Ukuqonda Izinkantolo Zangaphakathi

Izinkantolo zombango zikhona ukuze zixazulule izingxabano phakathi kwabantu abahlukene. (izimpi ezingokomthetho eUnited States), amabhizinisi, noma amahlelo kahulumeni. Ngokungafani nezinkantolo zobugebengu, lapho uhulumeni emangalela khona umuntu ngokwephula umthetho, izinkantolo zezakhamuzi zigxila ekufakeni izikhalazo zeqembu elilimele noma ekufakeni amalungelo. Izingxabano eziningi ezingokomthetho eUnited States ziphathwa ezinkantolo zomphakathi, kusukela ezingeni elincane kuya ezinhlangothini eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izigaba ezivamile zecala lomphakathi zihlanganisa izingxabano zesivumelwano, ukuthi (ngokulimala komuntu siqu noma ukuhlawuliswa), ukungezwani kwempahla, ukungezwani kwezendlu yomkhaya (indawo ehlala iwinwa), ukugcinwa kwecala nezindlela ezihlukene zenkantolo. U.[5]

Amalungiselelo Angaphambili: Okumelwe Ukwenze Kuqala

Ama-litaric amaningi aqalayo aphuthuma ukuyofaka isikhalo ngaphandle kokulungiselela ngokwanele. Ukwenza kanjalo kungalulaza icala lakho noma kuholele ekuxoshweni. Ngaphambi kokuba ufake ipeni, thatha lezi zinyathelo ezibucayi:

Thola Impikiswano Engokomthetho Futhi Uyichaze

Isho ngokucacile ukuthi ikuphi okungalungile okwenzekayo futhi yiyiphi inkolelo-lwazi engokomthetho esekela lokho okushoyo. Ingabe kuwukwephulwa kwesivumelwano? Umthetho wokwephula umthetho? Ukubhala isigaba esisodwa samaqiniso nelungelo elingokomthetho okholelwa ukuthi laphulwa kuyokusiza", futhi kamuva ummeli wakho uveza amandla ecala lakho.

Hlanganisa Bonke Ubufakazi Obusebenzayo

Ubufakazi buyisisekelo sanoma ikuphi ukuqamba kwe-odoli. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izivumelwano, ama-imeyili, imiyalezo yemiyalezo, izithombe, ama-infoisi, ama-ligister, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, kanye nokwaziswa kobufakazi obubonisa ukuthi ukhona. Uma unobufakazi obulandelana nohlelo lwezikhathi. Uma unobufakazi obuphathekayo, bugcine ngendlela obubhalwe ngayo ekuqaleni. Bungakho ubufakazi obungabulala uma uqulwa.

Hlola Isilinganiso Sokulinganiselwa

Zonke iziphakamiso zomphakathi zinesikhathi esiqinile esimisiwe, noma umthetho wokulinganiselwa, ngemva kwalokho ongeke usakwazi ukukhokha. Lokhu kulinganisela kuyahluka ngokwesimo nangohlobo oluthile lwezinhloso. Ngokwesibonelo, ukulimala komuntu siqu ngokuvamile kunomngcele weminyaka emibili, kuyilapho izilinganiso ezibhaliwe zingavumela iminyaka eyisithupha. Ukungasitholi isikhathi esimisiwe ukuba silula. Hlola umthetho wombuso wakho wokulinganiselwa, ufingqwa [ kumqondisi we-Nolo.

Thumela incwadi efuna ihaba

Ngaphambi kokuba kubhalwe phansi, izinkantolo eziningi zifuna noma zikhuthaza kakhulu abakhokhi ukuba bathumele incwadi engokomthetho echaza impikiswano nemali efunwayo. Lencwadi ngezinye izikhathi ingaholela ekwahlukaneni ngaphandle kokuqulwa. Futhi yenza indlela yephepha ebonisa ukuthi uzama ukuxazulula lendaba ngokholo oluqinile.

Bhekana Ne - athoriney Efanelekayo

Ngisho noma uhlela ukuzimelela (pro se), ukuthola ukuhlola ihora elilodwa kungaveza izingibe ze-procedromethis kanye namasu angokomthetho ongase uphuthe. Izinxulumani eziningi ze-bar yombuso zinikeza izinhlelo eziphansi noma ezikhululekile. Ummeli uyoluleka futhi ukuthi icala lakho lifanele ukuphishekela izindleko namathuba okululama.

Ukuphonsa Isikhalo: Ukuqala UMthetho

Lapho usulungiselele, icala elingokomthetho liqala ngokufaka isikhalo enkantolo efanele.

Ukukhetha Inkantolo Enembile

Ukumangalelwa nendawo yezobuchwepheshe kodwa kubalulekile. Inkantolo isho ukuthi inkantolo inegunya lokuzwa uhlobo lwecala lakho (umzk., izinkantolo zikahulumeni zemibuzo ehlukahlukeneyo noma kahulumeni, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zezinye izindaba zomphakathi eziningi). IVenue ibhekisela endaweni yendawo, ngokuvamile indawo lapho kuhlala khona ummangalelwa noma lapho impikiswano iqala khona. Ukugaxelwa enkantolo engalungile kungaphumela ekuxoshweni noma ekudlulisweni, kubiza isikhathi sakho nemali.

Ukuqeda Isikhalo

Isikhalo sihlanganisa amazwi alandelayo (isihluzo nesigaba), isimemezelo sokulawula, uhlu olunezibalo lwamaqiniso, izisho zomthetho (ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi “izizathu zesenzo”), nomthandazo wokukhululeka ochaza umonakalo noma umyalo owufunayo. Izinga lemininingwane edingekayo liyahluka-hluka ngokwegunya; ezinye izifunda zidinga“ ukuncenga” (amazwi amafushane, acacile), kuyilapho ezinye zisebenzisa “ukunxusa okungaqondakali” (izikhalo ezihambisanayo).

Ama - flue Ahamba Endizeni Ne - Fee Waivers

Ukukhononda ngomphakathi ngokuvamile kuhilela izindleko zemali — cishe amakhulu amaningana amadollar ezinkantolo zikahulumeni kanye namaningi enkantolo kahulumeni. Uma ungakwazi ukukhokhela intela, ungafaka isikhalazo sokuthatha i-foma paupere, okudinga i-affidavit yemali. Inkantolo iyonquma ukuthi izokhokha yini imali.

Ukuthola Inani Lecala Nesabelo Sokwahlulela

Uma ufaka iposi, umabhalane wenkantolo uzophawula isikhalo sakho, wabele inombolo yecala, futhi anikeze umahluleli noma imantshi icala. Lesi sabelo sivame ukushiyelwa wonke umuntu.

Ukukhonza Umlweli: Ukunikeza Isaziso Esingokomthetho

Ngemva kokubhala, kumelwe udlulisele ikhophi yesikhalo kanye nesicelo kummangalelwa. Lesi sinyathelo, esibizwa ngokuthi inqubo, asiyona into ezikhethelayo, kodwa kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi ummangalelwa unesaziso sangempela nethuba lokuphendula.

Izindlela Ezamukelekayo Zenkonzo

Izindlela zenkonzo ziyahluka-hluka ngokomthetho kodwa ngokuvamile zihlanganisa ukuthunyelwa komuntu siqu kummangalelwa, inkonzo ngeposi egunyaziwe ene-lisithi yokubuyisa, noma ngokusebenzisa i-server enemvume. Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela inkonzo ngokukhishwa (isaziso sephepha elisha) uma ummangalelwa engenakutholakala ngemva kwemizamo yenkuthalo. Umthetho we-Federal of Civil Procedure 4 ubusa izinkantolo zikahulumeni; imithetho kahulumeni iyasebenza ezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Ubufakazi Benkonzo

Kumelwe ubhalise incwadi ngenkantolo eqinisekisa ukuthi inkonzo yenziwe, lokhu kuvame ukuba yi-affidavit esayinwe kumuntu owanikeza amaphepha. Uma inkonzo ingafanele, inkantolo ingayifihla, futhi kungadingeka uqale. Inkonzo engafanelekile iyisisekelo esivamile sokuthatha isinyathelo.

Imithetho Ekhethekile Yabalweli BobuKhomanisi

Amabhizinisi, ngokuvamile kumelwe anikezwe isikhulu, umphathi, noma inxusa elibhalisiwe lenqubo. UNobhala wehhovisi loMbuso ezweni lakini anganikeza igama nekheli lommeleli obhalisiwe.

Ukusabela Komlweli: Impendulo, Ukuphikisa, Noma Ukuhamba

Uma eseyitholile, ummangalelwa unesikhathi esilinganiselwe sokuphendula izinsuku ezingu-20 kuya kwezingu-30, kuye ngokuthi inkonzo yenziwa ngokoqobo noma ngeposi. Ukwehluleka ukuphendula kungaphumela ekwahlulelweni okungahleliwe kommangalelwa.

Phendula

Impendulo evame kakhulu yimpendulo, lapho ummangalelwa evuma noma ephika impikiswano ngayinye ekukhonondeni. Noma ikuphi ukumangalelwa okungaphikwa ngokuqondile kuvunywa. Impendulo ingase ihlanganise nokuvuma isivikelo (isib., umthetho wokulinganiselwa, ukulahla, ukulinganisela ingozi).

Ama - “claim ” Ne - claims ”

Ummangalelwa angase futhi alethe izikhalo ezimelene nomphathi wecala onecala. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umangalela uma umangalela umakhi ngomsebenzi onzima, bangaphikisana ngokuthi awukhokhanga umsebenzi oqediwe. Isiphambano singabekwa futhi ngokumelene nabameleli bamacala ahlangene.

Ukuzimisela Ukuxoshwa

Kunokuba aphendule, ummangalelwa angasusa unyawo ukuze axoshe, ephikisa ngokuthi ngisho noma yonke into oyibophayo iyiqiniso, awunawo amazwi asemthethweni. Izizathu ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuntuleka kwe-custom-preset, ukwehluleka ukusho ukuthi (Rule 12(b), noma inkonzo engafanele. Uma ukunyakaza kuvunyelwe, icala lingase lisuswe ngobandlululo (ngendlela eqinile) noma ngaphandle kobandlululo (ungabuyisela ubandlululo).

I - police Etholakalayo: Ukwaziswa Okukhiphayo

Ukuvubukulwa kuvame ukuba yinkathi ende nebiza kakhulu yokuqulwa kwezindaba zomphakathi. Zombili izinhlangothi ziqoqa ubufakazi obusekela ukuma kwazo, izimpikiswano zincane, futhi zigweme ukumangala lapho kuqulwa icala. Imithetho eminingi kahulumeni ivumela ukutholakala kwanoma yikuphi ukwaziswa okungagunyaziwe okungahlobene nalesi simo.

Ukungenela

Lena imibuzo ebhaliwe okumelwe ukuba umphikisi aphendule ngaphansi kwesifungo, ngokuvamile elinganiselwe ngenani (ngokuvamile engu-25 enkantolo kahulumeni). Izikhulu ezivamile zicela ubuni bezazi, izibalo zomonakalo, nesisekelo esiyiqiniso sokuzisholo noma ukuvikela.

Ukubekwa Kwezindawo

I-athoney ibuza imibuzo, futhi kamuva ingasetshenziswa ekuqulweni kwecala ukunikeza ubufakazi noma njengobufakazi. Izikhombi zingamathuluzi anamandla okuhlola ukuthembeka nokuvala ubufakazi.

Izicelo Zokukhiqiza

Izindawo zingafuna amabhukwana, ama-imeyili, izithombe, izivumelwano, nezinye izinto ezibonakalayo. Ukutholakala kwe-electronic (e-revocation) kuye kwaba sendaweni ephakathi, kudinga ukuba iziphathi zikhiqize ama-imeyili, imetameter, futhi ngisho namafayela acinyiwe. Ukwehluleka ukulondoloza ubufakazi obuphathekayo kungaholela ezivumelweni ezinzima.

Izicelo Zokuvunyelwa

Lawa amazwi abhaliwe okumelwe avunyelwe noma aphiwe uma evunywa, lawomaqiniso athathwa njengowamaqiniso alungele ukuqulwa. Izisicelo zokuvuma zivame ukusetshenziswa ekukhipheni izimpikiswano ze-line(ngokwesibonelo), ukuvuma ukuthi isivumelwano sasayinwa.

Izinyathelo Zangaphambili Nesinqumo Esihlukile

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe icala, abantu bangase bacele inkantolo ukuba inqume izindaba ezithile ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala eliphelele, noma ikhuthaze ukuxazululwa.

Ukuhamba Kwesinqumo Esifingqiwe

Uma ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi akukho mpikiswano yangempela yeqiniso eliphathekayo, noma yimuphi umuntu angacela isahlulelo esifingqiwe. Uma imvume, inkantolo inquma icala njengendaba yomthetho, igwema icala. Lokhu kudinga ukufushaniswa okukhulu futhi ngokuvamile kusekela ama-affidavits noma izifashini.

Imihlangano Yezindaba Nendawo Yokuhlala

Ezinkantolo eziningi kufunwa amaqembu ukuba azame ukuqulisana noma abe khona emhlanganweni ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Eqenjini, i-mediavement, ingxenye yesithathu engathathi hlangothi isiza ekudingidani isinqumo. Engqungqutheleni yeqembu, umahluleli angase asize ukuba kube nezingxoxo. Amacala amaningi ahlale kahle phakathi nalesi sigaba, kulondolozwe isikhathi nezindleko.

Izinyathelo ELimine

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe icala, abameli bangase bakhiphe ubufakazi obuthile abakholelwa ukuthi abunandaba, abubalulekile, noma abunakusetshenziswa.

Inqubo Yokuqulwa Komthetho

Uma icala lingaxazululeki noma lilahlwa ngaphambi kwecala, liqhubekela ekuqulweni kwecala. Inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala ilandelana ngendlela ehlelwe kahle.

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Emacaleni abahluleli, zombili izinhlangothi zingangabaza abahluleli abangase bavuleke ubandlululo. Ama-attorney angabekela inselele abasizi bejaji ngembangela (ubandlululo oluqondile) noma asebenzise izinselele zokukhulula (azikho izizathu ezidingekayo, kodwa zilinganiselwe). Umgomo uwukukhetha ijaji elingakhethi.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Ohlangothini ngalunye lunikeza umbono ofingqiwe walokho okuzoboniswa ubufakazi. Izinkulumo zokuvula azizona izimpikiswano, kodwa ziwubala oweqalile wejaji.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Ummangalelwa uhamba kuqala, abize ofakazi nokwazisa imibukiso. Ngemva kokuhlolwa ngokuqondile, ummangalelwa angadlula i-examine. Khona - ke ummangalelwa uveza icala lakhe enduneni. Umahluleli ushaya umthetho ngemibuzo (izwi, i-athom, i-athonsis). Umthwalo wobufakazi uxhomeke kumphathi.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba sekunikezwe bonke ubufakazi, uhlangothi ngalunye lufingqa amaqiniso futhi luphikisa ngokuthi kungani abasizi bejaji kufanele bathathe isinqumo.

Iziqondiso Nesiyalo

Umahluleli ube esekhipha isinqumo ngasese. Ecaleni (engenayo ijaji), umahluleli ukhipha isinqumo.

Izenzo Nezenzo Zeposi

Ukuphumelela ekuqulweni akuqedi isimo. Izinyathelo eziningana zangemva kokuhlolwa zivamile.

Ukwahlulela Nezindlela Zokwelapha

Inkantolo ingena ekwahluleleni okubonisa isinqumo. Uma umlindi enqoba, isahlulelo sisho umonakalo wemali (inhlawulo, isijeziso, noma igama losizo) noma usizo olulinganayo (i-injancctions, inqubo ethile). Iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase liyalwe ukuba likhokhe izindleko.

Izinyathelo Ngemva Kwesinqumo

Iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingathatha isinyathelo ukuze liqule icala elisha (ukuveza amaphutha angokomthetho noma ubufakazi obunganele) noma ukuthatha isinyathelo sokwahlulela naphezu kwesinqumo. Lokhu kuthatha isinyathelo kumelwe kugcinwe ngokushesha", ngokuvamile phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi kuya kwezingu-28.

Ukukhanga

Uma umshadi ekholelwa ukuthi inkantolo yecala yenzile iphutha elingokomthetho, bangadlulisa icala enkantolo ephakeme. Ukudlulisa amacala akusiwo amasha; babukeza amaphutha omthetho. U-messagellant kumelwe afake isaziso sokudlulisa izicelo phakathi nohlelo oluqinile (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-30). Inkantolo ye-appellate ingaqinisekisa, ibuye idlulise, noma iphinde idlulise icala ukuze ithathe amanye amacala.

Ukuphoqelela Ukwahlulela

Ukuqoqa isahlulelo kungaba yinselele. Izindlela zihlanganisa imali ekhokhelwayo, imali ebhange, amasheya, nokuhlola impahla yonecala. Uma ummangalelwa engenayo impahla noma engakwazi ukukhokha isahlulelo, iqoqo lingaba nzima. Izizwe eziningi zinikeza amathuluzi okuthola izinto ngemva kokwahlulela.

Isiphetho

Ukumisa inqubo yenkantolo yezakhamuzi kudinga isineke, ukulungiselela, nokuqonda okucacile kwesigaba ngasinye sokuhlola ngasikhathi sinye phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala nokunxusa okungenzeka, ukwazi ukuthi yini ongalindela ukunciphisa ukukhathazeka futhi kuthuthukise amathuba akho omphumela omuhle. Nakuba lesi siqondiso sinikeza ukucaciswa okubanzi, icala ngalinye liyingqayizivele. Ngaso sonke isikhathi thintana nommeli ofanelekayo weseluleko esivumelana nezimo zakho ezithile. Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, [ i-American Bar’s “Indlela izinkantolo zomsebenzi ezingcono” zenza inqubo yomphakathi inyuke kakhulu.