Ukuqonda imingcele yegunya likahulumeni kubalulekile ukuze kusetshenziswe idemokrasi. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda ukuthi amandla angokomthetho aphelaphi futhi kuqale inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuba zigcine izinhlangano zinecala. Lokhu kuhlola kuhlola isilinganiso samandla kahulumeni angokomlando, angokomthetho, nawamanje, kuhlola indlela izinhlangano eziye zafuna ngayo ukuvala igunya phakathi kwemingcele elawulekayo kuyilapho zilondoloza amandla okubusa ngokuphumelelayo.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Segunya Likahulumeni

Umbuzo wokuthi uhulumeni kufanele ube namandla angakanani uhulumeni osuthathe izihlakaniphi zezombangazwe emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Umqondo wanamuhla kahulumeni olinganiselwe wavela enkathini yokuKhanyiselwa, lapho izazi zefilosofi ziqala ukubekela inselele ilungelo laphezulu lamakhosi nokusekela ukubusa okusekelwe ekwakheni. UJohn Locke, kuhulumeni wakhe uSivumelwano lukaHulumeni [[[FLTLT:1], waphikisa ngokuthi igunya elingokomthetho lisuka emvumeni yababusini nakuleyo ephula amalungelo emvelo ephula isivumelwano sezenhlalo. Imibono yakhe yathonya kakhulu abaMelika abaHluleki, abafaka izimiso ze-Lockes eSivumelweni soMthethweno kanye noMthetho-Mthethweno.

UMontesquieu, omunye umcabangi wokukhanyiselwa, wathuthukisa umqondo wokuthi amandla kumelwe ahlole amandla. Umoya woMthetho , wasikisela ukuba kuhlukaniswe uhulumeni ube yimithetho, umphathi, namagatsha okwahlulela. Lesi sakhiwo sokuhlola saklanyelwa ukuvimbela noma yisiphi isici esisodwa ukuba singenise amandla anele ukusongela inkululeko. Abahleli bomthetho-mthetho baseMelika bamukela loluhlelo ngokuqondile, badala isimiso lapho igatsha ngalinye lingamelana khona nokungenela kwabanye.

Izenzakalo ezingokomlando eziyinhloko zabuye zahlela imingcele yegunya likahulumeni. IMagna Carta (1215) yasungula ukuthi ngisho nenkosi yayingaphansi komthetho, imisa isisekelo sokunqatshelwa kwababusi okungokomthetho. I-Ngishi Bill of Rights (1689) yafaka iziqondiso eziqinile zokuvikelwa ukuboshelwa komthetho ozimele ne-pager, izinto ezavela kamuva e-U.S Bill of Rights. Inguquko yaseMelika ngokwayo yayiwukuvukela okucatshangelwayo (ukukhubazeka okungamele), imfuneko, futhi imile amabutho evimbela umthetho-mthetho ngokuthula. Lezi zikhalo zabekwa ezivinjeni ezithiwe zivinjelwe iSiphendulo sesine ekuhlolweni okungenangqondo nemithetho enqandaweni kwezelelwe iSithathu iSithathu.

I-Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 no 1960 imelela umzabalazo wamuva kakhulu wokuguqula igunya likahulumeni. Abalweli bomthetho babekela izimpikiswano zamalungelo ezwe ezazithethelele ukwahlukana, ziphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba aphoqelele izivumelwano zomthetho-sisekelo zokulingana. Inhlangano yabonisa ukuthi imingcele yegunya ayimi ndawonye; izenzakalela ngokucindezela komphakathi nangencazelo yokwahlulela.

Izimiso Zomthetho Ezilinganisela Amandla Kahulumeni

Ukuqonda lezi zimiso kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhlaziya noma ukusekela izinguquko ezizokwenziwa uhulumeni.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Ukwahlukaniswa kwemibuso kuhlukanisa uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni ube amagatsha amathathu alinganayo: izishaya-mthetho, isikhulu, nokwahlulela. Igatsha ngalinye liqhuba imisebenzi ehlukile. Igatsha ngalinye libhala imithetho, uMongameli uyayiphoqelela, futhi izinkantolo ziyichaza. Lengxenye ivimbela ukubekwa kwegunya elaholela ebushiqelani ngokwesikhathi esidlule. Nokho, imingcele phakathi kwamagatsha akumelwe icaciswe njalo, futhi uMongameli ukhipha iziyalezo ezilawula umthetho, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zishaya imithetho esekelwe emingceleni engokomthetho. Lezi zindawo zokubhekana nomthetho zibangela ukuxabana okungaguquguquki, okuklanywe ngomklamo. Njengoba uJakobe Madisonda kubhalwe kuFederalist No. 51, "igquality" kumelwe zenziwe ukuba kugwetshwe ukulwa kwesifiso sokuvelela."""

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Amasesha nama-aspects anikeza igatsha ngalinye amathuluzi okumelana nokuphanjwa ezinye. UMongameli angawukhipha umthetho, kodwa uMkhandlu ungawudlulisa lowo mthetho kanye nezingxenye ezimbili. ISigeqe siqinisekisa ama-mine nezivumelwano zokwahlulela, kuyilapho i House iqala izikweleti zemali. Imithetho ingamemezela imithetho engagunyazi ukucubungula ngokuhlola insimbi, amandla asungulwe [[FLT: 0] ku-marbury v. Madison [180].[12] [i-sclectedk]. Lezimiso ziqinisekisa ukuthi akukho gatsha elilawulayo. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho uMongameli u- Harry RUBran ezama ukuthatha izinsimbi phakathi nempi ye-Korea ukunqanda, iNkathiwe yeNka enguMnyango ephakeme [FLD] kubusa [FF:] ku-CTB].[3]

Umbuso Womthetho

Umthetho umisa umthetho wesimiso somthetho ukuthi akukho muntu, kungakhathaliseki isikhundla noma isikhundla, ongaphezulu komthetho. Izikhulu zikahulumeni kumelwe zenze ngokuvumelana negunya elinikezwa umthetho futhi azinakwenza ngamandla angenamthetho. Lomqondo udinga ukuba imithetho icace obala, iqine, futhi isetshenziswe ngokulinganayo. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sisho ukuthi i-United States ye-United States[ v. Nixon][[FLD] [19774]] [ukuthiwa ngophawu oluphoqelelwe ukuguqula amakhasethi njengobufakazi becala lobugebengu, ngokusho kweNkantolo yezekwayo, "Imfundiso yokuhlukanisa amagunya, noma isidingo sezentengo ephakeme yokuxhumana, ingasekela ngokuphelele, ilungelo eliphelele lobusekela ukuvikelwa kwenqubo yokwahlulela ngaphansi kwazo zonke izimo zokwahlulela." Isimiso sokubusa se-Nixon.

Ubumbano

I-Federalism ihlukanisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nohulumeni bezwe, ngamunye onezingxenye zakhe zegunya. Lesi sakhiwo sivumela ukuhlola kwendawo futhi sivimbela umuntu oyedwa ophethe ingqikithi yokulawula. ISichibiyelo seshumi seSichibiyelo sigcine izifunda (noma abantu) nanoma yiliphi imibuso engaphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni noma enqatshelwe ezizweni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukulinganisela kuye kwashintsha. Izinhlelo ze-New Deal ne Great Society zivumela ukuba zikwazi ukuthatha igunya elingokomthetho ezindaweni ezinjengezentengiselwano nenhlalakahle. Muva nje, iNkanto ephakeme yeNkantolo ilinganisele lento, njengoba ibona ku- i-National Federation of Independent [FLT] v. Sebelius .[FLD [FLG1][2012], okuyi-2012], okuncishicishiwe i-Allssion yempilo ye-Exmasterymentalism.

Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo

Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umthetho ophakeme wezwe, ukumisa ukwakhiwa kukahulumeni nokuhlelwa kwemibuso yawo. Sona kanye isimo salencwadi siveza ukusolwa okujulile kwegunya eliqinile. ISiphakamiso Ifaka wonke amandla omthetho eSishayamthetho eSishaya - mthetho, iSiphakamiso II sithwele amandla ombuso kuMongameli, neSiphakamiso III esithwele amandla okwahlulela eNkantolo Ephakeme nasezinkantolo eziphansi. Imibuso ethile enikwe igatsha ngalinye ilinganiselwe. Ngokwesibonelo, iSishaya - mthetho singasebenza kuphela ezindabeni ezikhahliweyo ePhakathini I, i-galelo-8, i-Stepticstatement shortment shortment short, izimali, ukukhokha nempi. Wonke amanye amagunya akhona asele kanye nezizwe noma abantu.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali. ISichibiyelo Sesine sivimbela ukuphenya nokuqubuka okungenangqondo, sidinga izivumelwano ezisekelwe ezimbangelani ezifanele. ISichibiyelweni Sesihlanu siqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile futhi sinqande ukuzihlukanisa. Lokhu kubhalwa ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthi uhulumeni onamandla ungayiqeda inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Azikho izinkantolo eziphelele eziqaphele ukuthi uhulumeni ungalawula inkulumo ngezizathu ezincane (umk., ukunyundelwa, ukuhlanjalazwa kwecala, ukuhlanjalazwa) nokuziphatha okuthile ngaphansi kokuzihlola ngaphansi kwezimo. Nokho, lezi zibhalwe ngokwesaba ukuthi uhulumeni onamandla uzokubusa uqobo uzakuphazamisa inkululeko.

Inqubo yokulungisa ngokwayo imelela umngcele egunyeni. ISiphakamiso V sidinga inani eliphindwe kabili-ntathu kuzo zombili izindlu zobumba (noma umhlangano obizwa ngama-3 anezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni) ukuhlongoza ukubuyiselwa, nezindawo ezintathu zokuyiguqula. Lomnyango ophezulu uqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko eziyisisekelo ehlelweni likahulumeni azinakwenziwa yinani elikhulu elidlulayo. Iziphendu ezingamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa kuphela eziye zagunyazwa emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, ezibonisa ushintsho lwamabomu omthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Izinqumo Zokwahlulela Eziwuphawu

Ijaji lifeza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni imingcele yegunya likahulumeni. Ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zichaza uMthetho-sisekelo futhi zikhiphe izenzo ezidlula imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Amacala amaningana angokomlando aye aguqula ukuqonda kwanamuhla kwalemingcele.

Marbury v. Madison (103)

Kulelicala eliyisisekelo, uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall wamisa isimiso sokubukeza kokwahlulela, “‘ amandla eNkantolo Ephakeme ukumemezela izenzo zeKhomishane engekho emthethweni. Icala lavela empikiswaneni ebekwe ngokwezombangazwe ngokumiswa kokwahlulela. Marshall wacabanga ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungumthetho ophakeme, futhi kuyisibopho somahluleli ukunquma ukuthi umthetho usho ukuthini. Lesisinqumo sanikeza izinkantolo ithuluzi elinamandla lokuhlola i-propatition kanye nesikhulu, nakuba kwamashumi eminyaka wasetshenziswa ngokungenamali.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Lesi sinqumo sohlanga olulodwa saqeda ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi, sigumbuqela imfundiso "ehlukene kodwa elinganayo" evela ku Pnety v. Ferguson [1896]. INkantolo yathi izikole ezihlukene zaphula iSikhungo sikaCelanisiso sobuhlanga. Brown[[FLT]] [FLT]] [igunya] libonisa ukuthi igunya likahulumeni alinakusetshenziswa ukukhuthaza ukucwasana ngokohlanga, ngisho noma ubandlululo olunjalo lunesibonelo somlando. Isinqumo samisa igalelo lezehlakalo lwenkululeko yenkululeko yezentengo-mthetho futhi saphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba liphoqeke ukunqanda ukuvikela i-Greast shondsssssssssss oright odeverty. National Reveluevolution [FFFold]

URade (1973)

Lesi sinqumo esiyimpikiswano saqaphela ukuthi ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo, eliboniswa yiSichibiyelo seshumi nane, lidlulela esinqumweni sowesifazane sokuqeda ukukhulelwa. INkantolo yaphawula ukuthi amashumi eminyaka angewona umthwalo ongafanele ngaphambi kokuba umbungu uphumelele, cishe ekupheleni kwe-meter wesibili. Roe [i-FLT] [i-RG] ifanekisela umngcele phakathi komuntu ngamunye namandla owe-odwa amandla ombuso phezu kobuqotho bomzimba. Amashumi eminyaka kamuva, iNkanto enkantolo e ephethe imingcele yezeluleko. [iMikhawulo yemithetho] i-Dobs. Jackson'S'S Healthoms Organization [[FLT:] [2] 202] [[FLT]]] [FFLD]] [F:4]], ibuyisela umbuzo wokukhishwa kwemishobomu enqulution.[FFFFFF:5], i-irlectionctionctionctionction

United States v. Nixon (1974)

Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, lelicala lagcizelela ukuthi uMongameli akawudluli umthetho. INkantolo yalahla ukusho kukaNixon ilungelo eliphelele lokuphatha ngokugodla ubufakazi, iyala ukukhululwa kwamakhasethi aqoshiwe ahlobene nophenyo lwe-Watergate. Isinqumo saqinisekisa futhi indima yejaji ekuchazeni imingcele yegunya lesikhulu, ngisho nasezindabeni zokuvikela kwesizwe nokuxhumana okuyimfihlo. Isazi somthetho-mthetho-mthetho u-Akhilied Remar siye sayibiza ngokuthi "indaba yamandla kamongameli obaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika" ngoba sacacisa ukuthi akukho mphathi onegunya elingabalekiyo.

Izimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo

Izimpikiswano zanamuhla ngegunya likahulumeni zigxile ebucikweni obusha bobuchwepheshe, ukukhathazeka ngokulondeka kwesizwe, kanye nokususa izimiso zezenhlalo.

Injabulo Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Izinhlelo zikahulumeni zokuhlola ziye zakhula ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ekuhlaseleni kwe-USA PARIYOTT Act. Umthetho wanika umthetho igunya elibanzi lokuqondisa ukuxhumana, amarekhodi okufinyelela kwebhizinisi, kanye nokuziphatha "sneak nokuhlola". Ukuhlola kwe-Freigntion Surveillance Act (FASA) wakha inkantolo ekhethekile yokugunyaza ukuqapha izithunywa zangaphandle, kodwa waveza ukuthi i-National Security Agement (NSA) yayiqoqa izimetabhabhuthi eziyizigidi zama-mfono. I-ACU yabekela loluhlelo inselele ku [[FLT]]] v. [FLT] [FLT] [3], iphikisana ne-Exptionsting Active Active Act. I-'Activecisor) yavumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziqhubeke ngocingo?

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Neyokuxhumana Nge - Internet

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sinqabela uhulumeni ekunqandeni inkulumo esekelwe kokuqukethwe, kodwa asizivimbeli izinkampani ezizimele ekulungiseni iziteshi zazo. Amabhuleki ezokuxhumana anjenge Facebook, iTwitter, ne-YouTube aye abhekana nokucindezela nhlangothi zombili: abagxeki abasemaceleni abekwa icala lokuhlola amazwi angaguquki, kuyilapho abagxeki bekwesobunxele bevumela inkulumo yenzondo nokungavumelani nokwehlukana kobuso ukuba kudlule. Indima kahulumeni ilinganiselwe; lapho abezombangazwe bezama ukucindezela amapulatifomu ukuze basuse okuqukethwe yikho, izinkantolo ziye zangenela. [[FLTLD:]] ISikhundla sokuHlalisa ISigqi sokuqala. [[[FLT][FLD:1] [2011] [207], inkantolo inqume ukuthi uMongameli uTrump ngeke avithiwe yisi ngenxa yemithetho yakhe enziwayo. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zingemthetho, kodwa ezinye iziphakalela ukuvinye iziphakalela izikhulu zeze iziphakaniso.

Ukuhleleka Kweqembu Eliphethe Nesenzo Esingekho

Abameli babo bobabili baye basebenzisa iziyalo zokuqondisa ukudlula imvume yokumiswa kwemithetho kanye nokumiswa kwezinguquko ngaphandle kweSishaya-mthetho. Iziqondiso zingahlanganisa ukufuduka (Isenzo Esifekthiwe Sendawo Ezungezile (Izintambo Zokubusa), i-DACA), iziqondiso zendawo ezungezile (Isimiso Segunya Elinamandla), nenkambiso yangaphandle (ukuvinjelwa). Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi abaphathi baqhubeka bephula indima yabo engokomthetho, besebenza njengabalawuli kunokuba baqondise abalawuli. Izinkantolo ziye zahlehlela emuva ezikhathini eziningana. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme isekela i-DACA ezindaweni ezilandelayo, ukuvinjelwa kweNtlango yeNtlango yezo yezonganiso ye-Ourcencev v. I-Reggens yeNhlokosi ye-list California [[FLT:] [20] kodwa yenza izikhala ezincane zokuphatha, ishiye izinselele zesikhathi esizayo. Iziqondiso ezilandelayo, igwebo, igweba ukukhipha inqunyuko, noma inqulumu yenkane yenkambiso

Ukugunyaza Amalungelo Nobuqotho Obuyintandokazi

Ilungelo lokuvota liyisisekelo sokuziphendulela ngentando yeningi, kodwa kuye kwaba yimpi eqhubekayo. I-Voting Rights Act ka-65 yanqabela ukucwasana ngokohlanga ekuvoteni futhi kwadingeka amagunya alawulayo anomlando wobandlululo ukuze kutholakale imvume kahulumeni ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokhetho (preclarancy). Shelby County v. [[FLT]] Slaven [2013]], iNkantolo ePhakathi ephakeme yahlasela inqubo esetshenziselwa ukunquma ukuthi iziphi izifunda ezivalelwe, impumelelo ekufakeni imithetho ebekwe phambili. Kusukela lapho, amazwe amaningi adlulise imithetho efuna i-votarballot, nevota ihluleka ukukhomba imvume yokukhomba. Imvume yokukhomba ihluleka ukusekela le komiti. Izikhulu zikahulumeni iyavuma, ukuvumelana kule mvume, ngenxa yemvume, imvume.

Indima Yokuhlanganyela Kwesigqibi

Ekugcineni, imingcele yegunya likahulumeni ayigcinwa yizinhlangano kuphela. Ukuthembisana kwezakhamuzi ngenkuthalo kudingekile ukuze kuvivinywe. Lapho izakhamuzi zitshelwa, zihlelekile, futhi zizimisele ukuhlanganyela, ziqinisa izinsimbi zokuqapha zentando yeningi ezivimbela ukuphamba. Isithembiso somphakathi sinezici eziningi:

  • Ukuvota: Indlela eqondile kakhulu yokuthonya isiqondiso sikahulumeni. Uvoti ophansi uphehla igunya ezithakazelweni ezikhethekile nakubantu abazimele. Amabutho aphakeme athatha ingxenye abaphathi ukuba basabele ekwahlulekeni okukhulu.
  • Ukuhlangana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe: Izincwadi, ama-imeyili, izingcingo, kanye nababekhona ehholo ledolobha kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziveze imibono yazo ezindabeni ezithile. Ukuphikelela komphakathi kushintsha indlela yokulawula, njengasemzaneni wokuqeda ukubuthwa kwempi phakathi nenkathi yeVietnam.
  • Ukungagunyazi nokuphikisa: ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela ilungelo lokuhlanganisa nokunxusa. Kusukela eBoston Tea Party kuya kuMatshi, ukubhikisha kuye kwadonsela ukunakekela ezikhalo nasekushintsheni ngempoqo. Ukungalaleli kwesizwe okunokuthula, lapho imithetho ibhekwa njengengenabulungisa, kuvivinya imingcele yegunya likahulumeni futhi ngokuvamile kuholela ekuguquleni kwezomthetho noma kwemithetho.
  • Ukugijimela ihhovisi noma ukusebenza emabhodini: Ukuhlanganyela okuqondile kuhulumeni kuwo wonke amazinga(ibhodi yesikole, umkhandlu wedolobha, isishaya-mthetho sombuso, izakhamuzi ezisendaweni lapho zingahlela khona imingcele yegunya ngaphakathi.
  • Izinhlangano eziqaphayo: Amaqembu anjenge-American Civil Liberties Union, i-Electronic Foundation, ne-Brennan Center yeJaji ihlola izenzo zikahulumeni futhi ifune ukuvimbela ukuphamba. Ukunikela noma ukuzinikela ngezinhlangano ezinjalo kwenza ukuba umqondisi womphakathi abe ngcono.

Isivumelwano somthetho-mthetho sidinga futhi imfundo. Ukuqonda uMthetho-sisekelo, iBhili yamaLungelo, nezinqumo zenkantolo eziphawula imingcele kuhlomisela izakhamuzi ukuqaphela lapho uhulumeni ethatha amanyathelo adlulele emingceleni yawo. Imithombo enjenge- yoMthetho-sisekelo wesizwe [ inikeza izinto ezitholakalayo zokuzifundela. Izikole nezinhlangano zomphakathi zingathuthukisa ukufunda umphakathi ngezifundo zemfundo yangemva kwesikole nezomphakathi. Abantu abadumile bayisivikelo esingcono kakhulu ekukhukhulekeni kwenkululeko.

Isiphetho

Imingcele yegunya likahulumeni ayimiswanga futhi ayizimiseli. Ziyimiphumela yokulwa okungokomlando, ukuklanywa komthetho-mthetho, ukuchazwa kokwahlulela, nokuphindwa komphakathi okuqhubekayo. Imibono yokukhanyiselwa kukahulumeni olinganiselwe iye yavivinywa izimpi, izinkinga zezomnotho, ukushintshwa kwezobuchwepheshe, nezinhlangano zezenhlalo. Isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe siphinde siyiqinisekise leyo mingcele, ivumelanise nezimo ezintsha kuyilapho silondoloza isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi amandla kumelwe ahlale elandisa kubantu. Njengoba izakhamuzi, umthwalo wemfanelo uwela kithi ngabanye ukuba sihlale siphapheme, sinolwazi, futhi sikhuthele.