Idemokrasi isekelwe esisekelweni sokumelelwa ngokulunga, kodwa izimiso zokhetho ezisetshenziselwa ukuhumusha amavoti ezihlalweni ziyahlukahluka kakhulu emazweni. Ukukhethwa kwesimiso sokuvota kuhlela izindawo zezombangazwe, kuthinta ukuziphatha kovoti, futhi kunquma ukuthi ngubani ozwakalayo emagumbini omthetho. Phakathi kohlu olukhulayo lwezinto ezisetshenziswayo kunokuthatha zonke izindlela ezingokwesiko, iPportonal Imemodification (PR) ivela njengesibonelo esiphoqelelayo esihlela ukuvumelana nokwehlukahlukahluka. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimiso eziyinhloko zePR, izakhiwo zayo ezihlukahlukene, ukudayisa, ukudayisa okuveza, nendlela izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene eziye zamukela ngayo ukubuyisela imibuso yazo.

Kufanekiselani Okushiwoyo?

I-Propotional amedivisation iwuhlobo lwezimiso ze-votoral eklanyelwe ukwabela izihlalo zomthetho ngokulingana ngqo namavoti atholwa yilungu ngalinye. Ngokungafani nobuningi noma izimiso ze-aquality, lapho umdwebi engawina khona ngobuningi kuphela (umz., u-Past- Post) noma alonde inani eliphelele (umz., i-gebond system system), PR ihlose ukutshengisa umshini ngokunembile ngangokunokwenzeka. Uma iqembu liwina i-30% yevoti, kufanele lamukele cishe i-30% yezihlalo zomthetho −a isimiso esilula esinemiphumela ejulileyo yokubusa nokumelela.

Isisekelo sefilosofi yePR sisekelwe embonweni wokuthi yonke imivoti kufanele iphathe isisindo esilinganayo. Kuzo zonke izimiso eziphumeleleyo, amavoti ahlawulwayo aphumelela "adukiswa," futhi izingxenye ezinkulu zomphakathi zingashiywa ngaphandle kwezwi. Izimiso zePR zizama ukunciphisa amavoti ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu namaqembu amancane kunawo wonke angomelelwa. Lokhu kushintsha kungaguqula kakhulu indlela amaqembu alwa ngayo, indlela imifelandawo emiswa ngayo, nendlela izakhamuzi eziqaphela ngayo ithonya lazo enkambisweni kahulumeni.

Izinhlobo Zezimiso Zokumelela

I-PR akuyona indlela eyodwa kodwa iqoqo lezimiso, ngalinye elinemithetho yalo yokuguqula amavoti abe izihlalo. Amafomu amathathu avamile yi-Party-Durce PR, i-Oulttable Vote (STV), ne-Mixed-Mber Proportonal (MMP). Ukuqonda ukuthi ukungafani kwawo kubaluleke kangakanani ekuhloleni ukuthi isiphi isiko esingase sifanelane nenkambiso yezombangazwe.

Ukumelelwa Kohlu Lweqembu

Ku-Partive-List PR, abavoti bakhetha iqembu lezombangazwe kunokuba bakhethe abazobhapathizwa ngabanye. Izindawo ezikhona zinezinombolo ezithi zibekwe abazobhapathizwa esifundeni ngasinye (noma ezweni), futhi izihlalo zabelwa amaqembu ahlolwa ngokwengxenye yawo yokuvota. Umnyango wokuthola izihlalo ungahlukahluka-hluka-hluka----8 amanye amazwe abeka isilinganiso esincane (umzk., 5% eJalimane kumaqembu angaphansi kwalowomnyango) ukuze kuvinjelwe ukwahlukana. Kunezihlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko:

  • Uhlu oluvalekile:[ Iqembu linquma uhlelo lwabazobhapathizwa, futhi abavoti abanazwi lokuthi abantu bakhethwa kulololuhlu. Lokhu kunikeza ukubusa kweqembu ngamandla ukuthi ubani ongena ephalamendeni.
  • Uhlu oluvulekile: Amavoter angabonisa izintandokazi ezithile ezisohlwini lweqembu, ezivumela ukuba zithonye ukuthi obani abantu abaphakanyisiwe. Lokhu kwandisa i-palette yovota kodwa futhi kungadala umncintiswano we-intra-party.

Izimiso zodwebo lwePhakathi zisetshenziswa kabanzi: i-Israel, i-Netherlands, i-South Africa, kanye nezizwe eziningi ze-Latin America zisebenzisa inguquko ethile. Ukukhetha okulula kweqembu − ukukhetha iqembu elifuna ukubhapathiza, kodwa ukungazilandi ngendawo kuvame ukugxekwa.

Umsindo owodwa odluliswayo (STV)

STV ingumkhokhi osetshenziswa ezifundeni eziningi. Abavoters banezigaba ngokulandelana kokuthandayo (1, 2, 3, njll.). Ukuze bawine esihlalweni, ozothatha i-STV kumelwe afinyelele isilinganiso samavoti (obalwe ngokwenani lezihlalo nangamavoti asemthethweni). Uma isigqebhezana sidlula inani, amavoti amaningi adluliselwa kokunye okuthandayo kwebhola ngalinye. Uma kungekho mfundi ofinyelela isilinganiso, i-project ongaphansi kuyasuswa, futhi amavoti abo athunyelwe ekukhetheni okuthandwa okulandelayo. Le nqubo iyaqhubeka ikhona kuze kube yilapho zonke izihlalo zigcwalisiwe.

I-STV inconywa ngekhono layo lokuhambisa imiphumela elinganayo kuyilapho ivumela abavoti ukuba bachaze okuthandwayo emigqeni yeqembu. Isetshenziselwa i-Australian Camp, i-Irish Dáil, nokhetho lwendawo eScotland nase-New Zealand. Nokho, ubunkimbinkimbi be-STV bungaba yisithiyo ezindaweni ezinemfundo elinganiselwe noma imfundo elinganiselwe yabavoti.

I - member Proportigal (MMP) exutshiwe

MMP ihlanganisa isitho esithathile-yonke (ngokuvamile izigodi ezinezingxenye ezikhethwe ngokwengxenye eyodwa) ngengxenye ehlukene. Amavoter afaka amabhola amabili: esinye sawo omfundi (i- "nominal") nesinye sohlu lweqembu (ivoti). Ama-setts ohlwini lwezihlalo zomthetho agcwaliswa kuqala ngabawini besifunda. Khona - ke, izihlalo ezengeziwe zabelwa amaqembu ukuba alethe isabelo sawo sesihlalo ngohlu lwevoti. Isibonelo, uma iqembu liwina izihlalo eziyishumi kodwa uhlu lwalo lwalo luzibophela ezihlalweni ezingamashumi amabili, lamukela izihlalo eziyishumi ukuze lifinyelele isilinganiso esilungile.

I-MMP isetshenziswa eJalimane, e-New Zealand, eBolivia, nakwamanye amazwe amaningana. Ilondoloza ukuma kwezwe kuyilapho iqinisekisa ukulingana. Nokho, isimiso sobubili bebhola singadida abanye abavoti, futhi "izihlalo ze-avergang" (lapho iqembu liwina izihlalo zesifunda eziningi kunohlu lwalo lokuvota) kungabangela ukuba kube nzima ukulinganisela.

Izinzuzo Zokumelela Okuvela Kuleli Mephu

Abasekeli be - PR bakhomba ochungechungeni lwezinzuzo zentando yeningi ezidlulela ngalé kokwabiwa kwezindawo zokuhlala ezilula.

Ukuvezwa Kwezithakazelo Ezihlukahlukene

Inzuzo evame ukuvezwa ukuthi i-PR ivumela amaqembu amancane cishe asekelwe emfundisweni, ebukweni, enkolweni, noma ezweni(ukuthola izihlalo). Emzamweni othola izihlalo zonke, umncintiswano onezingxenye ezingu-15% ezweni lonke ungazuza izihlalo ze-zero; ePR, ingazuza cishe i-15% yezihlalo. Lokhu kuncishiswa kunciphiswe isigaba sezombangazwe futhi kukhuthaze ukuhlanganyela kakhulu. Amazwe ane-PR athambekele ekubeni nabesifazane abaningi ephalalentele, njengoba amaqembu ngokuvamile ehlanganisa izilinganiso ezilinganayo zokudlulisela isikhalazeli esikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Parventi-List PR protrateds ye-PR sy syne inegalelo ekumeleni kwabesifazane abangaphezu kuka-45% ephalamendeni.

I-"Dowler" Imishini kanye noMkhosi ophezulu

EPR, cishe yonke ivoti isiza okhethweni. Lokhu kunciphisa isenzeko "sokuvota" lapho abavoti bezizwa bephoqelekile khona ukusekela iqembu elikhulu ukuba bagweme "ukulahla" i-colot yabo. Ukuhlola kusikisela ukuthi umvoti ovela ezimisweni zePR uhlale eveza amaphuzu aphakeme kakhulu kunasezimisweni eziningi, ngisho nangemva kokulawula ezinye izici. Uma izakhamuzi zizazi izindaba zazo, zisengozini kakhulu yokuhlanganyela futhi zihlale zibophele phakathi kokhetho.

Ukuhlukahluka Kweqembu Elikhulu Nokusekela Isimiso

I-PR ngokuvamile iholela ezinhlanganweni ezinezigaba eziningi, eziphoqelela amaqembu ukuba azwane futhi akhe imifelandawonye. Amakhothali angamelela ububanzi besiphambano somphakathi kunohulumeni owodwa. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuphumela ezimisweni eziningi zepesenti ngenxa yokuthi ukuyekethisa kuyadingeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu amancane angaveza imibono emisha kamuva ethathwa amalungu amakhulu.

Ukuncishiswa Kwe - Gerrymander

Izimiso ze-PR, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisekelwe ezifundeni eziningi noma ezinhlabeni zomhlaba wonke, azinakho ukungenwa yi-gerrymandering − ukusetshenziswa kwemingcele yesifunda ukuze kuzuze abashokobezi. KuLuhlu lwe-PR, imingcele yesifunda ingaba yilutho kakhulu, futhi e-STV, i-STV, i-ocessic gevers ingazinika izigodi kodwa ingalinyaza kakhulu i-oralgatence. Lokhu kungabuyisela ukuthemba enqubeni yokukhetha.

Izingozi Nokugxekwa Kokumelela

Naphezu kwamandla ayo, i-PR iyakwazi ukunqanda ukuhweba. Abagxeki bakhomba amaphutha amaningana angenzeka okumelwe aqondiswe ngokucophelela.

Ukungavumelani Nokuvala I - grid

Ukuthambekela kwe-PR ekukhiqizeni ohulumeni abahlangene ngezinye izikhathi kungaholela ekuntengantengisweni. Emazweni anjenge-Israel ne-Italy, izigebengu ziye zabangela izivumelwano eziphilile kanye nokwenza izinqumo ezithatha isikhathi esifushane. Izingxoxo zokuhlanganisa izivumelwano zingathatha amasonto noma izinyanga, zishiye indawo engenalutho yezombangazwe. Nokho, lokhu akunakugwenywa − → IGermany neNetherlands ziye zalondoloza ukubusa okuqinile naphezu kwemifelandawonye ngokusebenzisa izivumelwano eziqinile nezivumelwano zokwakha ukungathembi.

Ukudideka Okuyinkimbinkimbi Nokuguquguquka Kwemisindo

Izinhlelo ezinjenge-STV ne-MMP zidinga abavoti ukuba baqonde ama-pad olball amabili. Ezindaweni ezinemfundo ephansi noma ulwazi olulinganiselwe ngokuvota, lobu bunzima bungacindezela ukuthatha isinyathelo noma buholele kwabavoti abangasebenzanga. Umkhankaso wemfundo ophumelelayo ubalulekile ukuze kushintsheke i-PR ngokuphumelelayo.

Ingozi Yokukhishwa Nokuhlukaniswa Kweqembu

Ngokunciphisa isithiyo ukuze sifanekiswe, i-PR ingavumela amalungu athathelwanayo amelene nedemocratic noma amapulatifomu anenzondo − ukuba athole indawo eqinile ephalamendeni. Lokhu kuyinto ekhathaza kakhulu, njengoba kubonakala kwamanye amazwe lapho amaqembu amancane ashisekela ukushisekela ukuvelela ephazamise inkulumo. Izimiso eziningi zePR zikhuluma ngalokhu ngezimfuneko zomnyango (umz. 3-5%) ukuvimbela amaqebeva. Nokho, iminyango ephakeme kakhulu inganciphisa ukulingana, ngakho ukulinganisela kumelwe kugawulwe.

Imifanekiso Yezwe Entengantengayo

Ezimisweni eziningi ze-PR − ikakhulukazi izilinganiso ezinkulu zengxenye azinakukwazi ukubheka ummeleli ngamunye ngokuqondile ngezindaba zendawo. Lokhu kungaqeda ukuhlobana okungakholisa izakhamuzi eziningi. I-MMP ne-STV yohlisa lokhu ngezinga elithile ngokugcina izigodi zendawo, kodwa ukudayisa okusele.

Izibonelo Zomhlaba Wonke Zokumelela Kwamaprojekthi Enquboni

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi i - PR iye yasetshenziswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene futhi yaba nemiphumela ehlukahlukene.

IJalimane: Isibonelo Se - MP

IBundestag yaseJalimane isebenzisa i-MMP eneziqeshana ezingu-299 zezihlalo (amanani asanda kushintshwa). Izimiso zifake amavoti amabili. Isimiso siye saveza uhulumeni ohlangene ngokulandelana phakathi kwe-Christ Democratic Union (CDU) ne-Social Democratic Party (SPD) ne-Boundation (SPD) ezinamabhungane amancane (ngokwakhona) (ngesikhathi sivumela iGreens, FDP, ne-left Party ukuba ihlale izihlalo ezilondekile. Isimiso se-5% sivimbela ukwehlukana kwemigqa. Isimiso saseJalimane sifundwa kabanzi njengeproteni ephumelelayo. i-BDMFDMFD's sinikeza ukwaziswa okuningiliziweyo ngendlela esemthethweni.[FFFMF:1]

INew Zealand: Isimiso Esincane SePR

I-New Zealand yashintshwa isuka ku-FPP iya ku-MMP ngo-1996 ngemva kwezinhlangothi ezimbili. Ukushintshwa kwaholela ekumelelweni okuhlukene kakhulu (izihlalo ezihlukene, abesifazane abaningi nedlanzana epalamende) nohulumeni abahlangene. Isimiso ngokuvamile siye samukelwa kahle, nakuba kuye kwaba nezimemo zokuguqula i-"i-intshi" yomthetho kanye nezihlalo ezingaphezulu. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwaseNew Zealand kubonisa ukuthi ukuguqukela okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuxhumana komphakathi okukhulu nokusetshenziswa okunesigaba. i-Ectoral Commission of New Zealand ichaza i-MMP ngomniningwane.

I - Ireland: Umculo Ohambayo Owodwa

I-Dáil Éireann yase-Ireland ikhethwa ngokusebenzisa i-STV ezihlalweni eziningi. Isimiso sikhuthaza ukuncintisana kwe-intra-particy futhi sivumela abavoti ukuba bahlele i-Oitaachtas (IPhalamende Lesizwe) linikeza ukucubungula kwesimiso sokhetho lwe-voti. Ubunkimbinki bokuvota bungabambezela kodwa ukwanda kuphakeme. [[FLT: 0] I-Oirhagtas (IPhalamende Le-palemende) linikeza ukucutshulwa kwendlela ye-mfakela.

ENingizimu Afrika: Uhlu lweqembu PR

I-Post-partheid South Africa yamukela i-Party List PR ukuze iqinisekise ukuthi i-PR imelelwa kahle abantu bayo abahlukahlukene. Isimiso sisebenzisa izinhlu ezivalekile emazingeni esizwe nawesifunda, ngaphandle komnyango. I-African National Congress (ANC) iye yabusa, kodwa imibuthano emincane njenge Democratic Alliance and Economic Freedom Profecters imela iqinile. Isimiso siye sasiza ekwakheni idemokrame eliqinile kodwa siye sagxekwa ngokwenza ama-MPs abebuholi bobuholi beqembu kunase. Kukhona izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo eziphathelene nokuveza isici se-democracy.

INetherlands: Isimiso Sokukhiqiza Okuhlanzekile

I-Netherlands isebenzisa isimiso sesizwe se-Party-List enomngcele owodwa ohlanganisa izwe lonke. Noma iliphi iqembu elifinyelela u-0.67% we-vot (isihlalo esisodwa) livikela ukumelelwa. Lokhu kulingana okukhulu kuholele ephalamendeni elihlukene kakhulu (kungaphezu kwamaqembu ayishumi nambili), elifuna isakhiwo esikhulu esihlangene. Isimiso siveza ipalamende elithandeka kakhulu kumvoti wezibuko kodwa elingathatha kancane ukwakha ohulumeni. Umnyango wamaDashi uchaza ukwakhiwa kwemifelandawo.

Ukugcwalisa Izinselele Nokucabangela Ukushintsha Izikhathi

Ukusuka ebuningini noma esimisweni sobufundisi ukuya ePR akuvamile ukuqondeka. i-prelitinatio, inzuzo enzima, nokungaqiniseki komphakathi kuletha izithiyo ezinkulu. Ukucabangela okubalulekile kuhlanganisa:

  • Ukwakha Ukusekela Komphakathi: Ukushintsha okuphumelelayo, njengaseNew Zealand, kuvame ukuhilela inqubo yesiteji esineminingi: i-arhente, i-athome, kanye nokuthatha kancane kancane esimisweni esisha. Imikhankaso yemfundo ibalulekile ukuchaza ukuthi iPR isebenza kanjani nokuthi ukuvota kuzakushintsha kanjani.
  • Ukukhetha i-red Variant: Ukukhetha phakathi koHluka lweQela, i-STV, noma i-MMP kuxhomeke ekukhuleni kwezwe, ukuhlukahluka kwenani labantu, namasiko ezombangazwe akhona. Isimiso esisebenza kahle e-Ireland singase singafanelani nezwe elikhulu, eliphethe njenge-United States.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukulungisa i-Magnatie yesigodi: Inani lezihlalo esifundeni (ubukhulu besigaba) lithinta ukulingana. Ubukhulu obuphezulu (izihlalo eziningi esifundeni ngasinye) buveza ukulingana okukhulu kodwa obuqinile. Ubungako obuphezulu bezwe bungaveza imiphumela ehlukene. Umklamo olinganiselayo ubalulekile.
  • Umklamo wokwehlukanisa: Ukumisa umnyango ohlukanisayo (umzk., 3-5%) kungavimbela amaqenjana amancane kanye nabashisekeli abangena ngokungena ephalamende, kodwa umnyango ophakeme kakhulu unciphisa ukulingana. Umnyango ongcono kakhulu uveza ukubekezelela komphakathi ukwahlukahluka nengozi yokwehlukana.
  • Ukuqeda iPromolist Preg ifuna izijoyina ukuba zikhululeke ngokubusa nokuhlehla okuhlangene. Kuwo wonke umkhakha onqobayo, lokhu kushintsha kungaba nzima. Ukuqeqeshela izisebenzi zezombangazwe nezomphakathi ekuxoxisaneni nakumandla kungadambisa ushintsho.

Ezinye Izindlela Nezinguquko Eziyisekelayo

I-PR akuyona kuphela enye indlela yokuthola ukuvota. Ezinye izimiso zihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhetha Okuhle okungakhanyiwe (I-Instant- Runoff Voting): Kusetshenziswa okhethweni olulodwa lwewinner, abavoti. Uma kungekho muntu ofinyelela iningi, isigqebhezana sokugcina sendawo siyasuswa futhi sidluliswe. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi umbali omkhulu akalingani. Eminye imikhakhakha ihlanganisa i-RCV nezifunda eziningi (ingxenye ye-STV) ukuze kuphumele imiphumela elinganiswayo.
  • Approricition Voting:[ Amavota angavotela abaningi abazobhapathizwa ngendlela abafisa ngayo. Umfundi othola imvume enkulu unqoba. Lokhu kunganciphisa ukuhlukana kwevoti kodwa akuqinisekisi ukuba lingani.
  • I-MEMber Majoritarian (MMMM): efana ne-MMP kodwa izihlalo zohlu azikulungisi ukufinyela kwezifunda ezinezingxenye eyodwa. Isetshenziswa eJapane, ilondoloza ubandlululo olukhulu.

Noma iziphi izinguquko ezikhethwayo kufanele zicabangele imigomo eqondile: ukumelela okwengeziwe, ukulandisa okunamandla, noma ukuvota okulula. iPR iphumelela kakhulu ngokulingana nangokuhlanganiswa, kodwa ezinye izimiso zingafeza izinto eziza kuqala ezihlukile.

Isiphetho

I-Proportigational Imagement inikeza umbono onamandla wentando yeningi lapho ivoti ngayinye ibala khona ngempela futhi lapho ipalamende iveza khona imibala ehlukene yomphakathi. Izinzuzo zayo ekunciphiseni amavoti alahlwayo, ukubolekisa, nokukhuthaza ukubusa okuzimele kubhalwe kahle. Nokho ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwangempela kwezwe le-PR /colialiatics, ingozi yokungaguquguquki, okungabangela ukungahleleki kwe-"asehlela. Isihluthulelo sisemklamweni wokunakekela ngokucophelela: ukukhetha igebebebebe, ukumisa izisekelo ezifanele, nokufaka imali yezemfundo nesikhundla sezequlu ngokomthetho. Amazwe anjenge-Jalimane, i-New Zealand, i-Ireland, ne-Netherlands abonisa ukuthi i-PR ingenza intelligement futhi izuze kakhulu isikhathi. Njengoba ushintsho lwenguquko lwezwe lonke, ukuqonda kwe-PR kungcono noma isiphi isimiso somphakathi sesimiso somphakathi esiwusizo futhi sifuna ukusekela esingcono.