Umvoti uthatha ucingo. Ucingo luchaza ukuthi luqhuba ukuhlolwa kombono womphakathi. Imibuzo yokuqala embalwa inqubo. Khona - ke umbhalo obhalwe ngokujikeleza: "Ingabe ungakhetha u-Candite Smith uma wazi ukuthi babevotele ukuhlukanisa imali yalabo abangomakad ’ ebona kuyilapho bemukela izipho ezinkulu kubantu abafuna ukutholwa?" Injongo ayikona ukuqoqa imininingwane. Kuwukwenza ukucwaninga ngezindlela ezihlukene ukuze ushintshe imibono. Lokhu kungokomqokozo wokubheka kwenqika kwe-Candidate Smith uma besazi ukuthi bakhetha ukuhlukanisa imali eqoshiwe ukuze basebenzise ulimi njengesikhali sokulwa.

Ukucwaninga Okuhlukanisayo Nokusebenzisa Ithonya

Ukucwaninga okusemthethweni kusekelwe esisekelweni sokungathathi hlangothi. Abahloli abahloniphekayo, njengalabo abanamathela ezindinganisweni ezibekwe yi-American Association for Public Opinion Research (APOR), balwela amagama angasoleki[[] ukuveza umuzwa oqotho womphakathi. Ukuhlola okuphoqelelayo kusebenza ngokumelene nalesimiso. Umgomo wakho oyinhloko awukona ukulinganisa, kodwa ukunyakazisa umbono. Kufinyelela lokhu ngokuveza ulwazi olulimazayo noma ulimi olungenaluzwa ngokuqondile. Ngokungafani nokuhlola okusemthethweni okungase kubuze "Ubaluleke kangakanani umnotho kuwe?", ukugodla ngokuhlola "Uvuma ukuthi i - Jones ayikona izingozi ezomnotho?"?

Umlando Walesi Sithuthi: Ukusuka Emanzini Kuya Enkathini Ye - Internet

Izimbewu zokuhlola kwanamuhla zahlwanyelwa ngawo-1960 nangawo-1970. Umkhankaso kaRichard Nixon's, ngomkhankaso wakhe "Webly Group" wokuhlola, wahlola njalo amafelemu aphambene nabaphikisi. Babuza abavoti ukuthi bangasekela yini uGeorge McGovern uma besazi ukuthi wayengowo"okqubha, ukukhipha isisu, ne-asidi." Lento ethathayo enzima i-trifecta frame McGovern njengenksss ezicishini zezehlakalo eziphikisana kakhulu zale. Umbuzo wawungeyi-voluqulo; kwakuyiphuzu eliyisimo eliyisithathu njengokucwaninga.

Lendlela yathuthukiswa ukuba ibe ubuciko obuphezulu nguLee Atwater, uchwepheshe we-"Southern Strategy". Atwater waqonda ukuthi ukunxusa okucacile kohlanga kwakungasasebenzi ngokukhetha, kodwa izimbangela zolimi ezicacile zasebenza ngokuphumelelayo. Ukuhlolwa kwakhe kolimi olufana "lwesibini," "icala," kanye "namalungelo esizwe". Lamagama aklanyelwe ukubangela ukucasuka kohlanga ngaphandle kokukhipha i-pictory. Lolu hlelo lwezilimi olugunyaza ukuguqula izigaba ukuba zithathe imingcele engaphansi kwezinga lolwazi oluqaphile.

Ngama-1990 kwabhebhethwa ukuqashelwa kweqhinga. Umkhankaso kaBill Clinton ka 1992 wabhekana nomzamo wokuhlola ngokuphathelene nerekhodi lakhe lokuthatha imvume nokwethembeka emshadweni. Ngonyaka ka-1996, lomkhuba wawusakazeke kakhulu kangangokuba iDemocratic National Committee yalengisela ndawonye njalo "isixwayiso sokuhlola i-pish" ukuxwayisa abasekeli. U-"Sister Souljah" umzuzu onyanyekayo wawuwumzamo wokuphikisana nokucindezela ukulandisa komfakela. Ulimi lwalokhu kuhlola lwase luye lwaba indinganiso, uma iqoqo lemidlalo yomkhankaso liyi - droot.

Isibonelo esidume kakhulu somkhankaso wokufuna ukuphoqelelwa kwempi yempi senzeka phakathi nonyaka ka 2000 eNingizimu Carolina. Umuntu ongaziwa wabuza abavoti: "Ingabe ungakhetha uJohn McCaine uma wazi ukuthi unengane emnyama engekho emthethweni?" McCaine nomkakhe babethole indodakazi exhwalekile eBangladesh. Impikiswano yahlobisa indaba enhle yomkhaya ngokumelene nabo. Iphuzu laliyincithakalo futhi alikwazi ukuphikisa ucingo olulodwa. Lesenzakalo sabonisa amandla amnyama eBangladesh.

Ukushintsha Kwezinombolo Zezinhlansi Ezicindezelayo

Izimiso zokuhlola okuphoqelelwe ziye zasuka kucingo zaya ku-web nase-social wetwork. "Umkhosi uthatha indlela yokuhlola i-Digal esakazwa ngokungabizi kakhulu kuyi-inthanethi yemibuzo noma "i-insensense". I-Facebook ad ingabuza: "Uyayisekela yini icebo lokwembula ama-Candidate A." Ulimi lubangela ukuvuvukala komzimba. Ukubhala nokuphanga kuyenze yanelisa imibuzo enjalo ngendlela eshibhibhijekayo nenzima ukuyilandela. Nakuba i-proce i-active ishintshile, amathuluzi ayinhloko olimi olunemiculo, i-prediplaming, nemibuzo elayindwayo.

Ukuyala Ulimi: Indlela Amazwi Aba Ngayo Izikhali

Ukuqonda amakhenikha olimi lokuhlola oluphoqelelayo kudinga ukuhlola izingcingo ezikhethekile ezidinga impendulo kanye nezingokwengqondo ezisetshenziswayo. Lokhu akuyona inhlamba ehleliwe; kuyizinto ezihlelelwe ukuphazamisa ingqondo.

Ukudweba Nokuphawula Okuyinkimbinkimbi

Mhlawumbe ithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu enqolobaneni yombheki wemali ephoqelelwayo liyindlela elula yokukhetha amagama. Ilebula elisetshenziswayo enkambisweni linquma ukusekela kwayo komphakathi. Intela yefa yaba "intela yokufa," eyaguqula intela kwabacebile ngokushesha yaba usongo kuyo yonke imikhaya elusizi. "Imali echithwayo" yaba "udoti wentela owenziwe ngokusemthethweni" ukuhlola kokuhlola okukhona kuqala. Umbuzo obuza ngezimiso zezemvelo" amafelemu amelene nenqubo yokulwa kwemithetho ngaphambi kokuba basebenzise okuqukethwe. Igama elilayishiwe lenza umsebenzi wempikiswano yezombangazwe.

Isayensi Yokusebenza Kwamathambo Nendlela Yombuzo

Ngaphandle kokukhetha igama ngalinye, isimo somusho singaphoqelela ubandlululo. Ama-spective agxekayo ("Ungacabangi ukuthi...", "Akulona iqiniso ukuthi..."" yakha ukucindezela kokuxoxa ukuze uvumelane. Enkulumweni ejwayelekile, "yebo" impendulo ku "Ungacabangi ukuthi isimo sezulu sihle?" ayilungile. Kukukhetha okupholile. Ekucindezeleni okuphoqelelwe, lomthetho wokuziphatha okuhloniphekayo uncishiswe ukuze uzuze isivumelwano esiphambene. Imibuzo eqala nge "Isizathu" futhi nesenzo ngokwaso. "Kungani u-X wavota X ukuphakamisa intela?" Isiphi isizathu esenza ukuba u-Canditete wavotela intela?" Isinqumo esinguX wavotela, ukucindezela ukuvikela isenzo esingasenzi yiqiniso.

Ukuzibeka Phambili Nemibuzo Enzima

Ukuzibeka kuyinto ecacile ebekwe embuzweni okumelwe wamukelwe ukuze kucaciswe. "Kungani u-X ebuthakathaka kangaka ebugebengwini?" Imibono yokuthi u-Candidate X ubuthakathaka, empeleni, ubuthakathaka ebugebengwini. Impendulo, uma ingaqaphelisisi, yamukela ukuma ngokuthi iphuzu elinikezwayo liyiqiniso lapho ukhankanya impendulo yabo. "Uyekile ukushaya umkakho?" iyisibonelo sencwadi yezincwadi. Emkhankambisweni, isobala njengo "Ungavumelani ukuthi ukunganaki kukaMbusi kulimaza izikole zethu?" Igama elithi "Awuyenzi lutho" liyisubandlu. Isimo "Ungavumelani... sicabanga ukuthi uyavuma, ukusabela kuleyonto.

Ukuhlasela Okuthintayo Nokuzitika Okungokomzwelo

Ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe ngokuvamile kufuna ukuhlanganisa umzwelo othile ophambene. Imibuzo iklanyelwe ukubangela ukwesaba, intukuthelo, noma ukunengwa. "Ingabe kuyakukhathaza ukuthi u-Candite Y uvotela ngokumelene nezimali zalabo abaphendula kuqala?" Igama "ikhasi" lingumsebenzi omncane, kodwa ngokuvamile likhuliswa liba "ocanced," "ohanjiwe," noma "odanjiwe". Ngokuxuba ngokuphindaphindiwe nomphikisi nale mizwelo ephambene neyakhene, ilulaza i-screce yempikiswano eyodwa esontwayo engqondweni yovoti. Lokhu kuthinta ukuhlanganisa okuhle kanye nokukhathazeka.

"Imibuzo Emane Ibuze" Iphutha

Lolu uhlobo lokungaqondi okungaqondakali. Umhloli usakaza amahemuhemu noma inkolelo yozungu ngokulibeka njengendaba. Abasho amanga njengeqiniso; babuza umvoti ukuthi * uzwe * ngamanga, noma uma amanga * engazithinta ukuvota kwabo. "Ingabe uzwa izinkulumo eziphathelene nokuphila komuntu siqu kuka-Z?" noma "Ingabe kungashintsha ukuvota kwakho uma wazi ukuthi uSithasakazi Z ushilo?" Lokhu kuvumela umkhankaso ukuba uhambele enjabeni elimaza ukwaziswa kuyilapho ulondoloza ukubola okunengqondo. Abakwenzi ukuvota kwabo; bamane nje "babuza" ngakho?"

Ukuhlola Izifo Ngokushintsha Kwezilimi: Ukusuka Emigqeni Yezinhlafuno Kuya Ezindaweni Ezikuyo

Ulimi oluhlolwa ekuhloleni okuphoqelelwayo ngokuvamile luba ulimi olungokomthetho lweqembu noma umkhankaso. lusebenza njengolimi olukhulunywayo emayini yamalahle, oluhlola amagama azwakala ngokuphumelelayo kakhulu ngezilaleli eziwafunayo.

Ukunakekela impilo: "Izindawo zokubulala" ne "Imithi Eqeshiwe"

Phakathi nempikiswano ka-2009 ye-Affordble Care Act, abaphikisi babebuza: "Ungasekela izinhlobonhlobo zamafelemu." kwakuvamile, kodwa ifulegi elinamandla kakhulu elavela kwakuyi "izikhundla zokufa". Lamazwi, azalwa ngokufundwa ngokusontekile kwelungiselelo lokuqeda ukufundisa ukuphila, ayephoqelelwa kakhulu. Umbuzo wawubuza: "Usekela isimemezelo somthetho kahulumeni odala izindawo zokunquma ukuthi bayanakekelwa yini?" Lokhu kwakungamanga ngempela, kodwa ukudayisa ulimi kwakuphumelela kakhulu.

Umjaho Nezinsimbi Eziphelele Kukhetho Lwango - 2008

Ukukhetha kukaBarack Obama akuzange kuphele ekuhlohleni; kwakuvuselele kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi ubuhlanga obabusobala babungamukeleki kakhulu emphakathini, ukusunduza ukuphenya kwanikeza umzila ofihlayo wokusebenza kobandlululo. Izikhulu zikahulumeni ezikuyo zabika ukuthi zibuza imibuzo ehlanganisa uhlanga nokukhathazeka komphakathi. "Ingabe ungaba nokwenzeka kakhulu ukuvota uBarack Obama uma wazi ukuthi ungumSulumane?" (Ucabanga ukuthi ubudlelwane bukaBack Obama noReverend Jeremiaright buveza izindinganiso zakhe eziyiqiniso?" Lemibuzo yayisakaza izinto zokucwaninga zokucwaninga nokwembula izinkolelo-zincwadi futhi yasola iziphakaliso zenkolo ngaphansi kokuzigotela izinkathazo zesiko, ukuveza isikhundla sobuko.

Ezezimali: "UMdali kaJobe" vs. "Umphathi wentela weSikhungo"

Ulimi lwezomnotho luncintiswane kakhulu. Igama elithi "job abadali" liyikhokha lobungcweti. Kusho ukuthi abantu abacebile nezinkampani bangabashicileli abalungile bemisebenzi, bafanelwe amakhefu entela. Ukuncintiswa kwezisebenzi zezentengiselwano kungabuza: "Uyayisekela yini icebo loMbusi lokuphakamisa intela kubasunguli bethu bemisebenzi bendawo?" ngokuphikisanayo, ukuhlola okuqhubekayo kungabuza: "Ingabe ukhathazekile ukuthi uMbusi uvumela izingcibi zentela zenkampani ukuba zigweme ukukhokha isabelo sabo esiqotho? ”

Izibonelo zomhlaba wonke: "Bheka Ukwesaba" ne-EU Referendedum

I-Breinpum ka-2016 i-Bring i-Bret'm i-Breavenum yayiyi-secure yemikhakha yezilimi ezisunduzayo ngokwesilinganiso sesizwe. I-"Project Fear" ilebula le-Bretipers ukuba ihlele noma isiphi impikiswano njengesasivumisi. Lomkhankaso wasebenzisa futhi ukusunduza isitayela somgqomo kashela. "Ungakhetha ukushiya i-EUNI uma wazi ukuthi i-EU i-EU nezigidi zezakhamuzi zase-Turkey zazingaya e-UK?" Lombuzo wafaka i-lithi yenkohliso (Turkey yayingasondelengahlangani ukujoyina) ne-xephoicked ngesiqu esisodwa esincipheni. Ulimi lombuzo lwe-Anto lwempikiswano lungenza umsebenzi wempikiswano yezombangazwe ngaphandle kokuphikisana.

Imiphumela Elinganiswayo Yemibuzo Engcolile

Nakuba kunzima ukuveza ngokuqondile imiphumela engokwengqondo yolimi lokuphoqelela ifakazelwa kahle. Imiphumela yokuhlola, ehlolwa kakhulu nguDaniel Kahneman no-Amos Tversky, ibonisa ukuthi indlela inkinga noma umbuzo obuzwa ngayo ishintsha ngokuphawulekayo impendulo. Imiphumela engokoqobo "Isifo se-Asian Disease" ibonisa ukuthi abantu basabela ngokuhlukile ku "amaphutha" vs. "inkosikazi," ngisho nalapho imiphumela ifana ngokwezibalo. impompela ixhaphaza ngokusebenzisa le "impikiswano ye-ntiyo"" ngokwengqondo ihlelekamenumcations ukunaka kakhulu futhi ilahlekelwe yimiqondo eqondile. I-octive i-octive ishovene." i-proftivessssssssss inviductive "sholorighter" efuna ukugcinyolwe yi-me.

Ukuncipha Kokwethembana Ekucwaningeni

Enye yemiphumela ebaluleke kakhulu, kodwa enganakwa, ukuphenya ithonya eliyingozi ekuhlolweni okubangelwa yikho ukucwaninga okusemthethweni. Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho umvoti ethola ucingo olucindezelayo, ukuthembela kwakhe ku "ukucwaninga okunamandla" kuyancipha. Lokhu kunciphisa izinga lokusabela kwabavoti abasemthethweni, okudala umjikelezo onzima lapho kuba nzima khona ukulinganisela ngokunembile umbono womphakathi. Ulimi lokuphoqelela ukuhlola lulimaza imithombo yanoma imuphi umuntu.

Imingcele Nezigebengu Ezilawulayo

Isimiso somthetho sokuhlola sicacile. ISichibiyelo somthetho simelene ngokuqondile nokuphenya, sichaza ukuthi "usongo oluwumshoshaphansi lokuhlola" ukuthi "awulinganisi umbono womphakathi kodwa ufuna ukuwulawula." ubandlululo lwezilimi luyisibonakaliso esicacile. Nokho, imikhankaso yezombangazwe isebenza endaweni empunga. ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela inkulumo yezombangazwe, ngisho nenkulumo eshubile. Lokhu kwenza ukuba umthetho ube nzima kakhulu. Okunye kudinga ukuvunywa komthetho okhokhelwa ukuvota, kuyilapho amanye amazwe efuna imithetho emelene "nokwenza ipesenti" noma "ukusakaza ulwazi olungamanga" kodwa ukugcinwa akuvamile. Umgca phakathi kokucwaninga okuqinile "ukushaya ucingo" nokucusha okukhohlisayo. Ulimi luvame ukuphikisa.

Isiphetho: Ukugoma Umphakathi Ngokumelene Nokulawula Izilimi

Ubandlululo lolimi ekuhloleni okuphoqelelayo luyisici esiyinhloko sempi yolwazi echaza okhetho lwesikhathi samanje. Ngokuqonda izinqubo ezithile, abavoti bangazifaka ngokwabo emiphumeleni ehlongozwayo. Ukuthola ukuhlolwa okungase kuphoqelelwe, qaphela la maflagi abomvu:

  • [[UMTH:0] Ubude be-Extreme:[[FT:1] Imfushane kakhulu futhi ayinikezi kwaziswa okulinganiselwe.
  • [[NTL:0] Umbuzo uqukethe ilebula elibi noma isimangalo esingagunyazwanga (umz., "ukusebenzisa okungathandeki," "uhluzo oluhleliwe").
  • [[UMTL:0] Imibono:[ Umbuzo uthatha iqiniso ongaliqiniseki (umk., "Uyavuma ukuthi u-X wonakele?").
  • [[UMTHOMBO: 0] Umthombo: Oshayela ucingo akakwazi ukusho ngokucacile ukuthi ubani okhokhela ukucwaninga.
  • Akukho ukujula: Ukuhlola akubuzi ukuthi isho ukuthini noma isilinganiso sombono; kumane kulahle ukusho okuthile.

Izintatheli nabahloli beqiniso banendima yokudlala ekudaleni umthombo kanye nokuqukethwe yilokhu kuhlola okuthwetshuliwe. Ngokukhanyisa ukukhanya emagameni aqondile namagama asetshenziswa ukuphoqelela imibono, singanciphisa amandla abo. Enkathini yokuncipha kwemikhawulo yokunaka nokukhula, ulimi olubalwayo lokuhlola olusalokhu luhlala lungenye yamathuluzi awumshoshaphansi kakhulu kulencwadi yokudlala. Ukuqaphela ifulemu kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekuphuleni.