Izisekelo Ezingokomthetho: Isichibiyelo Sesine Nobudlova Basekhaya

Izindaba zobudlova zasekhaya ziletha izinselele eziyingqayizivele zomthetho ngoba ngokuvamile zihilela ubuhlobo obuseduze, izindawo zokuhlala zomuntu siqu, nezimo eziguquguqukayo ezibhebhetheka ngokushesha. Izenzo ezingokomthetho zokubusa kwamaphoyisa kulezi zimo zisekelwe eSichibiyelweni Sesine soMthetho - sisekelo waseUnited States, esivikela izakhamuzi ekuphenyeni nokuquleka okungacabangeli. Ukuqonda izimfuneko ezidingekayo emacalani obudlova basekhaya kudinga ukuhlola ngokuningi ngendlela izinkantolo ezilinganisela ngayo isidingo sesivikelo esisheshayo ezivinjeni zomthetho.

ISichibiyelo sesine sithi: " Ilungelo labantu lokuphepha kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela, ngokuphenya okungacabangeli nokuquleka, ngeke liphazanyiswe, futhi akukho abakwaHarmants, kodwa ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka, lisekelwe i-Oath noma isiqinisekiso, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuchaza indawo okumelwe iphenywe, futhi abantu noma izinto ezithinjwe. Lolulimi lubonisa ukuthi ukuphenya nokuquleka okungenasizathu, kodwa iNkanto engathi ikhona, kodwa iNkanto ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuhluka okuningi okubalulekile ebudloveni basekhaya.

Ezimweni zobudlova zasekhaya, ukungezwani phakathi kwamalungelo abantu nokulondeka komphakathi kukubi kakhulu. Abaphathi ngokuvamile bafika endaweni lapho isisulu singase silimale khona, umxhaphazi angase abe khona, futhi ubufakazi obunjengezikhali noma izimpawu zokuhlasela bungabhujiswa uma amaphoyisa ebambezela isinyathelo. Izindinganiso ezingokomthetho zemvume zinquma ukuthi kumelwe athole nini imvume ngaphambi kokuba angene ekhaya, afune ubufakazi, noma abophe, futhi lapho engenza khona ngokushesha ngaphansi kwezimo ezingalawuleki.

Indima Yembangela Ephumelelayo Ekuhlelweni Okumangalisayo

Imbangela efanelekile indinganiso eyisisekelo edingekayo kumahluleli ukuze anikeze isiqinisekiso. Ikhona lapho amaqiniso nezimo phakathi kwesikhulu i-̱ ulwazi lungaholela umuntu onengqondo ekukholelweni ukuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa noma ukuthi ubufakazi bobugebengu bukhona endaweni ethile. Ezimweni ezithile zobudlova basekhaya, izikhulu zivame ukuveza imbangela okungenzeka:

  • [ izisho eziqinile ezichaza ukuhlasela okungokomzimba, izinsongo, noma ukusongela.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izingozi ezibonakalayo [ njengemihuzuko, ukusika, noma izimpawu zokushukuma.
  • [ I-akhawunti yofakazi [ evela komakhelwane, abantwana, noma amanye amalungu omkhaya.
  • orgammand [ ucingo olubamba imisindo yokulwa, ukuklabalasa, noma ukusongela.
  • [[UMTH:0] Ubufakazi obubonakalayo njengempahla yendlu ephukile, izinto ezigumbuqelwe, noma izikhali endaweni esobala.

Uma isikhulu sifuna imvume, sifaka isaziso esifunwe ngesithembiso sokunikeza amajaji noma ijaji la maqiniso. I-affidavit kumelwe iqonde ngokwanele ukuze imvumele imajini ukuba inqume ngenhloso. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhulu esithi "umphathi waqaphela isisulu ngeso elimnyama futhi osolwayo avume ukushaya isisulu" inikeza amaqiniso aqinisekile, kanti amazwi angacacile afana no"isikhulu seze sakholelwa ukuthi ubugebengu bukhona" awanele.

Uma imvume itholakala, kumelwe ichaze indawo okumelwe ihlolwe futhi kuthathwe izinto. Imfuneko ethile ivimbela ukuthungatha abantu abaningi. Ezimweni zobudlova zasekhaya, imvume yokufuna ingagunyaza amaphoyisa ukuba afune izikhali, izingcingo eziphathwayo ezinemiyalezo esongelayo, noma izinto ezisetshenziswa ekuhlaseleni, njengamabhande noma izintambo. Izinkantolo ziphoqelela ngokuqinile ukuba lemfuneko ithathwe ngaphandle kwemvume i̱ izinga lokufuna imvume ingavinjelwa.

Izimo Ezimbi: Inhlekelele Engavamile Ebudloveni Basekhaya

Izimo ezihlukene zingezinye zezinye zeziluleko ezivame ukucelwa kakhulu ukuze kungenelwe ubudlova basekhaya ngaphandle komthetho. Lokhu kugwenywa kuvumela amaphoyisa ukuba angene ekhaya ngaphandle kwemvume uma kungenzeka akholelwe ukuthi isinyathelo esisheshayo sidingekile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulimala okungokomzimba, ukuvikela umuntu osengozini, noma ukuvimbela ukubhujiswa kobufakazi. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi isidingo sokuvikela ukuphila nokuphepha siyisithakazelo sikahulumeni esikhulu esingasekela imfuneko engokomthetho.

Brigham City v. Stuart, 547 U.S. 398 (2006), iNkantolo yasekela ukuthi amaphoyisa angangena ekhaya ngaphandle kwemvume lapho enesisekelo esinengqondo sokukholelwa ukuthi umthunjwa ulimele kabi noma usongelwa ngokulimala okunjalo. Kuleyondlela, izikhulu zezwa umsindo omkhulu ngaphakathi endlini, zabona ingane ishaywa futhi yabethelwa phansi ngefasitela, futhi yangenela ukunqanda impi. INkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi izenzo zezikhulu zithethelelekile ukuze zivimbele ubudlova futhi zivikele abantu abangaphakathi.

Izici eziyinhloko zihlola ukuthi izimo ezicatshangelwe zazikhona yini esimweni sobudlova sasekhaya zihlanganisa:

  • Usongo olungathi lungalimaza [ ... ̵ ingabe isisulu sisengozini eqhubekayo? Ingabe umsoli uyakwazi ukuthola izikhali noma umlando wobudlova onyukayo?
  • Ukuphishekela [[#821]; Ingabe osolwayo wabaleka ngemva kokuhlasela, wafuna ukuxoshwa ngokushesha ukuze avimbele ukuphunyuka?
  • Isisekelo sobufakazi bokubhujiswa[[#821]; Ingabe ikhona inkolelo enengqondo yokuthi umsolakele uyochitha ubufakazi obunjengemiyalezo yemiyalezo, ukulimala okuphulukisa, noma izinsalela zezikhali?
  • Ukungakwazi ukuvuma [ ̵ Uma isisulu sikhubazekile, siqulekile, noma sesaba kakhulu ukukhuluma, amaphoyisa angadinga ukungena ukuze anikeze usizo.
  • Ukusongela noma iziyalezo zokuvikela ̵ ukuba khona kohlelo olunqandayo noma izenzakalo zobudlova zangaphambili kungandisa ukuphuthuma.

Izimo ezicacisiwe zicaciswa ngokunemba: inkantolo ibheka lokho isikhulu esinengqondo esingakukholelwa ngokusekelwe emaqinisweni aziwayo ngalesosikhathi, hhayi ngenhloso yesikhulu. Uma isikhulu singena ekhaya ngaphandle kwemvume kodwa izimo zingafinyelelwa ngokwendinganiso eqinile, noma yibuphi ubufakazi obutholakele bungacinywa, futhi isikhulu singabhekana necala lomphakathi ngokungena ngokungemthetho.

Ukuhlola Okungakuvumeli: Lapho Izisulu Noma Abasizi Bevumelana

Uma umuntu onegunya endaweni evuma ngokuzithandela ukuseshwa, izikhulu zingase ziqhubeke ngaphandle kwemvume. Emongweni wobudlova wasekhaya, ngokuvamile imvume iba yinkimbinkimbi ngoba isisulu singase sibe nobuhlobo obufanayo, noma umsoli angase futhi abe negunya phezu kwekhaya.

Ukuvuma kumelwe kunikezwe ngokukhululekile nangokuzithandela, hhayi ngenxa yokuphoqelelwa. Abaphathi abanakusongela, besabisa, noma babonise ukuthi ukwehluleka ukuvuma kuyophumela emiphumeleni emibi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imvume ingalinganiselwa; isisulu singase sivume ukuseshwa kwegumbi lokuhlala kodwa hhayi ikamelo lokulala. Amaphoyisa kumelwe ahloniphe lokho kulinganiselwa.

Impikiswano enzima iphakama lapho kokubili isisulu nesisolwayo sihlanganyela igunya phezu kwekhaya. INkantolo Ephakeme ebekwe ku-United States v. Matlock, 415 U.S. 164], ukuthi noma imuphi umuntu ohlala khona angavuma ukuseshwa uma nje omunye umthuthi engekho futhi ephikisa. Nokho, Georgia v. Randolph, 547] U.S. 103, iNkantolo icacisa ukuthi uma bobabili abahlala khona kanye nezinto ezithile, amaphoyisa awanakuncikamela ukuvuma kwenye. Lokhu ikakhulukazi lapho ubudlova bungamenywa futhi bungakho, lapho isikhulu sifuna ukuthungaza ubufakazi obufihlekile (2006) ngaphandle kokuba isikhulu sezikhali. Ngaphandle kokuba singathola isikhulu sezikhali.

Uma isisulu siyisisulu esisodwa noma sinegunya elisobala, imvume ingaba indlela eqondile ngamaphoyisa ukuba aqhube ukusesha. Nokho, izikhulu kufanele zibhale imvume ngokucophelela, ikakhulukazi ngokubhala noma ngokuthatha ikhamera, ukuze zigweme izimpikiswano zamuva ngokuphehla amandla.

Imfundiso Yosizo Oluphuthumayo: Ukuvikela Izisulu Ngaphandle Kokulibala

Ihlobene eduze nezimo eziphuthumayo imfundiso yosizo oluphuthumayo, evumela amaphoyisa ukuba angene ekhaya ngaphandle kwemvume lapho enesisekelo esinengqondo sokukholelwa ukuthi othile ngaphakathi ufuna usizo olusheshayo. Lemfundiso isekelwe ekunakekeleni ukusebenza komthetho okusheshayo emphakathini futhi ayilinganiselwe ekuhloleni ubugebengu. Ezimweni zobudlova zasekhaya, imfundiso yosizo oluphuthumayo ivame ukusebenza lapho izikhulu zithola ukushayela ucingo olungu-911 lokubika imisindo yokulwa, ukumemeza, noma izinkulumo ezibonisa ukuthi othile uyalimala.

Ku Michigan v. Fisher, 558 U.S. 45 (2009), iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisekisa ukuthi amaphoyisa angangena ngaphandle kwemvume yokunikeza usizo oluphuthumayo. Ngaleyondlela, izikhulu zasabela ekuphazamisekeni futhi zathola indoda enesandla esisikwe ngesandla negazi ezingutsheni zayo, yenza ngokungenangqondo. Bangena endlini ngemva kokubona ifasitela eliphukile nempahla egumbuqelwe, benquma ukuthi othile angase alinyazwe. INkantolo yayithi ukungena kwezikhulu ngaphansi kweSiphendulo sesine kwakunengqondo ngoba zazinenkolelo eqotho yokuthi kwakudingeka usizo oluphuthumayo.

Kubacwaningi bobudlova basekhaya, imfundiso yosizo oluphuthumayo iyithuluzi elibalulekile, elivumela abantu bokuqala ukuba baphendule:

  • Ngena endlini yokuhlala ukuze uhlole ukuphepha kwesisulu esingasabeli ezingcingweni noma ekungqongqozeni.
  • Nikeza isisulu isiguli usizo lokuqala ngisho noma singekho imvume yokusisiza.
  • Khusela indawo ukuze kuvinjelwe ubudlova obengeziwe kuyilapho ulindele imvume.
  • Ofakazi abaxoxayo nezisulu okungenzeka zisengozini ngokushesha.

Nokho, imfundiso yosizo oluphuthumayo ayigunyazi ukuphenya okuvamile. Uma izikhulu seziqinisekise ukuthi akukho isimo esiphuthumayo, kumelwe ziyeke ukufuna futhi zithole incwadi noma zithembele kwenye indawo. Uma ziqhubeka zifuna ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso futhi zithola ubufakazi, ubufakazi bungavinjelwa ngaphandle kokuba bungabonwa ngokucacile phakathi nokusabela okufanelekile okuphuthumayo.

Abathunjwa Abafuna Ubudlova Basekhaya

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemvume yokubopha nokufuna imvume. Imvume yokubopha igunyaza ukuthatha umuntu ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka wenza ubugebengu. Ukusesha kugunyaza ukuphenywa kwendawo ethile ukuze uthole ubufakazi obuqondile. Emacalani obudlova asekhaya, zombili izinhlobo zezincwadi zingasetshenziswa, kodwa imithetho iyahluka.

Uma isikhulu kungenzeka sikholelwa ukuthi umsolwa unecala lasekhaya futhi osolwayo usekhaya, isikhulu ngokuvamile asikwazi ukungena ekuboshweni ngaphandle kwemvume ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe inqubo. INkantolo Ephakeme ebambene v. iNew York, 445 U.S. 573 (1980), ukuthi amaphoyisa adinga imvume yokungena endlini esolekayo ukuze abopheke ngokwesiko. Nokho, uma izimo ezingekho zikhona, ukuvalelwa kokuboshwa kuyavunyelwa. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuba njalo ezimweni zobudlova zasekhaya lapho usolwa ngaphakathi futhi uqhubeke usongela noma ulimaza isisulu.

Kusetshenziswa imvume yokufuna lapho amaphoyisa edinga ukuthola ubufakazi bobudlova basekhaya, obunjengale:

  • Izikhali ezisetshenziswa ekuhlaseleni (ngokwesibonelo, imimese, izibhamu, izinduku zebaseball).
  • Imishini ye - electronic equkethe imiyalezo esongelayo, izithombe zokulimala noma ubufakazi obuningi.
  • Ubufakazi be-DNA obunjengegazi, izinwele, noma isikhumba ngaphansi kwezinzipho zesisulu.
  • Izidakamizwa noma utshwala okungenzeka baba nengxenye kulobubudlova.

Emazweni amaningi, amaphoyisa angathola isiqinisekiso sokufuna esisekelwe e-affidavit ehlanganisa amazwi esisulu, ukuqapha kwesikhulu, nezincwadi zokwelapha. Imvume kumele ibulawe phakathi nesikhathi esilinganiselwe (ngokuvamile izinsuku eziyishumi) futhi phakathi namahora ashiwo ngaphandle kokuba imajistanti igunyaze inkonzo yasebusuku ngenxa yesizathu esihle esiboniswe.

Ukuboshwa Ezindaweni Zomphakathi Ngaphandle Kwempi

Nakuba ukungena ekhaya ngokuvamile kudinga imvume noma ukubopha, ukuboshwa okwenziwa ezindaweni zomphakathi kuhlukile. INkantolo Ephakeme ebekwe eUnited States v. Watson, 423 U.S. 411 [19976], kungabopha abantu ngaphandle kwemvume uma kungenzeka ukuthi inesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi umuntu owenziwe imboni. Lokhu kusebenza ezingozini zasekhaya ezenzeka emigwaqweni, emapaki, noma emipayini.

Izenzo eziningi zobudlova zasekhaya zenzeka ngemva kokuba umsoli ephumile. Amaphoyisa angahlangana nabasolwayo behamba besuka endlini noma endaweni eseduze. Kulezo zimo, akukho mvume yokubopha, futhi isikhulu singaboshwa ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka savela embikweni wesisulu obunye ubufakazi. Nokho, uma umnyundeli esonakalayo ehlehliselwe ekhaya, isikhulu kumelwe sicabangele umthetho wePayton futhi sinqume ukuthi izimo ezingekho zifanelekile ziyakuthethelela yini ukungena.

Ukucishwa Kobufakazi Nesithelo Semfundiso Yesihlahla Esinobuthi

Lapho amaphoyisa ephula imfuneko engokomthetho, ikhambi eliyinhloko umthetho owenqabela ukuhlukanisa, owenqabela uhulumeni ukuba asebenzise ubufakazi obutholakala ngokufuna okungekho emthethweni noma ukuthatheka ekuqulweni kwecala lobugebengu. Lomthetho futhi uhlanganisa ubufakazi obusuka ekuthatheni isinyathelo esingekho emthethweni ngaphansi "kwesithelo somuthi oyingozi" imfundiso. Emacalani obudlova basekhaya, ukucindezelwa kungalimaza ukumangalelwa uma ubufakazi obuyinhloko obunjengezikhali, izithombe zokulimala, noma izinsongo eziqoshiwe zikhishwa.

Ukuze zigweme ukucindezelwa, izikhulu kumelwe zicophelele ekubhaleni isisekelo sanoma isiphi isenzo esingagunyaziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, uma zithembela ezimweni ezingalindelekile, kufanele ziphawule:

  • Ukuphawula okuqondile okubonisa usongo olusheshayo (isib., "zwa ukumemeza nokushaya umsindo ngaphakathi").
  • Noma imiphi imizamo yokuthola imvume noma yokuxhumana nesisulu.
  • Umlando womsoleki wobudlova noma ukutholakala kwezikhali okwaziwayo.
  • Isikhathi sokufika kwabo, sibonisa ukuthi bathatha isinyathelo ngokushesha.

Abameli bezempi bavame ukubekela izimpikiswano ezingafanelekile ngokuthi iphoyisa lenza lokhu kujezisa noma ukuthi isikhulu sasingathola incwadi egunyaza ucingo noma izindlela zemishini (izifundazwe eziningi zivumela izicelo zesicelo noma zemishini). Abaphathi-mikhosi kufanele baqaphele ukuthi izinkantolo zingathola isiqinisekiso ngaphandle kokuhlehlisa ukusabela uma isimo singasheshi ngempela.

Ukunakekela Okukhethekile: Izimiso Zokuvikela Nezikhali Zomlilo

Olunye ungqimba lwemiklamo eyinkimbinkimbi luhlanganisa iziyalezo zokuvimbela, ezibizwa nangokuthi iziyalezo zokuvimbela. Uma isisulu sithola umyalo ovikelayo, inkantolo ingase ihlanganise amalungiselelo afuna umxhaphazi ukuba akhiphe izibhamu noma avimbele ukuxhumana. Amaphoyisa angase agunyazwe ukuba abambe izibhamu ngaphandle kwemvume uma kungenzeka ukuthi anesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi lomyalo wephulwe noma uma umyalo ngokwawo uphoqelela ukuba athathelwe phansi.

Ezinye izifundazwe zinemithetho "ukuthatheka ngokungenamdlandla" evumela amaphoyisa ukuba athathe izikhali endaweni yesenzakalo sobudlova basekhaya uma kungenzeka ukuthi zibangela ukuba izikhali zisetshenziswe noma zisongelwa. Lemithetho iklanyelwe ukunciphisa ingozi yobudlova obubulalayo kodwa kumelwe ihambisane neSichibiyelo sesine. Izinkantolo zivame ukusekela ukuquleka okunjalo uma kusekelwe emaqinisweni aqondile nangokohlokomayo.

Ku iCaniglia v. Strom, 593 U.S. 1921], iNkantolo Ephakeme yacacisa ukuthi ukukhathalela komphakathi okuthatha izikhalaze akukulungisi ngokuzenzekelayo ukuphenya noma ukuqubuka kwezibhamu okungenasizathu ekhaya. INkantolo yalahla umqondo "wokunakekela okubanzi"ukuhlola" ngaphandle kokuhlola, igcizelela ukuthi izingeniso ezingenazimvume zifanele zifanele zingene phakathi kwezimo ezingokwesiko ezinjengalezo ezivamile noma imvume. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amaphoyisa awanakumane athathe izibhamu ekhaya ngaphandle kokuthola isiqinisekiso esithile.

Imisebenzi Engokoqobo Ezisulu Nezimbongolo

Ukuqonda izindinganiso ezingokomthetho zezimfuneko kuyasiza izisulu nabasekeli bazo ukuba basebenzise isimiso.

  • Amaphoyisa angase adinge imvume yokuhlola ikhaya lomxhaphazi noma yokuthola ubufakazi, obungabangela ukulibala.
  • Uma umxhaphazi evuma ukuseshwa, noma uma kunezimo ezibangwayo, amaphoyisa angathatha isinyathelo ngokushesha.
  • Izisulu zingabambisana ngokunikeza amazwi alotshiwe asiza ekutholeni isizathu okungenzeka ukuthi sinikeza imvume.
  • Iziqondiso zokuvikela kufanele zitholakale ngokushesha; ukuphulwa kwemithetho ngokuvamile kudala izimo eziyingozi.

Ama-athorney asingatha amacala obudlova basekhaya kufanele ahlolisise ngokucophelela ukufaneleka komthetho wokusesha ngaphandle kwemvume. Uma amaphoyisa engena ngaphandle kwemvume, isivikelo singathatha indlela yokuvimbela ubufakazi. Ukushushisa kuthwala umthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi imfuneko egunyaziwe iyasebenza. Ezimweni eziningi, umphumela uxhomeke ekuthatheni ikhamera efakwayo futhi amaphoyisa abika imibiko emininingwaneni yemizuzu ngaphambi kokuba angene.

Isiphetho

Izindinganiso ezingokomthetho zokugunyaza izimfuneko ezingokomthetho ezisemthethweni ophoqeleleni wasekhaya ezimweni zobudlova ziklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo omthetho-mthetho kuyilapho kuvunyelwa ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kubhekane ngokuphumelelayo nezimo eziphuthumayo. ISichibiyelo sesine sidinga izivumelwano ezisekelwe ezizathwini ezingenzeka, kodwa ngaphandle kwezimo ezizinhle, imvume, nemfundiso yosizo oluphuthumayo yenza amaphoyisa abe nokuvumelana nezimo eziphuthumayo ezimweni eziphuthumayo. Izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zicwenganisa lezi zindinganiso, zilinganisela phakathi kwabantu ngabanye kanye nesithakazelo esiphoqelelekile sombuso ekuvimbeleni ubudlova basekhaya. Kuwomthetho, abashushishishi, abashushishi, nabalweli bezelele, ukuyiqonda kahle lemithetho kubalulekile ukuze kuqinise ukuthi ubulungisa busebenza ngokomthetho.