Ukuqonda Igunya Elihlanganyelwayo Esimisweni Somphakathi

Ukuhlukaniswa kombuso phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nobesizwe kuyisici esichazayo sobuzwe. E-United States, lengxenye idala isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi kodwa esisebenzayo lapho kokubili uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni nohulumeni bezwe bephethe khona amandla athile akhethekile, kuyilapho amanye amagunya ehlanganyelwayo. Lamandla ahlanganyelweyo aziwa njengamandla akhona akhona akhona. Akha ukubusa ngokubambisana, avumela womabili amazinga kahulumeni ukuba asebenze ezindaweni ezifanayo ngaphandle kokuphikisana. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi, baqonde umqondo wemibuso ehlangene kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela izimiso zentela, ukugcinwa komthetho, imfundo, imfundo, nezindawo zemisebenzi yemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezandla nokusebenza.

Amagunya akhona awaveli njengohlu olulodwa olubaliwe kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Kunalokho, avela ekwazini kokwakheka kobuzwe ngokwabo. AmaFramers ayebonele ngombono isimiso lapho amazwe ekwazi ukuphatha khona igunya elibalulekile lokulawula izindaba zawo siqu, kuyilapho uhulumeni wezwe engazisingatha izindaba ezikhathaza isizwe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuqamba, izimemezelo zenkantolo, nesenzo somthetho-mthetho ziye zacacisa ukuthi yimaphi amandla akhona akhona. Lesihloko sihlola ukuthi yiziphi izakhiwo ezikhona, sinikeza izibonelo eziqinile, sihlola isisekelo sawo somthetho-sisekelo, sixoxa ngokubaluleka kwazo nezinselele, futhi sinikeza ukubheka okujulile ekutheni zisebenza kanjani ezindaweni zanamuhla ezingokomthetho.

Ayini Amandla Akhona Manje?

Amagunya akhona akhona alezo ziphathimandla zikahulumeni nohulumeni abaphethe futhi abangasebenzisa ngokuzimela, ngokuvamile, ngokungafani namandla ohulumeni abazimele . Ngokungafani negunya likahulumeni elikhonzile imali noma amandla ohulumeni okuqhuba ukhetho . Amagunya akhona avumela ukubekwa kwenye indawo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ezindaweni ezifana nentela, isakhamuzi singaba ngaphansi kwakho kokubili intela yeholo kahulumeni neholo likahulumeni. Ngokufanayo, kokubili uhulumeni wezwe nohulumeni bangayimisa imithetho yokuvikela impilo nokhuseleko lomphakathi, simise izinkantolo, futhi sakhe imigwaqo.

Igama elithi "connucter" livela kwelesiLatini i-concurre, elisho "ukuhamba ndawonye" ukuqhuba, amandla akhona asebenza ndawonye endaweni eyodwa yokubusa. Nokho, lokhu kuhlangana akuvumelani njalo. Uma ingxabano ye-Supremacy Claus ka-Ice ka-IC, u-Claus 2) iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uyaphumelela. Lesi simiso, saziwaziwa ngokuthi i-predition, simisa umngcele wemibuso ekhona: singenza ngaphandle kokuba izenzo zazo ziphikisana ngokuqondile nomthetho kahulumeni womthetho noma ziphethe insimu kahulumeni uhulumeni uhlele ngokugcwele.

Amagunya akhona awumthombo wokuzimela esimisweni saseMelika. Avumela amazwe ukuba asebenze njengezindawo zokucwaninga zedemokrasi, azame izimiso uhulumeni ophethe angazamukela kamuva ngokwesilinganiso sesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, asho imithetho yezisebenzi eziphayo, imithetho yenkokhelo elinganiselwe yeholo, nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni kahulumeni ophethe angene. Lokhu kuvumelana kuyisici esiyinhloko sobuzwe, okwenza izixazululo zibe yizimo zendawo kuyilapho kugcinwa izindinganiso zesizwe.

Izibonelo Eziningiliziwe Zamandla Akhona

Ukuze siqonde ngokugcwele ukuthi imibuso evumelanayo isebenza kanjani, kusiza ukuhlola izindawo ezithile lapho zombili lezi zigaba zikahulumeni zisebenzisa khona igunya.

Ukukhokha Intela

Bobabili ohulumeni bahulumeni bahulumeni nabaphethe intela ye-levy. Uhulumeni uncike ngokuyinhloko ezintela zemali ehholwayo (izezethu nezinhlangano), ukukhokha intela ezibhakathi, nokukhipha intela. Amazwe afaka intela yemali eholayo, intela yempahla, intela yempahla, nentela yentela. Ngo-2023, uhulumeni oqoqa cishe ama-R34 ezigidi zezigidi zemali, kuyilapho ohulumeni beqoqa cishe u - R1 000 000 000 ezindaweni zabo. Lesimiso sentela esiyisibonelo esivelele semithetho ehlangene yentela esebenzayo. Nokho, yenza ukuba kube nokuyinkimbinkimbi kwentela, okumelwe kubuyiselwe futhi kuvumelanemithetho ehlukene. Uhulumeni uhulumeni awuna ukunquma intela (njengobalwa [FF: 0] South Carolina.[FFF]) futhi uhulumeni angakwazi ukuphawula ngokuqondile, kodwa kokubili intela, intela, kodwa amabhizinisi womabhizinisi angohulumeni angakwazi ukuhlukanisa.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Ukuqashelwa komthetho kungomunye umnyango wegunya elihlanganyelwe. Uhulumeni ulondoloza izinhlangano ze-Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), i-Drug Encorcement Administration (DEA), kanye ne-Bureau of Alcohol, i-Firemongs, i-Foxidals and Exlosives (AT). Ohulumeni banomthetho owengeziwe, amaphoyisa, ukugada intela, ukugada intela, nokugodla kwemithetho ehlukene. Izinhlangano ezihlangene zigxile kakhulu ekwabini ubugebengu obuhlanganisa imingcele yezwe, noma ukuphula imithetho engokomthetho yombuso (umnyaka, ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa, ukukhokha intela kwentela yombuso, ukuhlasela ubugebengu obufana nobugebelelene. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zisekela ikakhulu ngokuqondene nezinhlangano zezinhlangano ezibondawongamelwayo kanye nemithetho yemithetho yomthetho wombuso wombuso wombuso wombuso wombuso womhlaba womhlaba womhlaba womi womibili, nakuba kungabhisholintshile ngenxa yemithetho emibili.

Ukuthutha

Kokubili ohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni balawula futhi bafake izikhwama zokuthutha. Uhulumeni wamazwe wakha futhi ugcine imigwaqo emikhulu ephakathi kwezwe i-Federal Highway Administration, umisa izindinganiso zokuphepha zezimoto nabashayeli, futhi ulawula izindiza, isitimela, nezokuthutha imikhumbi. Amazwe ayakha futhi alondoloze imigwaqo kahulumeni, imigwaqo, amabhuloho, nezimiso zokuthutha abantu. Futhi alawula ukuvaleka kwezimoto, ukubhalisa izimoto, nemithetho yezimoto phakathi kwemingcele yawo. I-Interstate Highway Systeasy, yaqala ngo-1956, iveza amandla ahambisanayo: uhulumeni unikeza izimali futhi ubeke izindinganiso, kuyilapho iphethe imigwaqo emikhawulweni yawo. Lo budlelwane buye bakha nezindlela zomgwaqo ezibanzi emhlabeni wonke.

Imfundo

Imfundo ngokuyinhloko ingumthwalo wemfanelo kazwelonke nowasendaweni, kodwa uhulumeni kahulumeni ufeza indima ebalulekile ngokuxhasa ngemali, imithetho, nangezimiso. Umnyango wezemfundo kahulumeni unikeza izinhlelo ezinjengesihloko I (izikoleni ezinezinga eliphezulu), i-Averews enedult Education Act (IDEA), nePel Grants ifeza indima enkulu ngokusekela izimali, abafundisi, nokuhlela ngemali. Izifunda zesikole zendawo ziphatha imisebenzi yezinsuku zonke. Isikole ngasinye esinemisebenzi yobumpofu (ESA) ngo 2015 siyisibonelo samuva nje sokungameleli okuhlangene: iyaqhubeka isifunda lapho ibuyela ekulawuleni okuphawulekayo. Lokhu kuvumela igunya elihlangeneyo ukuba livumele imithetho yesikole isikole ukuba ihlelwe ngesikhathi abanye abantu bamukele imithetho yesikole kuyilapho ingekho imvume yohulumeni.

Ukunakekelwa kwempilo

Imithetho yokulawula ukunakekelwa kwezempilo ihlanganisa womabili amazinga kahulumeni. Izimali zikahulumeni zikahulumeni zeMedicare (abantu abadala nabakhubazekile) noMedicaid (uhlelo lwesifundazwe samazwe kubantu abathola imali ephansi), ifaka izivumelwano zemishuwalense yezempilo nge-Affordcable Care Act, futhi ilawula imilaliso namathuluzi empilo nge-Food and Drug Administration. Amazwe asebenzisa iMedicaid, izimaketheki zomshuwalense, ochwepheshe bezempilo, futhi alawula izinhlelo zezempilo zomphakathi. Phakathi nobhadayo bobabili ohulumeni bakhipha iziqondiso zempilo, zasakaza imijovo, futhi banikeza usizo. Amandla empilweni yezempilo aye aholela ekuhlukahlukeni kwemithetho yezwe yezomthetho ye-Mdica ngaphansi kwe-ACCA, kanti amanye amazwe awazange asunguli enye i-'indendle.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Samandla Akhona

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. awunawo umxholo owodwa onesihloko "Izigunyazo zamanje" Kunalokho, uhlelo lwegunya elinye luphothwe ngezindlela eziningi. Okubaluleke kakhulu yi- u-Clause [ (Umthetho ka-Claus VI, (2), othi umthetho kahulumeni, nezivumelwano zinguMthetho-"uMthetho wezwe owenziwe nge-ododa" nokuthi abahluleli kuzo zonke izizwe baboshelwe. Lo mthetho uqinisekisa ukuthi uma kuphikisana kwezwe nomthetho kahulumeni, umthetho uyaqhubeka, kodwa awuvikeli ezindaweni lapho uhulumeni ungawuphathi nqhinga. Amanye amagunya akhona namazwe ahlukene njengalawo angomthetho kazwelonke.

ISichibiyelo se- seSichibiyelo semithetho-mthetho siqinisa imibuso ekhona ngokugcina ezindaweni (noma kubantu) yonke imibuso engaphathi i-United States ngoMthetho-sisekelo, noma enqatshelwe ezizweni. Lokhu kulungisa kwakha isimiso somthetho-sisekelo: amagunya anganikezwanga uhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe ngemibuso. Njengoba imibuso eminingi enjengentela, amandla okulawula izinhlangano (amaphoyisa), namandla okubeka izinhlangano zezindawo (*) awawanikezwanga kuphela uhulumeni wombuso, awelelanga ezifundazweni. Kodwa uhulumeni wezwe uveza amandla asetshenziswayo ngomthetho omthetho omthetho (i-Calcity I, isigaba se-Clauslaus, i-Ices 18), evumela ukuba imithetho edingekayo kuwo wonke amandla. Igunya elihlangene lala lesivumelwano liveza i-R.

Icala leNkantolo Ephakeme lilolonga ukuthatha ama-componet anamandla akhona. MCLOch v. Maryland (1819]), iNkantolo imise ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe usebenzise amandla ahlukene futhi ukuthi izifundazwe azikho intela (njenge-Ibhange lesibili lase-United States). Lendaba igcizelela ubukhulu bezwe kodwa futhi iqaphela ukuthi bobabili ohulumeni bangathatha isinyathelo ejikelezweni elifanayo nebhangenye, futhi imisebenzi yawo yayihlangene nemibuso yezentengiselwano. [[FLT:] [FFL:4] [F] [5], imvume engokwezimongokwamuva], i-fuseyase.[Foctive] [evossion][10]

Ukuze kuhlolwe ngokujule kakhulu umthetho-mthetho-mthetho, i-Constitution Anchome inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kombhalo ngamunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Cornell Information Institute inikeza incazelo ecacile yamandla ahlangeneyo kanye nemiqondo ehlobene.

Ukubaluleka Kwamandla Akhona

Amandla amanje awayona nje isakhiwo esicatshangelwayo; ayisidingo esiwusizo sesizwe esikhulu, esihlukene. Avumela uhulumeni kahulumeni ukuba amise izindinganiso zesizwe futhi anikeze izinkonzo ezifanayo kuyilapho enza ukuba amazwe akwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zendawo. Lesi sakhiwo esimbaxambili sinezinzuzo ezimbalwa eziyinhloko.

Ukuvumelana Nezimo Ekubuseni

Enye yezinzuzo ezinkulu kakhulu zemibuso evumelanayo ukuvumelana nezimo eziyinikezayo. I-United States ingazama izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuhlela izinkinga zenqubo ngaphandle kokulinda isenzo sikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia iye yamisa izindinganiso zayo eziqinile zokukhipha imoto (ngaphansi kwe-Ceaoc Air Activer), futhi ezinye izifundazwe ziye zalandela inzuzo. Ngokufanayo, izifundazwe ziye zasebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuqondisa ukhetho, kusukela ngeposi kuya ekuqaleni ekuvoteni. Lokhu kuvumela ukuba izimiso zemoto zivumelane nezomnotho sendawo, amasiko, namaqiniso emvelweni. Uma ukuhlolwa kwezwe kuphumelela, ukukhokha intela ehliswa yizinhlelo zikahulumeni zemali ehlawulwayo.

Ukuhlobana Phakathi Kwamaqembu Kahulumeni

Imibuso yamanje ikhuthaza ukubambisana kohulumeni. Ukusabela kwenhlekelele kuyisibonelo esiyinhloko: lapho kugadla isiphepho, i-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) isebenza eduze kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni nezokuqondisa izinhlekelele zendawo. UMthetho kaStafford unikeza uhlelo lwalobu buhlobo, ngokunikezela izimali nenkokhelo yemali kuhulumeni kuyilapho imibuso iqhubeka nokulawula. Emthethoni, amabutho ahlangene ahlasela ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa nobugebengu obuhleliwe. Ezokuthutha, izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezombuso zisebenza ekwakheni izakhiwo zezenhlalakahle, ukusekelanabelana kwezinga ngalinye lemali nobuchwepheshe. Le zinhlangano zisekela amandla kahulumeni wohulumeni wombuso unikeza imithombo yezindawo nokubambisana kokusebenza komthetho.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Amagunya akhona angathuthukisa futhi ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye. Uma kokubili umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni nombuso uqinisekisa amalungelo afanayo, izakhamuzi zinezindlela eziningi zokulungisa. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela inkulumo ekhululekile, futhi imithetho eminingi yombuso inemilungiselelo efanayo. Uma umthetho kahulumeni uvimbela inkulumo ngendlela umthetho kazwelonke ongayisebenzisi, ilungiselelo likahulumeni linganikeza isivikelo esengeziwe. Ngokufanayo, ekwahluleleni komthetho wecala, kokubili izinkantolo zombuso nombuso zinikeza izinkantolo zokulwa ukucela inselelelo okungemthetho ongekho ngokomthetho noma ukuvinjelwa okungafanele. Isimiso sobukhosi esimbaxazulu sivumela ukuba kubekwe "ungqimba oluphindwe kabili" lwamalungelo.

Izinselele Zamandla Akhona

Okuvelele kakhulu ukuthi kungabangela ukungqubuzana phakathi kwemithetho kahulumeni nemithetho elawulayo, okuholela ezimpikiswaneni ezingokomthetho, ukudideka, nokungafezeki.

Izingxabano Ezingokomthetho Nezici Eziyinhlekelele

Lapho kumiswa imithetho ephikisana nomthetho kahulumeni, i-Supremacy Claus ifuna ukuba izinkantolo zixazulule lengxabano. Lamacala ngokuvamile aphelela eNkantolo Ephakeme. Ngokwesibonelo, Arizona v. United States (20202], iNkantolo yashaya izingxenye zomthetho wokufuduka kwe-Arizona (S.B. 1070) ezizama ukwakha umthetho wezwe wokufuduka, ukukhipha umthetho wezethuntula ezemidlalo, ukunquma ukuthi inqubo yokuthutha ingunda ekhona ngokuyinhloko iwumthwalo wezwe. Ngokufanayo, [[FLT.] Mrurphy v.[FFLT][FLT] [FLT]) ayidingi ukukhipha imvume engokomthetho womthetho womthetho ongokomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho owenqanyuliwe, kodwa iyakuqinisekisa ukuthi imidlalo i-Pronsoon (av) i-evoctrion) iyakushoshosho ngokucacile ukuthi izikhulu (iedurn

Ukudideka Komphakathi Nemithwalo Yokuzifunela Inkonzo

Izakhamuzi ezivamile zivame ukulwa nokuqonda ukuthi yiliphi izinga likahulumeni elinecala ngalokho. Ngokwesibonelo, umnini webhizinisi omncane kumelwe avumelane nemithetho yokuphepha yemisebenzi kahulumeni (OSHA), imithetho yokuphepha emsebenzini, imithetho yentela kahulumeni, imithetho yentela kahulumeni, imithetho yezemvelo, nemithetho yendawo ezungezile. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kungaba nzima. Empilweni yezempilo, iziguli zingazi ukuthi zingafuna usizo kubaphathi be-munishuwalense noma ku-ohulumeni uma imvume ikhanyisiwe. Imithetho ebekwayo ingadala izindleko zokukhokhwazwa kwezinhlangano ezincane ngokungenakuqhathaniswa. Ukubekwa kwemithetho yemvelo kunzima ngoba amandla okusebenza ngokuhlangene abangelwa ukulawulwa kwezwe.

Ukungaphumeleli Nokuzifaka Enkathazweni

Amagunya akhona angaholela ekusebenzeni ngokuphindaphindeka kwemizamo. Amanxusa kahulumeni nombuso angase aqhube ukuhlola okufanayo, aqoqe ukwaziswa okufanayo, noma asebenzise izinhlelo ezifanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, kokubili i-Invironmental Protection Agency ye-Community (EPA) nezinhlangano zendawo ezungezile ziphoqelela ukuba imigangatho yamanzi ehlanzekile. Nakuba amanye amakhophi enziwa ngenhloso (ukunikeza ukuvuselela), angalahla nemithombo yemali elahlekile. Imizamo yokugobeka i-"cobativementism" enjenge-"unitivementism" lapho awenga khona izinhlelo zikahulumeni, isiza kodwa ayiwaqedi i-ahnstricity. I-Accostable Accodetivement Office (GAO) ifaka izinhlelo ezihambisana nezinhlelo ezihambisana nentuthukoyo ezindaweni njengentuthuko nokuphepha kokudla, ibiza ukuthuthukisa kangcono.

Umbono Ongokomlando Nonokuqhathanisa

Imibuso yamanje ayiyona e-United States kuphela. Izimiso ze-Federal njenge-Australia, i-Canada, iJalimane, ne-Indiya nazo ziye zahlukana futhi zahlanganyela imibuso. E-Australia, kokubili ohulumeni beCommonwealth nohulumeni bahlangene ezindaweni ezinjengokubhangiswa kwebhanki, umshuwalense, nomshado, kodwa iCommonwealth ingayilawula imithetho kahulumeni uma ikhetha. ECanada, uMthetho woMthetho womthetho ka-Caltic of 1867, uhlukanisa amagunya abe yizinhlu zezwe nesifundazwe, kanye nezindawo ezihlangene ezilinganiselwe kwezolimo. Umthetho weSisekelo waseJalimane uvumela imithetho ehlangene lapho uhulumeni wezwe uhlela imithetho emikhulu futhi uphethe. Ukuhlolwa kwalezi zimiso kwembula ukuthi lezimiso zenhlangano ziyithuluzi elivamile lokulinganisela igunya eliphethe igunya eliphethe izifundazwe nezindawo ezizimele.

Ngokomlando, amagunya akhona e-U.S. aye anda futhi athathana. Phakathi ne-New Deal, uhulumeni wamazwe wamisa igunya elikhulu kwezohwebo, ezolimo, kanye nomsebenzi, unciphisa amandla kahulumeni. Ngo-1990 no 2000s, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanqatshelwa amandla kahulumeni ezimweni ezinjenge [[FLT: 0] United States v. ILopez [1955] [inani eliphakathi] ne-[FLT] Intection of Independentment syst v. [Sebeltius :] [[FLT:]] (202]], iqinisekisa umqondo owezithiwayo izifunda zegunya elihlangeneyo. I-COVHOVD-19 yavivinya ukulingana ngokuqhubekayo, njengoba izimemezelo zikahulumeni ze-momestry, njengoba isiyaleza isiyalome.

Izibonelo Zamanje Nombono Wesikhathi Esizayo

Namuhla, amandla okubambisana asemthethweni enkambiso yemiyalo eminingi ye-profile ephezulu. Umthetho we-Marijuana uyisibonelo esiyinhloko: uhulumeni olawulwa yi-Substances Act udweba insangu njengesidakamizwa seShedyuli I, uyenza ingabi namthetho ezingeni likahulumeni. Kodwa, kusukela ngo-2024, 38 amazwe agunyaziwe ngokusemthethweni ngensangu yokwelapha, futhi angu-24 asemthethweni wezokuzijabulisa. Lokhu kudala ukucindezeleka lapho umthetho kahulumeni uphikisana ngokuqondile nomthetho kazwelonke. Uhulumeni wezwe uye wakugwema kakhulu ukumisa ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho engokomthetho, kodwa amabhizinisi asebenza ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni asabhekene nengozi yokuvinjelwa kwemithetho yombuso. IRohbagerbaker-Friter ivice uvimbexsssssssss (indlela yokuziphilisa) ekusebenziseni kwentshono yenka, kodwa lesimiso sesikhashana, lesisinqumo esiwusikwehlulelo sesivumelwano esingokomthetho sesivumelwano sesivumelwano sesivumelwano sesivumelwano sezwe.

Enye indawo i-Cease Air Act yendawo ezungezile. I-Cease Air and Clean Water Act imisa izindinganiso zikahulumeni kodwa ivumela amazwe ukuba asebenzise izinhlelo futhi athathe ngisho nemithetho eqinile. Umsekeli weCalifornia uzimisele ukubeka izindinganiso zakhe siqu zokukhipha imoto kuyisibonelo esiyinhloko sokuhlola uhulumeni okuvunyelwayo phakathi kwesimiso se-plogia. Nokho, ukuqondisa kweTrump kwasusa ukuvinjelwa kweCalifornia, okwaholela empini engokomthetho eyaxazululwa kamuva lapho ukuphatha kweBiden kubuyiselwa. Ikusasa lamagunya akhona enkambisweni yendawo ezungezile lingaxhomeke ekutheni isilinganiso sikahulumeni silandela ngokunamandla kangakanani izindinganiso zezwe lonke izwe ngokuvumelana nomthetho.

Ubuchwepheshe ne-athom ye-octal nakho kuletha izinselele ezintsha ezikhona. Uhulumeni kahulumeni akawudlulisi umthetho wemfihlo obanzi, ushiya izifundazwe njenge California (nge-California Consumerhoal Act) ukuze zigcwalise igebe. Ezinye izifundazwe zisungula imithetho yazo, zisungula umsebenzi ombaxa-nxantathu okumelwe ulandelwe amabhizinisi. Izingqungquthela zingagcina zisuse imithetho kahulumeni ngendinganiso kahulumeni, kodwa kuze kube manje, amandla akhona ekuvumelanisa imithetho yangasese ayaqhubeka.

Isiphetho

Amagunya akhona abalulekile esimisweni sikahulumeni wase-U.S. avumela kokubili uhulumeni wezwe nohulumeni ukuba bahlanganyele umthwalo wemfanelo wokubusa ezindaweni ezinjengentela, ukugcinwa komthetho, ezokuthutha, ezemfundo, nokunakekela impilo. Nakuba benikeza ukuvumelana, ukubambisana, nokuthuthukisa amalungelo, baveza ukuphikisana okungokomthetho, ukudideka komphakathi, nokungaqondi kahle. Ukuqonda imibuso ehlangene idinga ukwazisa isimo soMthetho-sisekelo, imizekelo yeNkantolo ephakeme, nenqubo esebenzayo yobukhosi obumbaxakile phakathi kwabantu. Kubafundi nabafundi, lomqondo uveza indlela isimiso sokubusa esivumelana kwemithetho ehlangene ngayo nokwehlukahlukana kwegunya lendawo, ukuhleleka kombuso wezwe, nokulawula kwezwe. Njengoba izinselele ezintsha ziphuma emfucushweni engokomthetho ziyo ziyo, futhi ziyaqhubeka ukuhlanganiswa kwezimiso ezihlangene phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni bazo bonke.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe, i-Constitution Anoteved inikeza amanothi abanzi nge-constance. imibiko ye-GAO'ekhodition kanye nokunabelana [ inikeza ukuqonda ezinkingeni zezinhlelo ezikhona. [[FLT:] [FLT:] [FLT]] [4] Soundmeme Courts [ emacala anjengaye-[FLT:] Pripz. United States ne [FLT] [FL:] [FT] [FLT] [5]