Uyini Umthetho Wangaphakathi?

Umthetho womphakathi uyigatsha lesimiso somthetho esisingatha izingxabano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, noma ezinye izinhlangano. Ngokungafani nomthetho wobugebengu. Ngokungafani nomthetho wezobugebengu, ogxila ekujeziseni ukuziphatha okulimaza umphakathi uwonke.

Imisuka yomthetho wanamuhla wezwekazi isukela emuva eRoma lasendulo, lapho i-Corpus Juris Civilis (Umthetho woMdabu) izimiso ezigunyaziwe ezingokomthetho ezathonya khona kamuva eziningi zezwekazi laseYurophu futhi, ngokubekwa kwekoloni, amazwe amaningi emhlabeni wonke. Namuhla, izimiso zomthetho wesizwe zisebenza ezizweni ezinjengeFrance, iJaphani, iJapan, neningi le-Latin America, kuyilapho izimiso zomthetho ezivamile (njengalezo eziseUnited States nase-United States) zithembele kakhulu esibonelweni sokwahlulela. Naphezu kwalokhu kungafani, izinhloso eziyinhloko zomthetho wezwe zihlala zikhona ngokuvumelana: ukulungiselela isimiso esinokuthula sokuxazulula izingxabano nokulimaza amaqembu amaqembu akhona ngaphambi kokuba avusempini.

Izimiso Eziwumthetho

Amalungelo Nezibopho Zangasese

Umthetho wangaphakathi ulawula ubuhlobo obungokomthetho phakathi kwamaqembu azimele. Bumisa lokho abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano abakweletanayo, cishe ngesivumelwano, ngesibopho sokunakekela i-ort, noma ngesibopho sokujezisa ebhizinisini. Uma iqembu lihluleka ukuhlangabezana naleyo misebenzi, iqembu elidumeleyo linelungelo lokufuna ikhambi ezinkantolo zomphakathi.

Izindlela Zokubhekana Nesijeziso

Umgomo oyinhloko wokuthatha isinyathelo somphakathi awukona ukujezisa umenzi wobubi kodwa ukwenza lowo olimele aphele. Lokhu kufezwa ngamakhambi anjengembuyiselo yemali, ukwenza okuthile (ukuphoqelela umbambi ngokomthetho ukwenza lokho abakuthembisile), noma imiyalo (ukuyala iqembu ukuba linqande ukuziphatha okuthile). Ukujeziswa kwesijeziso akuvamile ezimisweni zomthetho wangaphakathi futhi ngokuvamile kugcinelwa amacala ahilela ukunganaki okukhulu noma ukuziphatha okubi ngenhloso.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi: Ukugcizelela Ubufakazi

Amacala angaphakathi adinga indinganiso ephansi yobufakazi kunamacala obugebengu. Esikhundleni sokubonisa icala “ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo,” i-pasttiff kumelwe ibonise ukuthi“ kungenzeka kakhulu kunezinga” (isibonelo, amathuba angaphezu kwa 50%) ukuthi ummangalelwa unecala. Lomnyango ophansi wenza kube lula ngeqembu elilimele ukubuyisa isinxephezelo ngisho nalapho ubufakazi bungaqiniseki.

Isinqumo Esiphikisanayo EMthethweni Wangaphakathi

Isinqumo esiphikisayo sihlanganisa izinqubo lapho amaqembu elungisa khona ukungaboni ngaso linye ngaphandle kokuphendukela ekuzisizeni noma ebudloveni. Umthetho womphakathi unikeza izindlela ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ezingxoxweni ngokwethukela kuya ezinkantolo ezingokomthetho. Indlela ngayinye inamandla ayo, izindleko, kanye nokufaneleka kuye ngokuthi ingxabano injani.

Ukuzwana

Ukuxoxisana kuyindlela evame kakhulu nengenamthetho yokuxazulula impikiswano. Imicimbi − ngokuvamile ithatha noma ingenaso iseluleko esingokomthetho ukuze ihlole izindawo ezingakhona. Ngenxa yokuthi ukuxoxisana kungokokuzithandela nangasese, kuvumela amaqembu ukuba enze amakhambi angenakugunyazwa inkantolo. Nokho, ukuxoxisana kungahluleka uma iqembu elilodwa lingazimisele ukuyekethisa noma uma kunokungalingani okuphawulekayo phakathi kwamaqembu.

Isiphazamiso

Kuyi-media, ingxenye yesithathu engathathi hlangothi (umlamuleli) ivumela ukukhulumisana phakathi kwabadivosi. Umlamuleli akaphoqeleli isinqumo kodwa usiza abahilelekile ukuba bacacise izithakazelo zabo, baqaphele ukukhetha, futhi bafinyelele isivumelwano esamukelekayo. I-media isetshenziswa kakhulu emthethweni womkhaya (umz. isehlukaniso nokuwinwa kwabantwana), izingxabano zasemsebenzini, nezingxabano zezentengiselwano. Ivame ukushesha futhi ibiza kancane kunokuphikisa, futhi ngenxa yokuthi amaqembu alawula umphumela, ngokuvamile iziphakamiso zezindaba ziveza isilinganiso esiphakeme sokwaneliseka. Imithetho eminingi manje ifuna ukuba izigaba zomphakathi zizame ukuzama ukuveza ukumangalelwa ngaphambi kokumangalelana kwezindlela ezithile, njengezimpikiswano ezincane noma izimpikiswano zomakhelwane.

Ukudluliselwa Kwezindawo

Uku-arbitation kuyindlela esemthethweni kakhulu yokuthatha indawo enkantolo. Abalwayo bakhetha oyedwa noma ngaphezulu abaqondisi bendaba − ngokuvamile ochwepheshe bendaba − abazwa ubufakazi nempikiswano bese bekhipha isinqumo esibophayo (umklomelo). Ukuvotelwa kuvame ukusetshenziswa ezivumelwaneni zezentengiselwano zomhlaba wonke, izimpikiswano zokwakha, nezindaba zomsebenzi. Inikeza izinzuzo eziningana: imfihlo ngokushesha kune-litrolibration, futhi imicikilisho ingagcinwa iyimfihlo, futhi amaqembu angakhetha imithetho nendawo. Nokho, ukuvotelwa kungabiza, futhi isisekelo sokukhanga i-tribitry arbitry arnardss silinganiselwe kakhulu. Emazweni amaningi, ukuvalwa kulawulwa ngemithetho enjenge- [FL:] MPMF:[0]

Ukuphihliza

Ukumangalela kuyinqubo yokuletha impikiswano phambi kwenkantolo yomphakathi ukuze kuthole isahlulelo esigunyazwe ngokomthetho. Lena indlela engokomthetho nengokomthetho yokukhipha isinqumo sokuphikisana. Ukuqamba amanga kulandela imithetho eqinile ephathelene nobufakazi, ukuncenga, nemibandela enqunyiweyo. Amaqembu aletha icala lawo kumajaji (futhi ngezinye izikhathi umsizi wejaji) owenza isinqumo esibophekayo esisekelwe emthethweni nasemaqini.

Iziphetho Zokumangalelwa Komphakathi

  1. Imposiso:[ I-paltiff ikhipha isikhalo esiveza amaqiniso nezikhangiso ezingokomthetho; ummangalelwa uphendula ngempendulo noma ngesenzo sokuxosha.
  2. Incazelo: Zombili izinhlangothi zishintshana ngobufakazi, ukuthatha, nokufaka uphenyo ukuze kuqoqwe ukwaziswa. Lengxenye ingaba ende futhi ibize.
  3. Izenzo zezequlo:[ Imicimbi ingacela inkantolo ukuba ixazulule izindaba ezithile noma ngisho ixoshe icala ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala (umz., ukwahlulela ngokufushanisiwe).
  4. [ : Izinhlangothi zonke ziveza icala lazo ngofakazi, izincwadi, nobufakazi obungochwepheshe. Ijaji noma amajaji abese ekhipha isinqumo.
  5. Appal:[ Iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase libeke inselele esinqumweni senkantolo equlwayo enkantolo edlulisa icala, liphikisa ngokuthi amaphutha omthetho athinta umphumela.

Ngoba ukuhlaziywa kungaba ukuthatha isikhathi futhi kubiza, izimpi eziningi zihlola ukuxoxisana, ukudluliswa kwezindaba, noma ukudluliswa kwemithetho kuqala. Noma kunjalo, ukuphikisa kusadingeka lapho kudingeka inqubo engokomthetho, uma elinye iqembu lenqaba ukuhlanganyela kwezinye izindlela, noma lapho kudingeka ukwahlulela komphakathi ukuze kucaciswe amalungelo.

Ukuziphilisa Njengekhambi

Ukunikeza ikhambi kuyikhambi elivame kakhulu elifunwa emacaleni omthetho we-parn. Injongo iwukubuyisela olimele esimweni ebekungeke kwenzeke ukube isenzo esingalungile asizange senzeke − saziwa ngokuthi “kodwa-ku-” indinganiso. Ukuphanda kungathatha izindlela eziningi, kuye ngokuthi kuyini ukulimala nokukhululeka okutholakalayo ngaphansi kwesimiso somthetho esifanelekile.

Izingozi Ze - monetary

Imali ekhokhwayo ekhokhwayo isetshenziselwa ukukhokha izindleko ezikhokhwa i-paltiff.

  • Ukulimaza okuhlasimulisayo: fihla ukulahlekelwa okungokoqobo okunjengezindleko zezokwelapha, ukulahlekelwa iholo, ukulimala kwempahla, nobuhlungu nokuhlupheka. Ezimweni zesivumelwano, ukulahlekelwa kwemali yesivumelwano kunenjongo yokunika umbulali “inani elifaneleyo lokuthenga” [1] qha inani lalokho ababelindele ukukuthola.
  • Imiphumela engathi shukela: fihla ukulahlekelwa okungaqondile okubangelwa ukuqhekeka, njengenzuzo elahlekile noma umonakalo wedumela lebhizinisi, uma ukulahlekelwa kwakubonakala kusengaphambili ngesikhathi isivumelwano senziwa.
  • Umonakalo ongathi awulutho: Isilinganiso esincane esingokomfanekiso esinikezwayo uma ilungelo elingokomthetho lophulwa kodwa akukho ukulahlekelwa okungokoqobo okuye kwenzeka.
  • Imiphumela ehlukanisayo:[ Akhhalwa ngezikhathi ezingavamile ukuze ajezise ummangalelwa ngokuziphatha okuxekethile futhi avimbele ukuziphatha okufanayo. Akuzona zonke izikhulu zomthetho wezwe ezivumela isijeziso.

Ukusebenza Okuqondile

Kwezinye izimo, imali iyodwa ayilona ikhambi elanele. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umthengisi enqaba ukudlulisa ingxenye eyingqayizivele yesakhiwo noma isithombe esingavamile, umthengi angacela inkantolo ukuba atshele umthengisi ukuba enze isivumelwano esifana ncamashí nesithembiso. Ikhambi elicacile liyikhambi elilinganayo futhi linikezwa kuphela uma izindleko zemali zinganele, njengalapho indaba yesivumelwano ihlukile. Izinkantolo zingacabangela ukuthi ukugcinwa kwesivumelwano kuyasebenza yini futhi ukuthi umgcini wesivumelwano uthathe isinyathelo esiqotho yini.

Ukuhlangana

Isiyalo senkantolo singumyalo ophoqelela omunye ukuba enze, noma agweme ukwenza − isenzo esiqondile. I-injctions ingaba yesikhashana (igcine isimo kuze kube ukuzwa ngokugcwele) noma ihlala njalo (ukuxazulula impikiswano ekugcineni). Ivame ukusetshenziswa ezimweni zempahla ezingokwengqondo ukuze inqande ukuphazanyiswa, emthethweni wendawo ezungezile ukuze inqande ukungcoliswa kokungcola, futhi inqande umthetho womkhaya ukuze ivimbele ukuhlukunyezwa. Ngenxa yokuthi imiyalelo ingaba nemiphumela engathi sína eqedweni, izinkantolo zisebenzisa imibandela eqinile ngaphambi kokuba zinikeze izikhala zomthetho, kuhlanganise nokuboniswa kwengozi engalungiseki nethuba lokuphumelela ekusebenziseni amaphutha.

Indima Yezinkantolo Ezimisweni Zomthetho Wangaphakathi

Izinkantolo zisebenza njengemikhankaso yokugcina yezimpikiswano zombango. Ichaza imithetho, ihlola ubufakazi, futhi ikhipha izahlulelo ezibophayo okufanele amaqembu alalele. Ezibusweni zomthetho womphakathi, abahluleli bavame ukwenza indima esebenzayo kunemithetho yabo evamile, ngoba isimiso sisekelwe emithethweni ehlangene kuneyandulela. Abahluleli bahlola amaqiniso, baphenye, banikeze ufakazi, futhi baqondise amaqiniso ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izimiso ezilungile zomthetho ziyasetshenziswa. Ngokuvamile akukho jaji eliphethe ikomiti yomthetho; esikhundleni sawodwa noma iqembu labahluleli abangochwepheshe banquma kokubili iqiniso nomthetho.

Imibuso Ekhohlisayo Yamankantolo

  • [[QUTY:0] Izinkantolo ze-'FLT':[ zibizwa futhi ngokuthi izinkantolo zesenzakalo sokuqala. Zizwa ubufakazi, zinqume amaqiniso, futhi zisebenzise umthetho ukuze zifinyelele isinqumo. Icala lomphakathi liqala futhi liphele lapha.
  • Izinkantolo ezi-Appelte: zibukeza isinqumo senkantolo equlwayo ngamaphutha omthetho noma inqubo. Azivamile ukuphinde zithathe okutholiwe okungamanga ngaphandle kokuba zinephutha.
  • Izinkantolo zeCassation:[[FLT / Courts of Cassation:1] izinkantolo eziphakeme kakhulu ezibuthweni lezikhulu zomthetho wesizwe. Zizwa kuphela amacala aphakamisa imibuzo engokomthetho ebalulekile noma lapho izinkantolo eziphansi zingavumelani nencazelo yemithetho. Isinqumo sazo sibopha zonke izinkantolo eziphansi futhi ngokuvamile sikhonza ukuhlanganisa imfundiso engokomthetho.

Emazweni amaningi omthetho wezwe, izinkantolo ezikhethekile zikhona ezindaweni ezithile zezindaba − njengezinkantolo zezentengiselwano, izinkantolo zezisebenzi, noma izinkantolo zomkhaya − ezivumela amajaji ukuba athuthukise ubuchwepheshe obujulile kuleyomikhakha. Ngokwesibonelo, i-German Federal Fiscal Court isingatha izimpikiswano zentela, kuyilapho i-France i-Coneil d’État[ yamukela amacala amelene nezinkampani eziphethe zezwe.

Ukuqhathaniswa: Umthetho Wangaphakathi uphikisana noMthetho Ovamile Ufinyelela Esombululweni Sempikiswano

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxile emthetho wesizwe, kuwusizo ukuqonda ukuthi ihluke kanjani kumthetho ovamile. Emazweni avamile omthetho, abahluleli bancike kakhulu ezinqumweni zangaphambi (ukuqamba) njengomthombo oyinhloko womthetho. Emazweni omthetho wesizwe, imithetho nemithetho iwumthombo oyinhloko, futhi abahluleli balindeleke ukuba basebenzise umthetho njengowabhalwayo kunokusungula imithetho emisha. Lokhu kuphikisana kwesinqumo somthetho: ukuqulwa komthetho kwamacala ezakhamuzi kuthambekele ekubeni kube yizenambulelwa kakhulu, kanti abahluleli abalawula ukuqoqwa kobufakazi, kanti ukuqulwa kwemithetho okuvamile kungumthombo wobufakazi, kanye nabameli abanikeza ubufakazi kumajaji abangenzi lutho. Ukuphikisa kwesinqumo okungalawuleki ngokomthetho kuphumelela kuzo zombili izimiso, nakuba izinhlelo ezingokomthetho ezibusayo zingahlukahluka.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngomthetho Wangaphakathi Nesinqumo Esingezwani

Izimiso zomthetho wangaphakathi zinethonya elikhulu kwezentengiselwano zomhlaba wonke. Izivumelwano eziningi zemingcele zihlanganisa imiqondo yomthetho wesizwe, futhi ukumiswa kwezizwe zonke ngokuvamile kusebenzisa izinqubo zomthetho womphakathi. Izimiso zeUNIDROITS of International Commercial Contracts [[FLL:1] neCISG (United Nations Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods) iveza amasiko omthetho womphakathi. Kuwokuthengwa kwezizwe zonke, ukuqonda kokubili ukungenela kwesinqumo somphakathi nomthetho ovamile ukuphikisana nenkokhelo kudingekile ekulungiseni izivumelwano eziphumelelayo nokuvala amalungelo emingceleni.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Kwabantu Nakumabhizinisi

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumuntu osebenzelana nomkhiqizo oyiphutha noma ibhizinisi elibhekene nempikiswano ephikiswayo, ukuqonda izimiso zomthetho womphakathi kungakusiza ukuba ulawule isimo ngokuphumelelayo. Qala ngokuhlola noma iziphi izivumelwano ezibhaliwe nangokuqoqa izincwadi ezihlobene. Zama ukuzwana ngaphambi kokuphendukela ekuchazeni; ama-gasmend amaningi adinga noma akhuthaza kakhulu lokhu. Uma kumelwe uye enkantolo, xhumana nommeli ofunda indawo esemthethweni. Ukuze uthole izinqumo ezincane, amazwe amaningi omthetho wombangowomthetho ayenze izinhlelo ezincane ezinciphisa izindleko nezibambezelayo. Okokugcina, qaphela imithetho yemingcele yemingcele yesikhathi okumelwe ubhale inkantolo ngenkathi edinga ukusebenza ngesikhathi kungavimbela ukukhokhwa kwakho.

Isiphetho

Umthetho wesizwe unikeza isisekelo esibalulekile sokuxazulula izingxabano nokubuyisela isinxephezelo lapho amalungelo abo siqu ephulwa. Ngokunikeza izinqubo zokuxazulula izimpikiswano zokwenza okuhlukahlukene − kusukela ekuxoxisaneni nasekukhipheni izigwegwe ku kuya ekuhlobiseni(i-parignation) kuya ekukhetheni indlela efanelana nezidingo zabo. Izimiso zokukhokha, kungaba ngemali echibiyelweyo, ngemisebenzi ethile, noma ngemithetho, zizimisele ukubuyisela ubulungisa nokugcina ukuhleleka komphakathi. Njengoba ukuhlangana kwembulunga yonke kukhula, ukuqondwa okuqinile kwemiqondo yomthetho womthetho kubaluleke kakhulu kubantu ngabanye, emabhizinisi, nakochwepheshe bezomthetho ngokufanayo.