1971) — sanciphisa iminyaka yokuvota yaba ngu-18, sandisa ukuvota ukuze kuhlanganise intsha efuna ukubuthwa empini.

Lokhu kulungisa kwaguqula ukhetho lukamongameli ngokuhlangene kusukela enqubweni elinganiselwe, ekhethekile yaba ukusetshenziswa kwentando yeningi. Ukulungiswa ngakunye kwalungisa iphutha noma ukungalingani esimisweni sokuqala, nakuba izimpikiswano mayelana nezinguquko ezengeziwe ziyaqhubeka.

Izinkinga Zomthetho - sisekelo Zesikhathi Esidlule

Izimpikiswano Zezinguquko Electoral College

I-Electoral College ihlala ingezici eziphikiswana kakhulu zesimiso sokhetho lukamongameli. Abagxeki bayiphikisa ngokuthi inikeza ithonya elingalinganiyo emazweni amancane, ivumela abazokuba bazuze umongameli ngaphandle kokunqoba ivoti ethandwayo, futhi igxilise ukunakekela ezindaweni ezimbalwa ezijikelezayo. Abaxhasi bayisekelayo ivikela ubuzwe, ivimbela ukulawulwa kwesifunda, futhi ikhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwezindawo ezithakazelelwayo ezithakazelweni ezihlukahlukene. ISiphakamiso soMthetho-mthetho V sinikeza indlela engokomthetho kuphela yokuqeda i-Electoral College, idinga amavoti amabili-msting ayo woma womabili amagumbi nokuvota okuvuna ngezifunda ezintathu zezifundazwe — isithiyo esiphakeme engakaze ikwazi ukuyinqoba.

ISivumelwano seNational Popular Vote Interstate simelela enye indlela. Ukuthatha igalelo kuyo yonke imikhandlu yayo evoti evotiwe yisizwe, kodwa i-compty iqala ukusebenza kuphela lapho amavoti angu-707 amelela okungenani amavoti angu-70 akhethiweyo. Ngo-2025, izikhulu ezingomavoti abangu 209 baye bamisa ukuvumelana, bekushiya kungena semthethweni. Izazi ezingokomthetho ziphikisana ngokuthi i-atmone yesephula yini imfuneko yoMthetho-sisekelo ethi abavoti "eMan Mensar" njengeNkuluntyulo yomthetho ingaqondisa." Akukho nkantolo enqume ngokuqinisekile umthetho we-octive.

Ukufaneleka Nokukhetha Ubuqotho

UMthetho-sisekelo ushiya izimfanelo zokuvota kakhulu ezizweni, ngaphansi kokulungisa okugunyazwa uhulumeni okuvimbela ukucwasa. Amazwe amisa izimfuneko zokuhlala, izinqubo zokubhalisa, nemithetho yokuvota. Lemithetho iye yaveza ukubekwa kwemithetho yokuthi bathwesa umthwalo ngokungadingekile yini ilungelo lokuvota. INkantolo Ephakeme isekele imithetho elinganiselayo yokuvota kuyilapho ishaya imithetho ephoqelela izimfuno ezibaluleke kakhulu kubantu abavoti abambalwa. Lesinqumo seNkandlu siholele ekushintsheni kwezinguquko zezwe [[FLT: 0] iShelby County. Raker[[FLT:] [2013]) ihlasela ama-Revotion Rights Active Acts previces, ivumela imithetho yokukhetha ukuze kushinswe imithetho yokuvota ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwesizwe. Lesinqumo siholele ekushintsheni kwezinguquko ze-mo zobumongameli, kuhlanganise nezimfuneko zokuvotela, ukuvotela, ukuvotela, ukuvotela, ukuvotela, ukuvotela, ukuvotela izi izimo ze-v.

Ukutholakala Kwebhola Nezinkundla Zesithathu

UMthetho-sisekelo awukhulumi ngokuthola abazothatha umongameli. I-United States imisa izimfuneko ezifanele, kuhlanganise nokusayinwa kwezicelo, izimali zokukhokha, nezikhathi zokubhalisa ezimisiwe kweqembu. INkantolo Ephakeme iphethe ukuthi i-odentium ingabeka izimfuneko ezinengqondo zokungena ezinikeza inzuzo engokomthetho, njengokuvimbela imifutho egcwele nokuqinisekisa abazohlolwa ukuba basekele ngempela. Nokho, izimfuneko eziwumthwalo onzima kakhulu noma ubugebengu obungadingekile zingaphula iziNguquko zokuqala nezeshumi nane nenye. Isigaba nesigaba esizimele sibhekene imingcele ephakeme kakhulu, njengoba ngokuvamile kudinga izimemo eziphawulekayo zokusayinwa kwesigaba esingabangenisi - ma - ma - mameya. Imithetho yemithetho yezomthetho isungule isimiso sokungena kwe-collatboot ivumela kakhulu izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko.

Isiphetho

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uhlelo oluvumelana ngokuphawulekayo nokhetho lukamongameli. Amalungiselelo awo okuqala aye anezelwa yizinguquko eziyishumi nambili, imithetho eminingi kahulumeni, imithetho kahulumeni, nezinqumo zokwahlulela. Isimiso esavela kulezi zingqimba zomthetho siveza ukukhathazeka kwabalawuli nge-conosticism, amandla kahulumeni, nokuziphendulela kobuso becala, kuyilapho futhi sihlanganisa izindinganiso zedemokhrasi ezavela emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Ukuqonda lokho uMthetho-sisekelo okushoyo ngempela ngokhetho lukamongameli kudinga ukubheka ngalé kombhalo wokuqala kuqulu lonke lomthetho womthetho ongokomthetho manje olawula ukukhethwa kwesikhundla esiphakeme sesizwe. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo yezomthetho wokukhetha iveza ukuthi ingxoxo yomthetho wobumongameli ibaluleke njengangonyaka ka-1787.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ngohlelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokhetho lomongameli, hlola imithombo yeNational Archives's College kanye nomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo u-Annotedical’s seSigqeqekesho II.