Emiphakathini yentando yeningi, izinqumo ezenziwa ohulumeni zinemiphumela engathi sína ekuphileni kwezakhamuzi, impilo yemvelo, nobuqotho bezinhlangano. Izimiso zokuziphatha eziqondisa lezi zinqumo aziyona nje imicabango engabonakali kodwa zingamathuluzi awusizo aklama umthetho, isimiso somphakathi, kanye nokuziphatha kokuphatha. Ukuqonda izimiso ezilawulayo ezilawulayo kubalulekile kubafundi, abafundisi, nanoma ubani ohileleke ekuphileni komphakathi. Ukuqonda ngokuqinile inkolelo engoko yokuziphatha kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole ukuthi uhulumeni wazo wenza izinto ngendlela elungile yini, ngokungenakuba nesithakazelo emphakathini. Lokhu kuhlola izimiso eziyinhloko ezingokokuziphatha ezifundisa uhulumeni, zisebenza ekuhloleni izenzakalo zangempela zezwe, ukuhlola, nokuhlola indlela imfundo ekwazi ngayo ukuhlakulela ukuqaphela okuhle kwezakhamuzi.

Ziyini Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Esisakhekile?

Izici zezimiso zezimiso ezihlelwe kahle zokucabanga ngokokuziphatha okusiza abantu nezinhlangano ukuba banqume okulungile, okungalungile, okungalungile, noma okungalungile. Emkhakheni kahulumeni, lezi zici zisebenza njengezibuko abenzi bezimiso abahlola ngazo ukubaluleka kwemithetho ehlongozwayo, iziqondiso, nezenzo zokuphatha. Uhlelo lwezimiso lunikeza uhlelo lwezimiso noma izimiso zokuhlola izenzo nemiphumela. Nakuba kungekho lunye uhlaka oluvumelekile emhlabeni wonke, ngalunye lunikeza umbono ohlukile ngendlela ohulumeni okufanele balinganisele ngayo izindinganiso eziphikisanayo njengenkululeko, ukulingana, ukulingana, ukulondeka, ukuphumelela, nokuphumelela. Ngokwenza lezi zinqubo zokwakha zibelula, ukwandisa ukwethemba komphakathi, nokugwema ukwenza izinqumo eziwubugovu noma eziziphetheyo.

Izici ezingokobungako ekubusweni azizikho ezihambelanayo; ziguqula ngokusabela ekushintsheni kwezenhlalo, ulwazi olusha, nezenzakalo ezingokomlando. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhula kwenkulumo yamalungelo abantu ekhulwini lama-20 leminyaka kuguqula ukuthi bangaki ohulumeni ababheka kabusha izimpikiswano zobulungisa nenkululeko. Ngokufanayo, izinkinga zendawo ezungezile ziye zabangela ukucatshangelwa kwemiphumela emide yesikhathi eside ekwamukeleni izimpikiswano zezemithetho. Ukuqonda lezizimo kuhlobisa izakhamuzi ngamathuluzi ahlakaniphile ukuba zisebenzise izenzo zikahulumeni futhi zifune ukulandisa.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izimiso zezimiso zokuziphatha ngokuvamile zikhona futhi zixabana. Isimiso esibonakala kahle ngokombono wabanye − `ukuguqula konke okuhle') kungaphula imithetho yezesayensi yamalungelo abantu. Indlela eqondiswe ekuhloni ingabuza ukuthi yini umholi olungile angayenza, kuyilapho inkolelo yesivumelwano yezenhlalo ingagcizelela ukuthi isimiso sihlobana nokuvunyelwa kwabalawulwa. Ukubusa okunempumelelo kudinga ukuqonda okungaguquguquki kwalokhu kucindezeleka nekhono lokusebenzisa izimiso ezihlukahlukene ngokufanelekile kuye ngomongomongo.

Imisebenzi Enkulu Yokulawula

Izisekelo zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso ziye zathonya ifilosofi yaseNtshonalanga futhi ziyaqhubeka zitshela umthetho kahulumeni. Izingxenye ezilandelayo ziveza ezine zethonya elikhulu: ukulawulwa kwezimiso, izimiso ezinhle, nenkolelo-mbono yezenhlalo. Uhlelo ngalunye lunikeza indlela ehlukile yokufika eziphethweni zokuziphatha, futhi ngalunye lunezinga eliqinile nobuthakathaka uma lusetshenziswa ekubusweni kwezwe langempela.

  • I - Utilitharianism
  • Izimiso Zokuhlazisa
  • Izimiso Zobuhle
  • Inkolelo - mbono Yezenhlalo

I - Utilitharianism

I-Utilitarianism, ehlobene kakhulu nezazi zefilosofi JEREmy Bentam kanye [FLT] no- John Stuart Stuart Mill[[[FLL:3], yahlulela ukuziphatha kokuthatha isinyathelo ngemiphumela yayo. Isimiso esiyinhloko sihloselwe ukuveza injabulo iyonke noma ukukhathalela nokunciphisa ukuhlupheka. Kuhulumeni, lesi simiso sivame ukusebenza ngokuhlola okunentengo entengo, lapho abenzi bezimiso bezimiso zilinganisa khona imiphumela emihle nembi yenqubo ehlongozwayo emphakathini wonke. Izimiso zempilo zomphakathi, izimiso zendawo ezungezile, nezimiso zezomnotho ezihlose ukufinyelela ukuphumelela okukhulu kakhulu kwenani elikhulu.

Kunemicu emibili emikhulu ye-utalianism: elungile i-utanicialism kanye ne-[FLT] ilawula u-utalitarianism[. Amacala ahlola isenzo ngasinye sobuzwelonke, abuza ukuthi iveza imiphumela engcono kulesosimo esithile. Ukubusa ngokwehlukana, kuveza ukuthi isilinganiso semithetho `antilituliarianism''''' njengokuthi "akuqali amanga" noma "imibono efuna amalungelo""" kufanele yamukelwe uma ukugubha kwawo kuholela emphumeleni ongcono kakhulu. Ohulumeni abathembele ekulawuleni umthetho ovikela ngisho nenkulumo ekhululekile, uma bevumela ukulimala kwesikhashana, ngenxa yemiqondo ende.

Naphezu kokukhanga kwayo, ibhekene nokugxeka okukhulu. Ingathethelela ukudela amalungelo noma ukuhlalisana kwedlanzana ukuze kuzuze iningi ." inkinga ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi "ukulwa kwenani elikhulu". Ngokwesibonelo, indlela yokuzingela ngokuqinile ukuhlasela igebe elinamandla ingabeka imingcele elimaza amaqembu athile (njengabanikazi bebhizinisi abancane noma izisebenzi eziphansi) ukuze kuvikelwe inani labantu abaningi ezifweni. I-Utilithalianism nayo ilwa ngokulinganisa nokuqhathanisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zenhlalo engcono. Inzalo injani ifaka inani lenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nentengo yezentengo yezentengo yemithetho? Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi izibalo ezinjalo zingaba yizentengo noma zilula ukulawulwa yilawo mandla. Nakuba kunjalo, i-Unitalialiantiums ihlala isetshenziswa kakhulu inzuzo yezikhali futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi.

Izimiso Zokuhlazisa

Izimiso zokulawula izimiso zemvelo, ezisekelwe emsebenzini we Imanuel Kant, igcizelela imisebenzi, imithetho, namalungelo. Ngokwaleli hlelo, izenzo ezithile zilungile noma azilungile, kungakhathaliseki imiphumela yazo. Ohulumeni abaqondiswa yizimiso zomthetho ezilawulayo bamisa isivikelo samalungelo abantu ayisisekelo, ukunamathela ekubuseni komthetho, nokuhlonipha i-intecrence. UKant's ugcizelela ukuthi “‘ →" wenza ngokuvumelana nesilinganiso lapho ungaba khona umthetho wendawo yonke". Uhulumeni ocabangela ukuvikelwa kwezimiso zabantu eziyisisekelo, futhi ungaba nokuziphatha okungakholeki kahle, uma ungaba uyakwazi ukusindisa ukuphila kwabantu abaningi, futhi ungeke usole ukuthi ukwahlulela okungakhohlanekeliswa kuyo yonke indawo.

Kuhulumeni wamanje, ukucabanga kwezesayensi yokubusa kubonakala ezivikelweni zomthetho-sisekelo, emasondweni amalungelo abantu, nasemithethweni engokomthetho egunyaza igunya labaphethe. ISimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (UDHR) siveza isibopho sokuthatha amalungelo angekho ezweni elingenakho ukuthengiselwa inzuzo yombuso. Ohulumeni abaningi bafaka lolu hlelo ezimisweni zabo zokwahlulela, lapho abahluleli bephoqelela khona ukuba kube nokulunga nenqubo efanele. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga lithathwa njengesambulo esilungile, ngisho noma isiqinisekiso esingenabufakazi singanciphisa amazinga obugebengu.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izimiso zokulahla izimiso zemvelo zingaba lukhuni kakhulu, ziholele ekufuneni ukuziphatha okungaqiniseki ngenxa yezimo ezinzima zokuhweba. Ezinkingeni, ukunamathela ngokuqinile emithethweni kungaveza imiphumela emibi kakhulu kunendlela evumelanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nobhadane, i-demontology igxile ekutheni umuntu ngamunye ukhululekeni okungaphazamisa izilinganiso zempilo zomphakathi ezinjengemijovo ebophekile, ngisho nalapho lezo zinyathelo zidingekile ekusindiseni ukuphila. Noma kunjalo, izimiso zezesayensi yezimiso zezimiso zemvelo zinganikeza isivikelo esibalulekile kohulumeni esingase silahle amalungelo ayisisekelo egameni lokusebenza kahle noma okuhle. Iveza ukugxila kwezimiso zokuziphatha ezingaphansi kwesimiso somphakathi esingenakuwa.

Izimiso Zobuhle

Ukuziphatha okuhle, okusuka ku Aristotle, kuguqula ukugxila kusuka emithethweni noma imiphumela kusebuntwini bommeleli wokuziphatha. Esikhundleni sokubuza "ngingenzani?, izimiso ezinhle zibuza "uhlobo luni lomuntu okufanele ngibe yilo?" Kuhulumeni, loluhlelo lugcizelela ukuhlakulela izimfanelo ezinjengokwethembeka, ukuthembeka, uzwela, ubulungisa, nokukhalipha kwabaholi nezinhlangano. Uhulumeni omuhle ungomunye ongenzi izinqumo ezilungile kuphela kodwa futhi uthuthukisa isiko lokuziphatha okuhle phakathi kwezisebenzi zakhe nabameleli. Lombono ubaluleke kakhulu ezingxoxweni zezimiso zomphakathi, ukuvimbela, nokuthemba.

Ngokwesiko, izimiso zokuhle zithonya ukubuswa ngemithetho yokuziphatha, ukuqeqeshelwa izimiso zokuziphatha ezisebenzela izisebenzi zomphakathi, kanye nezinqubo zokulandisa. Umholi ohlanganisa ubuhle be phronis[ (ukuhlakanipha okusebenzayo) uyakwazi ukwenza ngamabomu ngalokho okuhle ezimweni ezithile, ukulinganisela ukuphikisana. Isibonelo, umphathi wedolobha olungile anganquma ukwamukela ukwehla okufushane kwemali ehlawulwayo ukuze athenge izindlu ezibizayo, ngoba uqonda ukuthi ubulungisa nenkokhelo yezenhlalo kuyizinzuzo ezithatha isikhathi eside kakhulu. Izimiso zobuhle zigcizelela ukubaluleka kwezibonelo zezezezezimo: lapho izikhulu zikahulumeni zibonisa ukubonakala nokulunga, zimisa ithonya elivamile lenhlangano yonke.

Enye inselele yezimiso zokuhle ukuthi ingabonakala ingenangqondo noma iqonde. Ngokungafani nokulinganisela noma ukuthatha i-deontology, ayinikezi izinqubo ezicacile. Okubalulekile njengendlela yokulawula kungase kuhlukahluka phakathi kwemiphakathi noma inkathi yomlando. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubusa okuhle kuxhomeke kakhulu ebuntwini babantu, okunganzima ukuhlaziya noma ukumisa. Naphezu kwalokhu kulinganiselwa, ubuhle bunikeza ukuqondiswa okubalulekile kwezindlela ezengeziwe zokuqondisa ngokugcizelela imfundo yokuziphatha, intuthuko engokokuziphatha, nokubaluleka kwempucuko yezezeziko. Kusikhumbuza ukuthi ukubusa okuhle akubangelwa nje ukuzuza imiphumela elungile kodwa ukuthi ubani ophethe amandla futhi oyisebenzisa kanjani.

Inkolelo - mbono Yezenhlalo

Isivumelwano senkolelo-mbono yezenhlalo esithi uhulumeni uthola ukulunga kwawo ngokuvunyelwa yibo ababuswayo. Loluhlelo, lwakhiwe ongqondongqondo abanjengo Thomas Hobbes, uJohn Locke[, futhi [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]] [4]] [J [J [JULT]]] Jacross Rouss Rouss [[[], uphikisa ukuthi abantu ngokwemvelo bavumelana nomthetho ukuze bakhe umphakathi futhi bamise amalungelo abo nokuthuthukisa okuhle. Ngokushintshana, banikezela inkululeko ethile futhi bamukela igunya lombuso. Isivumelwano sezenhlalo sibeka izibopho zokuziphatha zokuziphatha okuhle kuzo zombili nasezakhamuzini: imithetho engokomthetho yohulumeni, kuyilapho kumelwe bafeza isithakazelo nenza inzuzo yomphakathi.

Izincazelo zanamuhla zenkolelo yesivumelwano sezenhlalo, njengo John Rawls's inkolelo-mbono yobulungisa njengobulungisa, sebenzisa umqondo "wokungazi" ukuqondisa ukuthatha izinqumo zezimiso. Amaqhinga aphikisa ukuthi izimiso zobulungisa kufanele zikhethwe endaweni yokuqala lapho kungekho muntu owaziyo ukuthi unjani emphakathini, amatalente, noma izici zomuntu siqu. Lomqondo uholela ezimisweni ezivikela amalungu angenamandla kakhulu omphakathi nenkululeko eyisisekelo. Ohulumeni abamukela inkolelo yezenhlalo bafaka isiqalo esiphakeme ekuthatheni indima yentando yentando yeningi, ukulandisa, ukulandisa, ukuvikela, nokuvikela amalungelo amancane. Baqaphela futhi ukuthi izakhamuzi zinokumelana nokuhle noma ukulahla izivumelwano ezisekwephula umthetho womhlaba wonke.

Abagxeki baveza ukuthi inkolelo-mbono yenhlalayenza isekelwe esivumelwaneni esicatshangelwayo esingakaze senzeke ngempela. Umbono wokuvumelana kwabantu uqanjiwe; abantu bazalelwa emiphakathini ekhona futhi abakwazi ukuzikhethela kalula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nkolelo-mbono iye yasetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa abesifazane, izinhlanga ezimbalwa, nabampofu ekuhlanganyeleni ngokugcwele kulesi sivumelwano (nakuba kamuva abaguquki baye bayisebenzisa ukuphikisana ngokungemthetho. Naphezu kwalokhu kuvumelana okukhona, inkolelo yezenhlalo iyaqhubeka iyithuluzi elinamandla lokuhlola ukufaneleka kwezenzo zikahulumeni. Inikeza indinga-mthetho: noma isiphi isimiso noma umthetho ongenakumukelwa ngesihle futhi olinganayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezingakhethi ngokungafanele. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ukuphikisana ngokuphathelenezelwa, intela, intela, nesigaba sombuso wezwe.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ekubuseni Kwezimiso Zomphakathi

Ukuqonda izimiso zokuziphatha kungenye into; ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezingokoqobo zezwe kungenye indlela. Ukuhlola okulandelayo kubonisa indlela izimiso ezihlukene ezingakhanyisa ngayo izilinganiso zokuziphatha kwesimiso somphakathi futhi kwembule izingxabano abenzi besinqumo okumelwe bazisebenzise.

  • Amasiko Empilo Omphakathi Phakathi Nempi Yempi
  • Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile
  • Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Buyashintsha

Amasiko Empilo Omphakathi Phakathi Nempi Yempi

Isifo se-COVOID-19 inikeza ohulumeni izinkinga ezinkulu zezimiso zokuziphatha. Izikhulu zezokuphatha njengezikhundla eziqinile, iziphakamiso, amapasethi okugoma, nokuvala isikole kwadinga inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye emelene nenhlalakahle ehlangene. I-Utilitialism yanikeza isisekelo esiqinile sezindlela eziningi zempilo zomphakathi: ukulinganisela ukudluliselwa kwamagciwane nokuxhumana nomphakathi kuncishisiwe, kusindise ukuphila, futhi kuvimbele izimiso zokunakekela impilo ekunqotshweni. Izindleko zemali zokulungisa imingcele yezentengiselwano zasetshenziswa ukuthethelela imingcele, ngokuvamile kubonisa ukuthi izinzuzo zempilo zidlula izindleko zezezomnotho nezenhlalo.

Nokho, izinqubo zesivumelwano sezemfundo nezenhlalo zaphakamisa izinkathazo zokuphikisana. Izazi zesayensi yenkolo zaphikisa ukuthi imingcele yenkululeko, ikakhulukazi uma isetshenziswa ngokungafanele noma inqubo efanelekile, yaphula amalungelo ayisisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho ohulumeni bebeka imithetho noma bevala amabhizinisi asobala, abagxeki babesebenzisa umthetho njengesimiso sokulahla isayensi yezomthetho. Inkolelo-mbono yokusebenza kwabantu yabuza ukuthi izakhamuzi zazivumelana ngempela yini nezinyathelo ezinjalo noma ukuthi zazibekwe ngaphandle kokucabangisisa. Emazweni amaningi, izinkantolo zashaya iziqondiso zokuvala imithetho ngokuthi i-spected noma i-procerodial erronational, ibonisa ukukhomba isibopho sokulahla amalungelo.

Ukuziphatha okuhle kwaqokomisa ubuntu babaholi phakathi nalenhlekelele. Labo abakhuluma ngokungaqiniseki, beqashelwa, futhi babonisa uzwela babethenjwa kakhulu futhi bephumelela kakhulu ekuthotyeni umphakathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abaholi ababebonakala bekhohlisa noma bezishaya abalulaza imizamo yomphakathi yezempilo. Lo mqedazwe futhi wembula ukungalingani endleleni imiphakathi ehlukene ebone ngayo ukudayiswa, ukuphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi izibalo zobuzwe zaziyibeke ngokwanele yini imithwalo yezisebenzi ezihola phansi, abesifazane, nesigaba esincane sohlanga. Lokhu kuhlola kubonisa ukuthi akukho sisekelo somphakathi owodwa ongaphendula umbuzo ngamunye; ukubusa okungoko kudinga ukulinganisela, ukusebenza okungaguquguqu kwemibono eminingi.

Izimiso zokuhle ezengeziwe zavela ekwandiseni komjovo. Ukuhlakanipha kobuOlitiaus kwasikisela ukuhlanganisa imithi yokugoma esengozini kakhulu − abantu ngabanye nezisebenzi zokwelapha ezisemzimbeni ukuze kwandiswe ukuphila. Kodwa inkolelo-mbono yenhlanganisela yezenhlalo yafuna ukuba zonke izakhamuzi zikwazi ukufinyelela ngokulinganayo, futhi izimiso ezinhle zabangela uzwela emaqenjini abhekene nezithiyo ezibhekene nemigoqo ephakeme yokugoma. Ohulumeni abaningi bazama ukubuyisana nalezidingo, ikakhulukazi uma imijovo ilinganiselwe. Izici zamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, ziphakamisa imibuzo ngezimiso zezimiso zokuziphatha zembulunga yonke.

Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile

Isimiso sendawo ezungezile siyindawo ecebile yokuhlola isimilo ngoba sihilela ukudayisa phakathi kwezinzuzo zamanje nenhlalakahle yesikhathi esizayo, ukukhula kwezomnotho nokulondolozwa kwendawo ezungezile, kanye namalungelo empahla ngayinye nempahla ehlangene. I-Utilitharianism inikeza iziqondiso zendawo ezungezile ngokusebenzisa izindleko zokuhlaziywa kwezindleko zokulungisa imithetho evimbela ukungcola, ukuvikela izidalwa ezisengozini, noma ukushintsha isimo sezulu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-U.S. Protectional Providuction Agency (EPA) ihlola izindleko zezomnotho zezimiso zezempilo nezemvelo, inqubo esekelwe ekucabangeni ngezindleko ezingoko. I-Cechooki Air Act, ngokwesibonelo, ilinganiselwa ekukhizeni izinzuzo ezinkulu kakhulu.

Izimiso zokulawula imvelo zingena ezimpikiswaneni zendawo ezungezile ngomqondo wamalungelo. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi izizukulwane ezizayo zinelungelo lokuziphatha eplanethini ehlala abantu, futhi ukuthi ohulumeni bamanje banomthwalo wokugwema izenzo ezizophula lowo mthetho. Lombono wobulungisa phakathi kwezizukulwane ngokuvamile ufakwa emibhalweni ehlazisayo: kungalungile ukubeka izingozi zenhlekelele kubantu abangenalo izwi ezinqumweni zanamuhla. Ngokufanayo, abasekeli bobulungisa obuyisisekelo [[FLT: 0] baphikisa ukuthi imiphakathi ephansi engenisa izinto nezindawo zombala kulungile ukuba bangacindezelelwa ngokungenakulinganiswa yilutho, ngisho noma izinzuzo zonke zemisebenzi yezezezezezentengiselwano zilungile.

Izimiso ezinhle zikhuthaza ohulumeni ukuba bahlakulele inhlonipho ngemvelo, ukuthobeka ngokulinganiselwa kwabantu, nokuhlakanipha naphezu kokungaqiniseki. Isimiso esihle sendawo ezungezile asizukugwema ukulimala kuphela kodwa sithuthukise ukuphatha indawo ezungezile. Inkolelo-lwazi yenhlalanke ethintekayo iyabuza ukuthi bonke abantu abathintekile baye bavuma yini ukusakazwa kwezingozi nenzuzo yendawo ezungezile. Lesi simiso sisekela izinqubo ezihlanganisa ukwenza izinqumo ezinikeza izwi lezakhamuzi zendawo, izakhamuzi zendawo, nezizukulwane ezizayo.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuyinselele enkulu kakhulu yezimiso zokuziphatha esikhathini sethu. Ukucabanga kobuOtalia kusekela ukulinganisela okukhulu nokuzivumelanisa ngenxa yokuthi izindleko zokungathathi hlangothi ziyinhlekelele. Kodwa ukukhathazeka kokungalungisi kuphakama ngenxa yokuthi izizwe ezanikela kakhulu ekukhiqizeni okungokomlando ngokuvamile zisengozini enkulu kakhulu yemiphumela yazo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela esimisweni sezimiso esivamile kodwa esihlukanisayo ezivumelwaneni zesimo sezulu sezizwe zonke. Izimiso ezinhle zinxusa izizwe ukuba zibonise ukuhlakanipha nobulungisa, kunokuba zibe nombono olinganiselwe. Isivumelwano sezenhlalo sifuna ukuba izizwe zomhlaba zixoxe ngokuvumelana okulungile mayelana nelungelo lokuthi bonke abantu, kuhlanganise nezizukulwane ezizayo.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Buyashintsha

Izimiso zomthetho zezobugebengu zigcwele imibuzo engokokuziphatha: Iyini injongo yesijeziso? Kufanele silinganisele kanjani ukulondeka komphakathi namalungelo abekwa icala? Singaqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi kulungile ukunqamula imikhakha yobuhlanga nezenhlalo? Isimiso ngasinye somthetho sigcizelela okuhlukile. Umthetho womthetho womthetho ubheka izahlulelo ngobukhakhazi, ukunqanda ukunqanda, ukubulala, nokulungisa nokulungisa, "ukunciphisa ubugebengu nokwandisa inhlalakahle yomphakathi. Imithetho engokomthetho enjengemigwebo elinganiselwe yezobugebengu obungathi sína ifanelwe yizizathu ezingathiwa ezisekelwe ezisekelwe ezisekelweni ezinkulu, iveza ukuthi izaba eziyingozi futhi ikhiphe abantu abayingozi emphakathini. Nokho, ubufakazi obungathembekile buye babekela inselele ukuphumelela kwemiyalelo enzima, nokuncishiswa kwemidayo engcono njengokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa noma ukugcinwa kobulungisa obungcono.

Izimiso zokulawula isimilo zigcizelela amalungelo, inqubo efanelekile, nesilinganiso. Isijeziso kumelwe sifanelane nobugebengu futhi sinikezwe kahle, kungakhathaliseki imiphumela. Lesi simiso simelene ngokuqinile nemikhuba enjengokuhlushwa, ukuboshwa okunganqunywanga, noma ukugwetshwa ngokungenakulinganiswa. Isivumelwano sezesayensi yokubusa kwabantu sinezela ukuthi isimiso sokwahlulela ngokusemthethweni kumelwe sisekelwe ekuqedweni kwesijeziso sokufa emagunyeni amaningi, kanye nesivikelo sokumelana nesijeziso esinesihluku, futhi nesijeziso esingavamile. Sisekela futhi ilungelo lokuvivinywa ngokulunga, ukubekwa kwecala, kanye nesokubekwa kwesivumelwano esingokomthetho. Inkolelo-mbono yezenhlalo yezenezela ukuthi isimiso sokwahlulela ngokulunga kumelwe sisetshenziswe ngokulinganayo ekuvumelaneni okulawulwayo; futhi isijeziso kufanele sisetshenziswe ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi, futhi umbuso akumelwe sixhaswe amandla aso.

Ukulunga kuqondisa ukunaka ebuntwini babahluleli, abashushisi, namaphoyisa. Umahluleli olungile ubonisa ukuhlakanipha, ukuzithiba, nobulungisa, futhi umshushisi onobuhle ufuna iqiniso kunokuba afune izinkolelo nje kuphela. Iminyango yamaphoyisa ehlakulela ubuhle ngokuqeqeshwa kokuziphatha nokubopha umphakathi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuba izuze ukwethenjwa umphakathi. Eminyakeni yamuva, inhlangano yenguquko yamaphoyisa iye yaqokomisa ukubaluleka kobuhle obunjengokuthobeka, ukuzibamba, nokulunga, ikakhulukazi ekuxhumaneni nemiphakathi ephansi. Ukulungisa izinhlelo zobulungisa, eziletha ukuhlanganisa izisulu nezenzo zokulimaza, futhi ifundiswa ngobuhle bezimiso zokuziphatha, ukubheka ukukhula nokubuyisana.

I-United States, enezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuboshwa phakathi kwamazwe athuthukile, iye yabhekana nokugxekwa okukhulayo kokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, ukwahlukana ngokohlanga, nokugwetshwa ngokhahlo. Ukuhlaziya kwezesayensi yezobupolitiki kwembula ukuthi ukuthethelela kwezombangazwe kuye kwashintshwa kaningi, kuyilapho izivikelo zesayensi yokuvikela imvelo ziye zashaywa indiva. Inkolelo-mbono yezenhlalo ibuza ukuthi isimiso esivimbela abantu abaningi abamnyama nabane-Latino singaba negunya elingokomthetho yini. Izimiso ezinhle zifuna ukuba abaholi bezombangazwe nabehluleli babonise isibindi sokuguqula isimiso sokungalungisi. Lokhu kubonisa indlela izimiso zokuziphatha ezingakhanyisa ngayo izinkinga ezijulile zokwakha nokuqondisa izinhlelo zezeluleko ezibonisa ukwahlulela okulungile.

Indima Yemfundo Ekubuseni Kwabantu

Imfundo inendima eyisisekelo ekudaleni umphakathi okwazi ukubusa ngezimiso. Ngaphandle kokuqonda okugcwele kakhulu kokuziphatha, izakhamuzi azinakukwazi ukuhlaziya izenzo zikahulumeni, futhi abaholi besikhathi esizayo abanawo amathuluzi okulawula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi zezimiso. Ukuthuthukisa inkolelo-mbono yezimiso zokuziphatha ezifundweni zesikole kuwo wonke amazinga [1] kusukela ezifundweni zezakhamuzi eziphansi ukuze zithathe iziqu zezinhlelo zesimiso somphakathi, [1] ukuqinisa izinhlangano zentando yeningi nokuthuthukisa impucuko yobuqotho.

Ukuthuthuka Kwemfundo

Ukuhlanganisa izimiso zezimiso zokuziphatha emlandweni, kwezezombangazwe, nezenhlalo kusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde isilinganiso sokuziphatha sokubusa. Ngokwesibonelo, izifundo ze-Civil Rights Movement zingahlola indlela izimiso zokulahla amalungelo alingana ezingqubuzana ngayo nezimpikiswano ezingokwezimpikiswano zokuhlukanisa njengendlela yokuhleleka kwezenhlalo. Izimpikiswano ngesimiso sezulu zingahlaziywa ngezibuko zezehlulelo nemibono yezenhlalo. Kunokuba zifundise izimiso njengendaba esekelwe engokombono ekhona, abafundisi bangazihlanganisa ngayo izifundo zendaba ezikhona, bakhuthaze abafundi ukuba basebenzise izici ezihlukene zezenhlalo futhi baqhathanise amandla abo nobuthakathaka babo.

Imisebenzi yasekilasini njengemiboniso yokudlala indima, izimpikiswano ezihleliwe, kanye nokuzivivinya kwezimiso zokuziphatha kuyasebenza ekuthuthukiseni amakhono okucabanga okuhle. Ngokwesibonelo, abafundi bangalingisa umhlangano wesimo esiphuthumayo sempilo yomphakathi lapho kumelwe banqume khona ukuthi bangafaka imvume yokuvala isikole, bese becabanga ukuthi yisiphi isimiso esingokokuziphatha esiqondise isinqumo sabo. Ukubhala amaphepha afuna abafundi bavikele isimiso esithile emibonweni emibili ehlukile yezimiso zokuziphatha kuthuthukisa ukucabanga nokuvumelana nokuhlakanipha. Ukunikeza abafundi ukuchayeka emasikweni ahlukahlukene ezimiso zempilo zemvelo, kuhlanganise namafilosofi angawakho eWesterrich /erich inikeza abafundi ukuqondwa kwabo futhi ibalungiselele ukuba babe nezakhamuzi emhlabeni wonke.

Ukucabanga Okukhuthazayo

Imfundo yesayensi yemvelo iwukufundisa abafundi ukuba bacabange ngokugxeka ngemibono yokuziphatha. Lokhu kusho ukuthatha ikhanda ngamafuphi futhi babuze imibuzo egcwele: Yiziphi izinhloso ezisekela lesimiso? Obani ababekwa phambili? Zikhona izahlulelo eziyimfihlo? Othisha bangakhuthaza abafundi ukuba bagxeke ubandlululo lwabo futhi bacabangele imibono abangase bayilahle ekuqaleni. Ngokuqhuba inkulumo yomphakathi ngezindaba eziphikisanayo, abafundi bafunda ukuhileleka ngenhlonipho ngemibono ephikisanayo, cishe ikhono elibalulekile lokuthatha isinyathelo sentando yeningi.

Ngalé kwekilasi, izikhungo ezinjengezikhungo, amayunivesithi, izingcingo, kanye nokusebenzelana nochwepheshe kungakhuthaza ukubuswa kwezimiso zokuziphatha ngezifundo, izincwadi, nokuqeqeshelwa izisebenzi zomphakathi. Izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni manje zidinga ukuqeqeshwa kwezimiso zezimiso zezisebenzi, ukuhlanganisa izihloko ezifana nezingxabano zesithakazelo, ukufutha, nokubona kude. Ukuqeqeshwa okunjalo kuphumelela kakhulu uma kudlula ukuthobela okungokomthetho futhi kuhileleke abahlanganyeli ekuzibonakaliseni kokuziphatha okuqotho. Ukufunda ezimweni zangempela zezwe ngezenzo ze-Watergate, inhlekelele yamanzi, noma i-CHOVAID-19 (icela abathathi abathathi-i ukubona ukubaluleka kokucabanga okungoko ngokokuziphatha. Ngokufaka imfundo yezimiso ezingeni ngalinye, kungakha iqembu lezakhamuzi nabaholi abakwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezingoko ezingokomthetho.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlolwa kwezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zokuhle akuyona nje indlela yokufunda; kuyisici esibalulekile sezakhamuzi ezinolwazi nokubusa okuphumelelayo. Ukungaqondi kwezimiso, izimiso zokuhle, nenkolelo yesivumelwano sezenhlalo ngayinye inikeza ukuqonda okuyingqayizivele ngendlela ohulumeni okufanele basebenze ngayo, futhi ngayinye inemingcele okumelwe iqondwe. Ukuhlola kwangempela okubangelwa yizimo zezifo zezwe ekuthatheni imithetho yendawo ezungezile elawulayo kwezephula umthetho, − kulinganise ukuthi izinkinga zezimiso zokuziphatha azivamile zinezimpendulo ezilula. Kunalokho, zidinga ukucubungula okunengqondo okuphathelene nemibono eminingi engokokuziphatha.

Othisha nabafundi abahileleke kakhulu ezimisweni zokuziphatha bafaka iqhaza ekwakheni umphakathi onecala, onobulungisa, nothembekile. Njengezakhamuzi, sinelungelo nomthwalo wokufuna ukuba ohulumeni bethu benze ngokwezimiso. Ngokuzihlomisela ngolimi namathuluzi okucabanga okuhle, singahlaziya kangcono izinqumo zezimiso, sigcine abaholi benobuphindu, futhi sisebenzele emphakathini ohlonipha isithunzi nenhlalakahle yabo bonke abantu. Ukubusa kwezesayensi akuyona inqubo eqhubekayo kodwa ukulandisa, ingxoxo, futhi kungcono (_ukuthuthukisa) okuxhomeke ekuhlanganyeleni ngenkuthalo kwesizukulwane ngasinye.