Uhulumeni kahulumeni we-United States uyinhlangano eyinkimbinkimbi ephathiswe imisebenzi eminingi elawula ukuphila kwezakhamuzi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-330 futhi ithonye izindaba zembulunga yonke. Ngokungafani nohulumeni bendawo, abasingatha izindaba zendawo njengeze-photopholic, ukuhlanganisa, nemfundo eyisisekelo, uhulumeni wezwe ubekwe ngokwekhethelo ukuba ulawule izindaba ezihilela imingcele yezwe, idinga icebo elihlangene lesizwe, noma ihlanganise ubuhlobo bezinye izizwe. Lemibuso ayiyona igobelo; ichazwe ngokuqondile eMthethweni we-U.S. Ukuqonda ububanzi nobubanzi balemisebenzi kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuba isibopho nesazi sezakhamuzi. Lesihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okubanzi kukahulumeni wombuso i-' okuyinhloko, ukuhlola imicimbi yawo, ukumiswa kwayo, ukuhlelwa kwemisebenzi, nokuqhubekayo kwayo.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Samandla Kahulumeni

Ukuze baqonde imithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni kahulumeni, umuntu kumelwe kuqala abheke esisekelweni sakhe esingokomthetho: uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States. Abakhi basungula isimiso sombuso, behlukanisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nohulumeni. Imisebenzi ethile ephathiswe igatsha yaziwa njengemibuso ebaliwe, etholakala ngokuyinhloko eSiphakamini I, isiqephu 8. Lemibuso ihlanganisa ukukhokha imali, ukuqondisa izifundazwe nezohwebo zakwamanye amazwe, ukumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho, nokumisa amahhovisi eposi.

Ngalé kwalemisebenzi ecacile, i-Inict and Theological Claus (eyaziwa futhi njenge-Elastic Claus) inikeza uMkhandlu igunya lokwenza imithetho efunekayo ukuze kufezwe amandla awo adwetshiwe. Lo mbhalo uye waba isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo sezenzo eziningi zikahulumeni, kusukela ekumiseni ibhange lesizwe kuya ekusunguleni iholo elilinganiselwe elilawulwayo nokuqondisa izindiza zasemoyeni. ISichibiyelo seshumi seSizinzi sicacisa ngokwengeziwe lesi sakhiwo ngokungaphathiswa amandla agunyaziwe eUnited States noma enqatshelwe ezindaweni, ngokwezikhundleni, kubantu. Lokhu kungathi ukushukuma kwegunya nobukhosi bombuso kahulumeni kuchaza ngamandla ukubusa kwe-America. [[FLT:] [FLT]

Ukuvivinya Ukuzivikela Kwesizwe Nokulondeka

Mhlawumbe umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wanoma yimuphi uhulumeni wezwe ukuvikelwa kwemingcele yawo nokulondeka kwabantu bawo. Uhulumeni kahulumeni uphethe amandla akhethekile okulwa futhi alondoloze impi, okuhluke kakhulu emakhonweni okuzivikela alinganiselwe emibuso. Lomthwalo wemfanelo ungaphezu nje kokulondoloza amabutho; uhilela ibhizinisi lembulunga yonke, ukusungula izinto zobuchwepheshe, kanye nohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezokuzivikela.

Isakhiwo Somnyango Wezokuvikela

I-Derrence of Defense (DoD) ingumqashi omkhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni, uqondisa izigidi zamalungu enkonzo ekhuthele, abasekeli be-Reservis, nezisebenzi ezivamile. Ihlelwe ngamagatsha empi: Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, negatsha elisanda kumiswa leSibhaka. Igatsha ngalinye linomsebenzi ohlukile. IButho ligxila ekusebenzeni okusekelwe ezweni, i-Navy iqinisekisa inkululeko yezilwandle, i-Air Force ilawula isibhakabhaka nesikhala, futhi i-Marine Compers isebenza njengebutho lempi. I-DoD futhi iphatha ucingo olukhulu lwezisekelo lwezisekelo lweze mbulunga yonke, iqinisekisa ukuba khona phambili ekunqandeni izithathi nobunye.

Izinto Eziza Kuqala Ekusebenziseni Uhlelo Nokuncintisana Okuwusizo

Imali yokuvikela imelela ingxenye eyodwa enkulu kakhulu yokusebenzisa imali esemthethweni kahulumeni. Lemali ihlanganisa ukudayisa okunzima phakathi kwezindleko zezisebenzi (imali, indlu, ukunakekelwa kwempilo), ukulungele (ukuqeqeshwa nokuzivivinya), kanye nokusetshenziswa kwanamuhla (izindiza ezintsha, imikhumbi nezikhali). Ngokubhekene nokuncintisana okungokomthetho namazwe anjengeChina neRussia, ukugxila kakhulu kubuchwepheshe obuphambili obunjengama - jumpile anamandla, ukuhlakanipha okuzenzela, nokusebenzisa i-quanum. Ingxoxo emayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zempi ngokuvamile igxile ekusebenzeni kahle, ithonya lempi eliyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nokulinganisa phakathi kwezokuvikela nezokuqhuba izingxoxo njengemishini yezokuphepha kwesizwe.

Ukulondeka Nokuhlakanipha Kwasemakhaya

Ngemva kokuhlasela ngo - September 11, 2001, uhulumeni wamazwe wahlelwa kabusha kakhulu, wakha i - Department of Homeland Security (DHS). I - DHS isebenza ngokuvimbela ukuhlasela kwamaphekula e - United States, ivimbela izwe i - ' imingcele, futhi isingatha inhlekelele nge - Federal Emergency Management Agency Agency (FEMA). I - Intelligence Community, kuhlanganise ne - CIA ne - FBI, inendima ebucayi ekuboneni izinsongo ngaphambi kokuba zingene, idinga ukulinganisela okuqhubekayo phakathi kokulondeka nokuvikelwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi.

Ukuqondisa Umnotho Wesizwe Nowembulunga Yonke

Impilo yezomnotho yesizwe ithonywe kakhulu izenzo zikahulumeni kahulumeni. Imithwalo yayo yemfanelo kulendawo mikhulu, ihlanganisa isimiso semali, isimiso semali, ukulawulwa kwezimali, nokuhwebelana kwezizwe. Umgomo uwukuthuthukisa indawo ebangela ukukhula, ukuzinza, nokuchuma okuhlanganyelwa kakhulu.

Umthetho Ophathelene Nemali: Amandla Entengo

UKhongolose uphethe amandla esikhwama semali, okusho ukuthi ulawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni nokukhokha intela. Inqubo yeFiscal ihilela ukusebenzisa lamathuluzi ukuze kuthonye umnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni anganciphisa intela ukuze ashukumise ukuthenga phakathi nokwehla kwemali noma ukwandisa imali engokwezisekelo ukuze asungule imisebenzi. Ngokuphambene, ingaphakamisa izintela futhi inciphise imali esetshenziswayo ukuze kuncitshiswe umnotho oshushuzayo nokunqanda ukwehla komnotho. Ukulawula kwemali kahulumeni kanye nesikweleti sesizwe kuyizinto zempikiswano enkulu yezombangazwe, neHhovisi yoHholo yoHlulo lwezemali

Umthetho Olawula Imvelo: Indima Ye - Federal Reserve

Nakuba iSishaya-mthetho silawula isimiso sezemali, isimiso sezimali siphathiswa ngokuyinhloko iFederal Reserve System (iFade), inhlangano ezimele kahulumeni. I-Fed' amathuluzi ayinhloko ahlela isilinganiso semali kahulumeni (izinga lenzalo amabhange atshelelana ngayo) kanye nokuqhuba imisebenzi yokudayisa. Igunya lawo likhuthaza ukukhushulelwa kwemisebenzi nokulawula amanani (ukulawula ukwehla kwamandla emali). Ngokunyusa inzalo, i-Fed yenza ukuboleka kubiza kakhulu, okunganciphisa intengo yomnotho. Ngokunciphisa intengo yemali, kukhuthaza ukuboleka nokutshala imali ukuze kukhule.

Ukuqondisa Ezentengiselwano Nezezimali

Izentengiselwano ezizinzile zidinga izimakethe ezilungile nezibonisa ngale. Izinhlangano ze-Federal Secureties and Exchange Commission (SEC) zilawula izimakethe zamasheya ukuze zivikele abatshali bezimali ekukhwabaniseni. Le mithetho elwa namalungelo okholo iphoqelela ukuba kuvinjelwe i-monomone futhi ikhuthaze ukuncintisana. INhlangano ye-Federal Deposit Inshuwation (FDIC) evimbela ukugcinwa kwamabhange, ivimbela ukugcinwa kwemali nokugcinwa komphakathi ezimisweni zezimali. Le zinhlangano ezilawulayo zibalulekile ekuvimbeleni izinhlekelele zezenteko futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi kusebenza kahle.

Ukuhweba Nezomnotho Emhlabeni Wonke

Uhulumeni kahulumeni unegunya elikhethekile phezu kwesimiso sokuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe. Lokhu kuhilela ukuxoxa ngezivumelwano zezohwebo, ukuphoqelela izigwegwe, nokuxazulula izingxabano ngezinhlangano ezinjenge World Trade Organization (WTO). Isimiso sezohwebo siyithuluzi elinamandla lokulawula izomnotho, elisetshenziselwa ukuvula izimakethe zakwamanye amazwe zezokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe aseMelika, ukuvikela izimboni emincintiswaneni engafanele, nokuthuthukisa izinhloso zangaphandle. Ithonya lamaqembu alwa kwamanye amazwe liyinkimbinkimbi; angavikela imisebenzi yasekhaya kodwa futhi angaphakamisa intengo yabathengi nokuphindisela kubantu abasebenza nabo kwezohwebo. Ukuphatha okuphumelelayo kwezentengo kudinga ukuqonda okujulileyo kwezindawo zokuthutha nokuziswela izimali emhlabeni wonke kanye nenzuzo elinganayo.

Ukulungiselela Inhlalakahle Yomphakathi Nempilo Yomphakathi

Kusukela nge-New Deal Era of the 1930, uhulumeni kahulumeni uye waba nendima evelele ngokwengeziwe ekulungiseleleni izakhamuzi zakhe isivikelo somphakathi. Lezinhlelo zihlose ukuvikela umphakathi osengozini, ukunciphisa ubumpofu, futhi uthuthukise ukulondeka kwezomnotho. Inhlala - kahle yezenhlalo ingenye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu futhi eziphikiswana kakhulu zemali kahulumeni.

Ukulondeka Komphakathi Nokulondeka Komhlalaphansi

Isimiso se-Social Security sisimiso esikhulu kakhulu sikahulumeni futhi itshe eliyitshe eliyikhokhisi lokuphepha lomhlalaphansi kubantu abaningi baseMelika. Sikhokhelwa ngentela ekhokhwayo, sinikeza abathathe umhlalaphansi, abakhubazekile, nabancintiswa yikho. Isimiso sibhekene nezinselele zemali ezithatha isikhathi eside ngenxa yokuguga kwabantu kanye nokushintsha kwenani labantu, sibangela izimpikiswano ezingathi zibangele izinguquko ezinjengokwandisa isikhathi somhlalaphansi noma ukulungisa indlela engcono. I-SACIS Adminity Administration servertity ilawula lesi simiso esiyinkimbinkimbi.

Izimiso zezempilo: IMedicare, iMedicaid, ne - ACA

Uhulumeni ufeza indima enkulu esimisweni sokunakekela impilo yaseMelika. IMedicare inikeza umshuwalense wempilo ngokuyinhloko kulabo abaneminyaka engu-65 nangaphezulu. IMedicaid, uhlelo oluhlangene nombuso wesifundazwe, ihlanganisa abantu ngabanye abaholayo nabangenayo. I-Affordcable Care Act ebanzi (ACA) ithengiselwa kakhulu ngezimakethe zomshuwalense nangezezimali. Le zinhlelo ziye zathuthukisa kakhulu ukufinyelela kokwelashwa kodwa futhi zimelela ingxenye ephawulekayo yemali ehleliwe, ifaka izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nezindleko, indima yomshuwalense wezezomuntu siqu, kanye nempumelelo yesimiso sezokunakekela impilo.

Imali Etholakalayo Nosizo Lokudla

Kumakhaya abhekene nobunzima obungokwezimali, uhulumeni kahulumeni unikeza izinhlelo zosizo ezihlukahlukene. I-Someral Nutrition Application Program (SNAP) inikeza usizo lokudla ezigidi zemikhaya ehhadlayo. Uhlelo lwesikhashana lwe-AMPARS for Needy Families (TTANF) lunikeza usizo lwemali namathuba okusebenza. Abaxhasi bamakhaya basiza imikhaya ukuba ikwazi ukuthenga izindlu ezilondekile neziqinile. Ukuphumelela kwale zinhlelo kulokhu kuhlolwa, ngokuphikisana okusekelwe ethonyeni layo ekunciphekeni kobumpofu, izisusa zomsebenzi, kanye nesithunzi sabamukeli.

Ukuvikela Imvelo Namazwe Omphakathi

Umthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela isizwe i' imithombo yemvelo nokuphatha amazwe ayo omphakathi ungena kuhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni. Ngenxa yokuthi izindaba zendawo ezungezile ezinjengomoya nokungcola kwamanzi aziwuhloniphi umbuso, indlela yesizwe ngokuvamile idingekile. Uhulumeni kahulumeni usebenza njengomphathi wezindawo ezinkulu zendawo ezungezile kanye nomqondisi wezinga eliphezulu lemvelo.

Imisebenzi Yokuqondisa: I - EPA Nomthetho Oyinhloko

I-Ndevironmental Protection Agency (EPA) iyinhlangano eyinhloko kahulumeni ebekwe impoqo ngokulawula ukungcola. Iphoqelela imithetho ephawula izenzakalo ezinjenge-Ceac Air Act ne-Cease Water Act. EPA imisa izindinganiso zesizwe zezinga lomoya nelezinga lamanzi, ilawula ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu eyingozi, futhi yengamele ukuhlanzwa kwezindawo ezingcolisiwe. Lenhlangano ivame ukubekwa esikhungweni sempini somthetho nezombangazwe eziphakathi kwentengo ephakathi kwesivikelo semvelo nezindleko zezomnotho.

Ukulawula Amandla Nokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu

Uhulumeni uthonya izwe i-' uthonya isimo samandla ngezimiso ezithuthukisa noma ziqede imithombo yamandla ehlukahlukene. UMnyango Wemithombo yamandla usekela ukucwaninga ezintweni zakudala, amandla enuzi, nemithombo yamandla evuselelwayo. Eminyakeni yamuva, ukusingatha ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuye kwaba umshayeli omkhulu wesimiso samandla, ngezisusa zikagesi, umoya namandla elanga, kanye namandla asebenzayo. Ingxoxo ngenqubo yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ihlanganisa ukuhamba kwamandla, icarbon cring, nendima ye-United States ezivumelwaneni zezwe lonke zesimo sezulu.

Ukuqondisa Izimiso Zesizwe

Uhulumeni kahulumeni uphethe futhi uphethe amahektare acishe abe ngu-640 ezwe, ngokuyinhloko ezifundazweni zasentshonalanga. I- i-National Park Service ilondoloza ingcebo yemvelo neyomphakathi ukuze ijabulise umphakathi. Inkonzo yasemahlathini ilawula amahlathi esizwe ngokusebenzisa izindlela eziningi, kuhlanganise nokuzijabulisa, izingodo, nokuklaba. I-Bureau of Land Management yengame ihlola iziqithi ezinkulu nezinhlo, ukutholakala, nokuthola inzuzo (ukuvuleka, ukugawula, ukugawula) kulawo mazwe kuyinseleleko eqhubekayo futhi ethanda ukuxabana.

Ukwakha Nokusekela Izakhiwo Zesizwe

Isimiso sokulungisa imvelo siwumgogodla wezomnotho, futhi uhulumeni ufeza indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukeni nasekulungisweni kwayo. Ukusuka esimisweni semigwaqo emikhulu ephakathi kwezwe kuya kuyi - Internet, ukutshala izimali nomthetho kahulumeni kwenza ukuba kukwazi ukuhamba kwezimpahla, abantu nokwaziswa.

Amanethi ezokuthutha

Uhulumeni kahulumeni, ngokuyinhloko ngoMnyango Wezokuthutha, ufaka imali eningi kakhulu ezweni i-' izinhlelo zokuhamba. Ukwakhiwa kwe- Interstatestate Highway System kuma-1950 kwaguqula intengo nohambo. Namuhla, izimali zikahulumeni zihlanganisa ukunakekelwa nokunwetshwa kwemigwaqo emikhulu, amabhuloho, izimiso zokuthutha, nesitimela. I-Federal Aviation Administration (FA) ilawula uhambo lwezindiza nokulawula isimiso sokulawula izindiza. Izinselele zihlanganisa ukuguga kwezentengiselwano, isidingo sokutshala imali, nengxoxo yendlela yokuxhasa lemisebenzi.

Izimiso Zokuxhumana Nezokuxhumana Ezingobuchwepheshe

Kulelikhulu lama-21, ukungena kwe-inthanethi engavunyelwe kuye kwaba yingxenye ebucayi yezesisekelo. I-Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ilawula imboni yokuxhumana, i-media, ithelevishini, ucingo, isiphuphutheki, nentambo. Ukugxila okukhulu kwenqubo kahulumeni yezesisekelo sezesisekelo namuhla kukhubaza ukwanda kokwanda kokufinyelela kwezindawo zasemaphandleni nakwemiphakathi egciniwe. Lokhu kubhekwa njengokubalulekile empucukweni yezentengiselwano, imfundo, kanye nezokunakekelwa kwempilo enkathini yanamuhla.

Imithetho Yakwamanye Amazwe, Ubulungisa, Neminye Imisebenzi

Ngalé kwezigaba eziyinhloko ezichazwe ngenhla, uhulumeni kahulumeni ufeza izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezinye izinto ezibalulekile eziba ngaphansi kwegunya lawo elikhethekile noma elihlanganyelwe.

Ukweqisa Nokusetshenziswa Kwamanye Amazwe

UMongameli yisizwe i' umphathi we-commist, futhi uMnyango woMbuso ufeza izwe i' izinhloso zezimiso zakwamanye amazwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukulawula ubuhlobo namanye amazwe, ukunikeza usizo lwakwamanye amazwe, izivumelwano zokuhlanganisa, kanye nemisebenzi yokusebenza emhlabeni wonke. Uhulumeni wezwe i' unekhono lokusebenza njengezwi elilodwa esitejini somhlaba wonke ungenye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zikahulumeni wezwe onobunye.

Ukuthuthela Ezindaweni Ezihlukile Nokulondeka Komngcele

Ukulawula izwe i' imingcele nokumisa imithetho yokufuduka kuyimithwalo yemfanelo engokwemvelo kahulumeni ophethe. Uhulumeni ulawula ukufuduka ngokomthetho ngezinhlangano ze-U.S. i-Immiggation Services (USCIS) futhi uphoqelela imithetho yokufuduka nge-Crostom and Bournet Protection (CBP) kanye ne-Immigration and Custom Enforcement (IE). Izimiso ezihlobene nokufuduka, ukulondeka komngcele, kanye nesikhundla sabafuduki abangakhonzi abavelangahlanganisiwe yizo ziphakathi kwezindaba ezihlukanisa kakhulu kwezombangazwe zaseMelika.

Ukunikeza Ubulungisa Nokuvikela Amalungelo Omphakathi

I-Department of Justice (DOJ) imisa imithetho kahulumeni, ijezise izigebengu, futhi imele i-United States ezindabeni zomthetho. Isimiso senkantolo sichaza imithetho noMthetho-sisekelo. Indima ebalulekile kahulumeni kahulumeni iwukugcinwa kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu, iqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi, kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, inkolo, noma isizinda, ziphathwa ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Izenzo zezwe njenge-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 ne-Voting Rights Act ka-1965 kahulumeni ukuba ziqedwe uhulumeni ukuba zinqobe ukucwasana kwezwe.

Isiphetho

Imithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni kahulumeni uhulumeni ijulile futhi ibanzi, ithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila e-United States. Ukusukela ekulungiseleleni isivikelo esivamile nasekuqondiseni i-' kungokomnotho omkhulu kakhulu ukuvikela indawo ezungezile nokuqinisekisa izinga eliyisisekelo lokuphila kwasebekhulile nabampofu, uhulumeni uyisisekelo esibalulekile. Inselele eqhubekayo yokubusa ukuphatha lemisebenzi emikhulu ngokunempumelelo nangesikhathi esifanayo kuyilapho ihlonipha izimiso zombuso eziye zaqondisa isizwe kusukela ekusungulweni kwayo. Isazi sezenhlalakahle, sihileleke ngenkuthalo ekuqondeni lezi zinkinga, kubalulekile empilweni ye-Riphabliki. Izingxoxo ezimayelana nobukhulu obufanele nobukhulu bukahulumeni akuzona nje ezemfundo; ziyisisekelo esizweni se-&x27; nezombangazwe.