IBill of Rights ayiyona nje into engokomlando; isisekelo esiphilayo senkululeko yaseMelika, iqoqo elichaza ubuhlobo phakathi komuntu nombuso. Ilulaza ngoDecember 15, 1791, lezi eziyishumi zokuqala ukubuyiselwa kuMthetho-sisekelo zaklanyelwa ukulinganisela amandla kahulumeni nokuvikela inkululeko eyisisekelo. Kubantu baseMelika, iBill of Rights ihlala iyisivikelo esiyinhloko kuhulumeni ophambanayo nesisekelo sawo wonke amalungelo omphakathi ayinhloko. Ukuqonda amalungiselelo ayo, izimpikiswano ezawabumba, nezincazelo zazo zesimanje zibalulekile kunoma yisiphi isakhamuzi esithembisiwe.

Umlando Wencwadi Yamalungelo Abantu

Ukwakhiwa kweBhili leMalungelo kwazalwa ngenxa yezimpi ezinkulu zezombangazwe. Phakathi nezimpikiswano zokudina kwe-1787-1788, abalweli be-Antifederalist njengoPatrick Henry noGeorge Mason baxwayisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo omusha wakha uhulumeni oyinhloko onamandla amakhulu, ongenaziqinisekiso eziqondile zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Baphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle komthetho wamalungelo, izakhamuzi zazisengozini yokucindezelwa.

Abaqondisi be-Federalist, kuhlanganise noJames Madison noAlexander Hamilton, ekuqaleni babekholelwa ukuthi ingcaphuno yamalungelo yayingadingekile, bephikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni wawungowombuso obaliwe futhi ungakwazi ukwenza ngalé kwaleyomingcele. Nokho, Hamilton wabhala ngokwedume kakhulu e Federalist No. 84 [uMthetho-sisekelo] uwenawo ngokwawo, ngawo wonke umqondo onengqondo, nakuyo yonke injongo ewusizo, umthenwa wamalungelo." Nokho, ukuvikela ukuhlanganiswa kwezimo eziyinhloko ezinjengeVirginia neNew York, Federalistrisns ithembise ukuhlanganisa i-mendmentss ngemva nje kombuso omusha.

James Madison, ekuqaleni owayengabaza, wahola ekulungiseni izinguquko. Wahlola ngokucophelela iziphakamiso ezingaphezu kuka 200 emihlanganweni yombuso elungisayo waze wazisusa zaba yizinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi. Umgomo wakhe kwakuwukukhuluma ngezinkathazo ezinkulu kakhulu ngaphandle kokululaza isimo soMthetho-sisekelo. Iziphetho zagunyazwa ngeziqu ezintathu ezinezine zezifunda ngo-1791. Ukubheka ngokujule kwezincwadi zokuqala, vakashelani izinqolobane zezincwadi zesizwe eziseBill of Rights .

Ukubukeza Izichibiyelo Zokuqala Eziyishumi

Nakuba ezinye zifushane futhi ziqondile, ezinye ziye zabangela amakhulu eminyaka okuchaza nokuchaza.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Inqaba Yokukhuluma

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala senqabela ukwenza noma imuphi umthetho ngokuphathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo, ukunqanda inkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuphazamisa inkululeko yokukhipha izikhalo, ukuphazamisa inkululeko yezindaba, ukuphazamisa ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula, noma ukunqabela isicelo sokulungisa izikhalo zikahulumeni. Lokhu kulungisa okukodwa kuvikela izinqubo zentando yeningi zengxoxo, ukugxeka, nokukhulekela. Izenzakalo eziphawuleka njenge New York Times. Co. Sullivancan[[FLD:] [1964] [194]) yamisa isikhalazo esiphakeme semali ehilela iziqu zomphakathi, kuyilapho i-Projiniat star State of Education v. [FLT] [FFFT] [FT] [193] [193]

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokugcina Nokuthwala Izikhali

Izinguquko ezimbalwa zibangela ukuphikisana okukhulu. ISichibiyelo Sesibili sifundeka kanje: "I-Militia elawulwa kahle, ngoba idingekile ekulondekeni koMbuso okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha futhi ukuphatha Izikhali, ngeke iphazanyiswe. ” Eningi lomlando waseMelika, iNkantolo Ephakeme yachaza lokhu kulunga ekukhonzeni amabutho kahulumeni. Nokho, [iSiganga] iHelder [2001], iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi iSiphendulo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuba nento yokubulala izibhamu ngenxa yezinjongo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho, njengaleyo ebekwe ngaphakathi ekhaya. Lesinqumo sanwetshelwa kulezo zisho [FLT] [FFD] [FDicc] [5] [200d City City Cromet] [0] izigwebo], futhi siqhubeke nokusetshenziswa kwezikhali ezigwegwegwegwegwegwegwe. [i]

Isichibiyelo Sesithathu: Amasosha Ahamba Neqembu

Lokhu kulungisa kumane kwenqabela uhulumeni ekuphoqeleleni abaninimakhaya ukuba bahlalise amasosha ngesikhathi sokuthula ngaphandle kwemvume. Nakuba kungavamile ukubekwa isigwebo, kubonisa intukuthelo yabasunguli nge British Expands. ISichibiyelo sesithathu silokhu siyisibonakaliso sesimiso sokuthi amakhaya ezakhamuzi awanakuvinjelwa.

Isichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuvikelwa Ekucwaningeni Nokukhohlisa

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela "ilungelo labantu ukuba balondeke kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela, ngokuphenya okungacabangeli nokuquleka." Kuvame ukudinga ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kuthole isiqinisekiso esisekelwe ngokunokwenzeka, ikakhulukazi lapho kuhlola ikhaya. Umthetho wokuhlukanisa, osungulwe ku Mapp v. Ohio [1961] [1961]], uvimbela ubufakazi obutholakele ngokwephulwa kweSiphendulo sesine sokusetshenziswa enkantolo. Izinselele zanamuhla zihilela ukuthungamelwe yizenzipho: ukufinyelela kocingo, i-GPS, ukulandelelana kwemikhondo, nezinhlelo ze-'enqulup]. Inkantolo yanquma ku-United States[FLT:[FLT] v [FFFFFF:3] (20) (20) ukuba kusetshenziswe izigijikelezo ze-omfo zangaphakathi).

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele, Ukuziphikisa, Nokufa Kabili

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu singumgcini wezimiso zobugebengu. Siqinisekisa ukulahlwa icala yijaji elikhulu lobugebengu obukhulu, sinqabela ingozi ephindwe kabili (ukuzanywa kabili ngenxa yecala elifanayo), futhi sivikele ekuzibekeleni ngokwaso (ilungelo lokuthula). "Umthetho" udinga ukuba uhulumeni akhokhe imbuyiselo kuphela lapho ethatha indawo yangasese ukuze asetshenziswe umphakathi. Inqubo efanele itoliwe ukuhlanganisa iBill of Rightss isivikelo kohulumeni. Inkulumo ethi "Ukuhola isihlanu" iye yaba i-alder yezeroo.

Isichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okufanele

Lokhu kulunga kuqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi elisheshayo nelingakhethi, ilungelo lokutshelwa ngamacala, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi futhi babize, nelungelo leseluleko esingokomthetho. Icala lengqophamlando Gideon v. Wainwright [1963] [ilungelo lokunikeza abamangalelwa abangakwazi ukubakhokhela, ngokuyisisekelo, ukuguqula isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu.

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa: Ukuvivinywa Kwezigwegwe Ezimweni Zomphakathi

ISichibiyelo seSember silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji emacala omphakathi lapho isilinganiso sempikiswano singaphezu kuka-2020. Nakuba kungavamile ukuba kube nempikiswano yanamuhla, sigcizelela ukuthembela kwabasunguli bezakhamuzi ezivamile ekuxazululeni izingxabano.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili eqile, ukuhlawuliswa okukhulu, nesijeziso esingavamile. Lenkulumo iye yaba yimbangela yokuphikisana ngesigwebo sokufa. Furman v. Georgia [77]2], iNkantolo Ephakeme yecala yesikhashana yabulala yonke imithetho yesigwebo sokufa njengendlela engokomthetho neyokujezisa icala. Kamuva izinqumo zabuyisela isijeziso sentambo ngesivikelo esisha, kodwa iNkantolo iye yavimbela ukubulawa kwentsha nabantu ngabanye abakhubazekile. I-mendement isebenza futhi ezimweni zasejele nasemgwebwebweni enzima kakhulu.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalolunye: Abantu Bathola Amalungelo

ISichibiyelo se-Ninth sithi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo ngeke kuthathwe njengokuphika noma ukulahla abanye abantu. Kwamukelwa ukuze kuncishiswe ukwesaba kokuthi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile kungase kubonise ukuthi amalungelo angahloniphiwa ayengavikelwa. Nakuba ngokuvamile kucelwa emicimbini eyimfihlo, iSichibiyelo seNinth asisona isisekelo esiyinhloko sesinqumo sokwahlulela. Nokho kugcizelela isimiso sokuthi izakhamuzi zinenkululeko etholakala ngaphezu kwalawo abhalwa phansi.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi: Amandla Agcinelwe Izwe Noma Abantu

ISichibiyelo seshumi siqinisekisa ukuthi amandla angaphathiswa uhulumeni kahulumeni noma enqatshelwe emibuso agcinelwe izifundazwe, noma abantu. Lokhu kulungisa kuyisisekelo sombuso, kulinganisela izinga lombuso kahulumeni. Kuye kwacashunwa ezimweni ezimisa igunya lenhlangano phezu kohulumeni, njenge-[FLT] Prentz v. United States (1997), eyaqeda izimfuneko zokuhlola isizinda sombuso sokudayisa izibhamu.

Imfundiso Yokuvumelana: Ukusebenzisa Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu E - United States

Emlandweni omningi waseMelika, iBill of Rights yasebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe. Izwe lalinomthetho walo futhi lingalinganisela inkulumo, ukusesha, kanye nezinye inkululeko njengoba bebone kufanele. Lokho kwashintsha kancane kancane ngemva kweMpi Yombango. ISichibiyelo seSimo sika-14th Claus seSivumelwano sika-Clausse sivimbela ukunciphisa "noma ubani wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. INkanto Ephakeme i-'ivikela'imfuno yelungelo kakhulu enkantolo enkantolo engokomthetho esekelwe enkantoloni. Isibonelo, iSiphendulo sokuqala sokukhuluma ngenkululeko yokukhuluma sasetshenziswa ezizweni v[5].[5] i-New York:25, futhi i-edevolustrated Trence [encessionssions] ku-Foperand [4] ku-Genese-Genetiction.[3] Zonke iziteshiciose.[3] ku-G.[Fose-ose-ose.[ast] i-ose

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu Kubantu Banamuhla

Kunokuba kube incwadi eqinile, iBill of Rights icelwa nsuku zonke ezinkantolo, ezindlu zomthetho, nasezingxabanweni zomphakathi. Izinguquko zihlela yonke into kusukela kwimithetho yezingubo zokugqoka ezisesesikoleni esiphakeme kuya kwezezomthetho wesizwe. Ngezansi kunezindawo eziyinhloko lapho iBhili loMalungelo lihlala khona lisezingeni eliphambili lokuphila kwamanje.

Ukuzihlukanisa Kwamanani Nesichibiyelo Sesine

Ukwanda komakhalekhukhwini, ukugcinwa kwamafu, ne-Internet yezinto kuye kwaphoqelela izinkantolo ukuba ziphinde zichaze ukuthi iziphi izimpawu "search" noma "ukwaziswa". Riley v. California (2014, iNkantolo ePhakeme inqume ngazwi linye ukuthi amaphoyisa kumelwe athole isiqinisekiso sokuhlola isenzakalo socingo sokubopha. INkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi imishini yemishini yezinombolo inenani elikhulu lokwaziswa okungasese, ngaphezu kakhulu kwemali engokoqobo. Ukusetshenziswa komthetho we-drons, i-fitfig, nemishini yokuqaphela ubuso kuyoqhubeka kuphakamisa imibuzo ye-Grameter.

Ukukhuluma Ngenkululeko Enkathini Yemithombo Yezindaba

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala asivikeli nje kuphela amazwi akhulunywayo nabhalwayo kodwa futhi sivikela nenkulumo engokomfanekiso, ukukhangisa kwezentengiselwano, kanye nokusetshenziswa komkhankaso. Amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana aseyindawo entsha yomphakathi. Icala elinjenge Phackham v. INyakatho Carolina[ (2017]) ivimbele umthetho owawuvimbela abakhohlisi bobulili abasemthethweni ekusebenziseni imithombo yezindaba yezenhlalo, ubusa ukuthi lamapulatifomu abalulekile ekuxhumaneni kwanamuhla. Nokho, izinkampani ezizimele ezinjengo Facebook noTwitter azizona izikhulu zikahulumeni futhi azikwazi ukuveza okulinganisela ngaphandle kokuphula iSichimbiso sokuqala. Ukunga okuphakathi kwesigaba nesikhululo senkululeko kungomunye wezindaba ezingokomthetho ezicindezela kakhulu zezenhlalakahleni.

Amalungelo Ezibhamu Nokulondeka Komphakathi

Ngemva kwe- ne- [FLT]McD , izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zazama ukuchaza izinga leSiphendulo Sesibili. Izinselele zokuvimbela "izikhali," i-Aspected ," i-Atcare-parecter," nemvume yokuphatha ezifihlekile zikhiqize ukubusa okuxubile. [[FLT:]] Kuyi-New York State Rifle &pamp; Pistol Association. Bruen[FL:] [2022], iNkanto ephakeme yeNkanto yamukela uvivinyo olungokomlando lokuhlola imithetho, ifuna uhulumeni ukubonisa ukuthi umthetho umthetho uhambisana nesiko lwesizwe. Lesinqumo sezehlulelo sihobo sihole ukulwa kwempi. Isinqumo se-Brustom esisempini sihomu sesemuva sesenzile, izigwebondawosibili, izigwebo zempi yeSiviyo seSikhathi seSikhathi seSi

Iziyalezo Zokufundisa Ngamalungelo

Kubafundisi, iSikhathi samalungelo sinikeza ithuba elicebile lokufaka abafundi ekwakheni izakhamuzi ezikhuthele. Ngalé kokuphindaphinda ukubuyiselwa, othisha bangasebenzisa izimpikiswano zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezifaniswe, lapho abafundi besekela khona kokubili amacala anjengaye imanda v. noma [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [i-Moines v.. Isisekelo esiyinhloko sokuhlola imibhalo yokuqala eMthethweni weNational Archivestings sisiza abafundi ukuba baqonde umongo ongokomlando. [[impikiswano] ezingxoxhintshiwe yindaba yamanje evikela inkulumo yenzondo eyimfihlo kulayini ye-ilayini noma ukuthi i-sekubili ye-Grangeymentsting ivumela ukuculder. [FLT] [FFF]] [FFFF]]

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano

I - Bill of Rights ayiyona incwadi ephelele, yakhiwa ngesikhathi sobugqila, izakhiwo ezifanelekele ukuvota, nokuhlanganyela okulinganiselwe kwabesifazane nabantu abanombala.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Neyokuzonda

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela ngisho nenkulumo ecasulayo kakhulu. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi uhulumeni akanakuvimbela ukukhuluma ngenxa nje yokuthi kunenzondo, nakuba izigaba ezithile zenkulumo − njengokugqugquzela ubudlova obuseduze, ukusongela kweqiniso, kanye namagama okulwa (_______azingavikelwa). Ukukhula kobuzwe obumhlophe, ukuhlukunyezwa nge - Internet, nokungasaphathwa kahle kuye kwacindezela lesivikelo esikhulu. Amazwe amaningi anemithetho eqinile yokukhuluma, kodwa i-United States isabambelele esimisweni sokuthi ikhambiso elingcono kakhulu lokukhuluma kabi liyinkulumo ehlukahlukene, hhayi ukucusumbula.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili Nokulondeka Komphakathi

Impikiswano mayelana namalungelo ezibhamu nokulawulwa kwezibhamu isalokhu ingenye yezimpikiswano ezihlukanisa kakhulu eMelika. Abasekeli bemithetho eqinile bakhomba emazingeni aphakeme obudlova bezibhamu nokudubulana kwabantu, bephikisana ngesizinda sendawo yonke, inkathi yokulinda, nokuvinjelwa kwezikhali ezithile. Abameleli bamalungelo ezikhalini bagcizelela ukuzicindezela, ukumelana nobushiqela, futhi umbhalo weSiphendulo Sesibili. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme [FLT: 0] Bruen iye yasusa imingcele engokomthetho, idinga ubufakazi obungokomlando nganoma yimuphi umthetho webhamu. Lokhu kuye kwanciphisa imithetho eminingi ngokulawula okuqinile kwezikhali, njengakuwo iNew York naseCalifornia, futhi impi iyaqhubeka ezinkantolo eziphansi.

Izindaba Zomuntu Siqu Nokwenyuka Kukahulumeni

Ngemva kokuhlasela ngo-September 11, uhulumeni wandisa amandla okuhlola ngaphansi koMthetho we-USA PATRIOT. Izinhlelo zokuqoqa izingcingo eziningi zocingo kamuva zabekwa umthetho ongekho emthethweni kwezinye izici. ISichibiyelo sesine sifuna ukuba ukuqapha kube okunengqondo, kodwa okuthi "kunengqondo" ukushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe. Izinkathazo zezindaba zomuntu siqu zidlulela ekwazisweni okuqoqwe izinkampani ezizimele, lapho iSithathu sePartioct Doctrine sivumela uhulumeni ukuba athole ukwaziswa okuhlangabelwe ngokuzithandela namalungu esithathu (njengezinkampani zocingo noma i-ISBS). Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ukuthi le mfundiso iphelelwe isikhathi esidala isikhathi esine futhi iSiphendulo seSine kufanele sinikeze isivikelo esiqinile esingokwezingeni.

Isiphetho

I-Bill of Rights ayiyona insalela yango-1791. Iwuhlelo olunamandla olulawula ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwabantu bonke baseMelika. Kusukela elungelweni lokukhuluma ingqondo yomuntu kuya elungelweni lokukhululeka ekufuneni okungenangqondo, lezi zinguquko eziyishumi zinikeza izakhiwo ezingokomthetho ezibalulekile zenkululeko. Njengoba umphakathi ushintsha, izinkantolo ziyoqhubeka zichaza lamalungelo ngemibandela emisha. Izakhamuzi zaseMelika, ziqonda ukuthi iSimiso Samalungelo Enkululeko asisona nje isikhungo semfundo yemfundo kuphela sokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu siqu nethuluzi lokuvikela uhulumeni. Inkulumo, izibhamu, inqubo yomlomo, inqubo yecala, neyokugcina ingeke ilungiswe ngokugcwele, kodwa iwuhlobo lokuphila. Ukuhlanganyela nale mithetho eqenjini, noma ekilasini lesikoleni, isikhulumithena, noma isikhululo sezakhamuzi.