Umthetho ophindiwe wengozi unjengesinye sesivikelo esinzima kakhulu esinikezwa abantu ababhekene namandla ahlangeneyo kahulumeni. Emkhakheni wobugebengu obungokwezimali obuphakeme, lapho uphengululo lungathatha iminyaka eminingi khona, luhilela izigidi zezincwadi, futhi lunqamule imingcele eminingi yomhlaba wonke, ukusebenza kwalesimiso sasendulo kuba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Kusebenza njengenqubo yokugcina, iphoqelela uhulumeni ukuqinisa ubufakazi bakhe nenkolelo yokumangalelwa eqophelweni elilodwa, elihambisanayo. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo akulona ithuba lomzamo wesibili; kuyisivikelo esihlala njalo sabamangalelwayo ekuvikeleni izinhluphelo eziphindaphindiweyo.

Izisekelo Zokubusa Okukabili Kwengozi

Isivikelo sokubekwa engozini kabili ngenxa yecala elifanayo sifakwe kakhulu ekwakheni i-Glorist. Ukuvumelana kwayo okudumile e-United States yiSichibiyelo sesihlanu soMthetho-sisekelo: "Nanoma ubani uyakuba yisisulu sobugebengu obufanayo ukuze abekwe engozini yokuphila noma isitho sesitho." Lelungiselelo lisebenza kumazwe ngeSiphendulo Seziphendulo Seshumi Eline Nesine. Injongo eyisisekelo iwukuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba angasebenzisi imithombo yawo ephakeme ukuze adeleze amangalelwe ngokumangalelwa okuphindiwe, kanjalo agcine ubuqotho nesigwebo sokugcina izigebengu.

Lapho Ingozi Igcotshwa

Ukuqonda uma izingozi zihlanganiswa kugxeka abamangalelwa ngezimali. Ecaleni lejaji, izingozi zikhona lapho ijaji lifungela. Ecaleni lebhentshi, linamathela lapho ufakazi wokuqala efukwa. Lesi sikhathi sibalulekile ngoba uma icala lixoshwa ngaphambi kwaleliqophelo, ukuquliswa kwecala okulandelayo akuvinjelwanga. Nokho, uma abahluleli beboshiwe futhi befungiwe, ummangalelwa uboshelwe ilungelo esinqumweni esivela kulowo mphathi oqondile, uma enquma ukunqanyulelwa okungekho mthetho oshiwo ngokungafanele ukuthi udinga ukugcinwa.

Umehluko Phakathi Kokulahlwa Nokuxoshwa

Ukulahlwa kwangempela kuyisinqumo sokungasolwa okusekelwe ekwakhekeni okuyiqiniso kwecala. Ukuxoshwa kungasekelwe ekushiyekeni okungokwemvelo, ukuntuleka kobufakazi ezingeni lokuqala, noma ukuziphatha okubi komshushisi. Ngokuvamile, ukuxolelwa okuyiqiniso kuphela okubangela izingozi eziphindwe kabili. Uma inkantolo ilahla ukulahlwa kwecala ezisekelwe ezisekelweni ezingokomthetho, uhulumeni ungabuye ukhiphe isigwebo uma ukukhubazeka komsuka kusinga- ngokomthetho kuphulukisiwe, uma nje kungakafakwa izingozi. Endaweni yobugebengu bezimali, lomehluko uvame ukuvela lapho kuvela izinqumo eziyinkimbinkimbi eziholela ekuvimbeleni phakathi nomthetho.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemisebe Emibili Yobugebengu Bezezimali

Ubugebengu bezezimali bufaneleke ngokukhethekile ukuze buvivinye imingcele yezingozi eziphindwe kabili ngoba ngokuvamile buhilela uchungechunge lwezenzo ezihlobene nemithetho eminingi. Isu elilodwa lokukhohlisa lingase lihlanganise ukukhwabanisa kocingo, ukukhwabanisa, ukuphamba imali, nozungu. Umbuzo oyinhloko uwukuthi yicala elifanayo yini noma amacala ahlukene [ ngezinjongo eziphindwe kabili.

Isivivinyo Se - blockburger

INkantolo Ephakeme yamisa ukuhlolwa kokulawula kweUnited States v. Blockburger [1932]. Ngaphansi kwalendinganiso, amacala amabili abhekwa njengafanayo ngezinjongo eziphindwe kabili uma ngalinye lingadingi ubufakazi bento enye engadingi enye. Ngamanye amazwi, uma i-Spigte A idinga izakhi X no Y, ne-Statu B idinga iziciences Y, ayikona okukodwa ngenxa yokuthi ngalinye lidinga ubufakazi bento engayenzeki (X noZ). Nokho, uma i-Slective B idinga iziciox kanye no-Y (ihlelwe kahle), ayicala elifanayo.

Uma kuvela izimali, lokhu kuhlola kuvumela abashushisi ukuba bamangalele ummangalelwa ngemithetho eminingi ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo okuyisisekelo. Umuntu oqamba amanga ebhange ukuze athole imali ebhange ukhohliwe. Uma khona - ke besebenzisa imali ekhona ukuze bathenge imoto yokunethezeka, kungenzeka futhi ukuthi bafake imali eboshiwe. Ngaphansi umvini we-parter [umthetho] owenziwa ngendlela efanayo, ngoba imali idinga ubufakazi bokuthengiselana ngemali ehilela imali, futhi ukukhwaba kwemali kudinga ubufakazi bokuhlanekezelwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, bangaba yicala eliyinzuzo, ngisho noma bevela ekuziphatheni okufanayo. Lelikhono lokumangalela izenzo eziningi ngenxa yezenzo ezifanayo zabashushisi, kodwa futhi liphakamisa imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi lapho kuzama ukuveza ukukhokhwazwa ngokulandelana kweminyazo elandelanayo.

Ukuziphatha Okufanayo. Izici Ezifanayo

Ngenkathi emfushane ngemva kwecala Grady v. Corbin (1990), iNkantolo yasebenzisa i-odad "ukuziphatha okufanayo". Lokhu kwenqatshelwa ukuba uhulumeni abonise izikhalo ezikhona ngokusebenzisa isisekelo somshuwalense owedlule. Nokho, iNkantolo yalawula lendinganiso eminyakeni emithathu nje kamuva United States v. Dixon [1993]], ibuyisela ngokuqinile kumthetho [[FLT:]] i-Sletburg [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] "amangqanalo] "icium". Lokhu kubuyela encazentembezelo enkulu yezentengo yezelelwa yezentengo yezelelwa yezentengo, ivumela ukuhlanganisa izenzo ezisekelwe kakhulu.

Imfundiso Yobukhosi Obubodwa

Mhlawumbe okunamandla kakhulu ukuhluka komthetho oyingozi ophindwe kabili owenzelwa ukuquliswa kwecala ngokwezimali imfundiso ehlukene yobukhosi. Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, isenzo esisodwa singaphula imithetho yababusi abaningi (umz., uhulumeni nohulumeni kahulumeni, noma izifunda ezimbili ezihlukene). Ngenxa yokuthi umbusi ngamunye unelungelo lakhe lokuphoqelela imithetho yakhe, ummangalelwa angamangalelwa ngamunye ngesenzo esifanayo ngaphandle kokwephula umthetho kaJeopardy Claus.

Izenzo Zokubambisana NoMbuso

Lemfundiso isetshenziswa kaningi emacala emali aphakeme. Ummangalelwa ophambana ngeziqinisekiso zokungaqiniseki eCalifornia angamangalelwa nguMphathi-mikhosi we-California Attorney ngenxa yokwaphula umthetho wezwe ngokuvala imvume kanye noMnyango wobulungisa we-U.S. ngenxa yokukhwabanisa kwezentengiselwano zikahulumeni. Ukukhohliswa kwenkantolo yezwe akuyithinti ukuqulwa kwecala likahulumeni, ngisho noma ubufakazi bufana. Lokhu kwenza ibhomu eliyikhoshayo eliyilwe abamangalelwa, okumelwe ahlole ngokuhambelana futhi kubhekene nokuqulwa kwecala okuphindwe kabili ngenxa yecebo elifanayo.

Izinkinga Zezizwe Zonke

Kube sekuvame kakhulu ukuhlanganisa izimpikiswano zemali ezihlukene ezisemqoka kakhulu, ukuqulwa kwecala elihlukene. Nakuba imfundiso yokubusa okumbaxambili isebenza kohulumeni abahlukene basekhaya, ukuquliswa kwamacala emhlabeni wonke kuphathwa ngendlela ehlukile ngaphansi komthetho wase-U.S. Ngokuvamile, ukuquliswa uhulumeni wangaphandle ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo akukubekeli isigwebo se-U.S. umthetho kahulumeni olandelanayo. Nokho, uMnyango wezobulungisa wase-U.S. ngokuvamile ubheka ukumangalelwa kwamanye amazwe njengendaba yenqubo nezimiso, kanye nezinye izivumelwano ezingaphezulu kwemithetho enqabela ngokuqondile amaqiniso. Abameli ezinkantolo zezezimali zomhlaba wonke kumelwe bahlolisise ngokucophelela ukuhlanganisa izimpikiswano eziphoqekelisayo ngokumelene nokuqulwa kwemithetho.

Izicelo Eziqondile Zabantu Abaqaphile

Umthetho oyingozi kabili awusona nje isimiso somthetho - sisekelo esicatshangelwayo; uyithuluzi eliwusizo elihlela ukukhipha incazelo ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zezimali.

Iqhinga Lokumangalela

Kubashushisi bakahulumeni, ukuba khona kwentonga yengozi ephindwe kabili kuphoqelela umsebenzi wokulungiselela ngokubanzi. Uma ijaji selifunwe, uhulumeni akanakuhlukanisa icala lakhe noma alethe amacala amasha asekelwe ekuthengiseni okufanayo ekuqulweni icala. La mandla abashushisi ukuba ahlanganise zonke izenzo zobugebengu ezaziwayo ngokubekwa icala elilodwa. Ukugadla kuyiqhinga elivamile lokuqinisekisa ukuthi uma ukuqulwa kweminye imibango kuhluleka, abanye bayasinda, kodwa futhi basengozini yokudidambisa ijaji ngecala eliphindiwe. Isinqumo sokufuna ukuphoqa izivumelwano zembulunga yonke noma ukulahla izikhalo ezilinganiselwe ngokulinganiselayo kudingeka ukuba kuhlolwe ngokucophelela lokho okuzovinjelwa okuyo kuvinjelwe uma icala liphumela ekulahlweni.

Iqhinga Lokuzivikela

Abameli abavikelayo abathatha amacala aphakeme ngokwezimali kumelwe baqaphele ukusetshenziswa kwecala elingokwezimali ukuze balondoloze amarekhodi ukuze balondoloze amalungelo aphindwe kabili. Uma ufakazi womshushisi efakazela isenzo sokuthi ummangalelwa ngaphambili wakhululwa kwelinye izwe, ukuzivikela kumelwe kuthathe isinyathelo ngokushesha ukuze kubekwe ubufakazi noma kufune inkundla engafanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iseluleko sokuvikela kumelwe siqaphele ukulawulwa komlando wokuqulwa kwecala. Uma uhulumeni elahla ukugcinwa okuthile okuphakathi kwecala, ummangalelwa angase aphikise ukuthi inani eliye lalahlwayo selisengozini. Ukuhamba okunesikhathi esiqinile kokulahla izingozi eziphindwe kabili kungaba yithuluzi elinamandla lokuthatha indawo encane yokumangalelwa noma ngisho nokubulala icala eliphelele, ikakhulukazi uma uhulumeni eye waletha ukuqulwa okuqhubekayo.

Ingozi Yezimo Ezimbi Ekulingweni Okuyinkimbinkimbi

Ukuqulwa kwecala lezezimali ngokuvamile kudala futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwezezimali, kwandisa ingozi yokuqulwa kwecala. Icala eliqanjwe ngemvume yommangalelwa ngokuvamile alikuvimbeli ukuqulwa. Nokho, ukuqulwa kwecala okungagunyazwanga ngokumelene nokumangalelwa kuvunyelwa kuphela "ukufuna okukhulu"" ezimweni zezimali, okubonakala kudingekile kungase kuvele kumajaji afile (ijaji elilengiswe) noma ukusakaza okugxeka okungcolisa iqupha labahluleli. Uma uma ijaji limemezela isigwebo esiyiphutha ngaphandle kwesisekelo esiqinile esingokomthetho, ummangalelwa angaphikisa ngokuthi noma iliphi icala elilandelayo lilahla izingozi eziphindwe kabili, kunikeza isisekelo esinamandla sokulahla icala lonke.

Imibuso Yamuva Yentuthuko Nezimpawu

INkantolo Ephakeme iyaqhubeka ilwisana nokuhlangana kwemithetho eqinile eyingozi ephindwe kabili neyinkimbinkimbi yobugebengu. Isinqumo samuva nje siye sanikeza kokubili ukucaca kanye nezici ezintsha zengxabano.

Gamble v. wase - United States (209)

Gguedge v. United States, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisekisa imfundiso embaxambili yobukhosi esinqumweni esingu 7-2. Ummangalelwa waphikisa ngokuthi lemfundiso yayingavumelani nombhalo nomlando we-Rebible Jeopardy Claus, kodwa iNkantolo yathi ukumangalelwa kukahulumeni akuvinjelwanga umshushisi wesenzo esifanayo sangaphambili. Lesinqumo sasiwukunqoba okukhulu kwabashushisi bezwe bemithetho ephikisa umthetho wezimali. Yaqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa ohoxiwe ngecala lokukhwaba imali enkantolo yezwe angabhekana namacala kahulumeni ngenxa yecebo elifanayo lokukhohlisa.

ISEC Ehambisana Nezenzo Ze - DOJ

Indawo ebalulekile yentuthuko ihlanganisa ukuqulwa kwecala elihambisana nomthetho. I-SEC ivame ukuletha izenzo zokuphoqelela ukulahlwa kwemithetho yezemthetho nokujeziswa kwezehlulelo zokwaphula izizabelo, kuyilapho i-DOJ iphishekela ukumangalelwa kobugebengu ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo. Ngenxa yokuthi izenzo zomphakathi ngokuvamile azithathwa "impofu," aziyibekeli isigwebo somthetho olandelayo. Nokho, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yezomthetho [FLD:0] [iKkokesh v. SEC[FLT][2017] [2017]) icacisa ukuthi i-SECGorgeeeat ingubo eyisa isigwebo seminyaka emihlanu yesigwebo. Lesi sinqumo siye saphoqa i-SEC no-Do J ukuba ihlele ngokuseduze, njengenkathi yesijeziso secala nesilinganiso somthetho somthetho womthetho.

Ingaphakathi Lokudabula Namazinga Ohlobo "Lokucasha"

Izehlakalo zokuhweba eziphakathi ziveza izinselele ezingavamile. Incazelo yalokho okuhlanganisa "inzuzo" kulendaba iye yashintsha ngokuphawulekayo. Ngemva kwesinqumo soMjikelezo Wesibili eUnited States v. Newman (i-2014, efake izimfuneko zokubonisa "inzuzo yomuntu" kumsizi, abamangalelwa abaningi baphikisa ukuthi ukuziphatha kwabo akusekho okwehlelayo engxenyeni yobugebengu. ] INewman yayingeyingozi ephindwe kabili, iqokomisa indlela izinguquko ezimweni ezingokomthetho zendaba yobugebengu ezingathinta ngayo ukuboshwa ngaphambi kokuboshwa. Uma ummangalelwa omkhulu wecala, futhi kamuva, inseleleka yemithetho elandelana, noma inselele ekutholeni okukancane, noma kungumthetho owenziwa ngokuphindisiwe.

Izimpikiswano Nokulinganisela Kobulungisa

Umthetho oyingozi kabili awuwona ongenabo abagxeki, ikakhulukazi emongweni wobugebengu obuyinkimbinkimbi obungokwezimali.

Impikiswano Yokulandisa

Abashushisi kanye nezisulu zamaqembu abahlukumezi baphikisa ngokuthi lomthetho ungaqina kakhulu, uvumele izigebengu eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuba zibalekele ukulandisa ngemisebenzi. Uma imali eyinkimbinkimbi yokuthumba noma ukuphamba iphumela ekuqulweni kwecala okungalungile noma ukulahlwa ngenxa yephutha lezentengiselwano, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izithakazelo zobulungisa zifuna ithuba lesibili. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme ibambelele ngokungaguquki ukuthi isivikelo somthetho mayelana nengozi ephindwe kabili asikona ukuqashelwa kodwa ilungelo eliyisisekelo elivimbela uhulumeni ekugqokeni izakhamuzi ezingenacala ngokuqulwa okuphindiwe.

Ubufakazi Obusha Obuphathelene Nokugcina

Kunoma iziphi izimo zomphakathi, ummangalelwa angafuna ukukhululeka ekwahlulelweni uma kuvela ubufakazi obusha. Nokho, emthethoni wobugebengu, ubufakazi obusha obuvela ngemva kokulahlwa abunikezi isisekelo sokuqulwa kwecala elisha. Lokhu kuwukusetshenziswa okuqinile komthetho: uma ekhululiwe, ummangalelwa ukhululekile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yini etholakalayo kamuva. Empendulweni yezimali, lapho ubufakazi bungangcwatshwa khona ezindlini eziyinkimbinkimbi zogu lolwandle noma ukuxhumana okuyimfihlo, lokhu kuveza isisusa esinamandla sabamangalelwa sokufihla ubufakazi kuze kube yilapho sekufinyelelwe isahlulelo. Ngokuphikisana nalokho, kuphoqa uhulumeni ukuba athole ukwaziswa okuphelele ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, okuhambisana nobufakazi obukhulu obudingwayo ezimweni zobugebengu.

Ukuthola Ikusasa Lokweba Imali Kabili

Njengoba ubugebengu obungokwezimali buqala ukuyinkimbinkimbi futhi busakazeke kakhulu, ukusetshenziswa komthetho oyingozi ephindwe kabili kuzoqhubeka kuvela. Ukwanda kokungaguquguquki, ukuhleleka kwezezimali, kanye nokuhwebelana okungenamingcele yezimali kuletha izinselele ezintsha zokuchaza i-"icala elifanayo" ngalé kwezimiso ezihlukene ezingokomthetho.

Abameli nezinkantolo kuyodingeka bakhulume ngokuthi imibuso emisha elawulayo iklame izikhulu ezizimele noma ukuthi izivumelwano zokubambisana kwezizwe ngezizwe kufanele zinikeze isivikelo esiphindwe kabili ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuthenga okuvela kubashushisi. Kubenzi bezomthetho, ukwazi ukuhlukanisa izingozi eziphindwe kabili kubalulekile ukuze kumelelwe amakhasi aphezulu athatha izimali.

Umthetho oyingozi ephindwe kabili uhlala ubalulekile, nakuba uyinkimbinkimbi, uyinsika yesimiso sobulungisa baseMelika. Esikhundleni esiphakeme sobugebengu obungokwezimali, ucindezela uhulumeni ukuba abufeze okokuqala, avikele abamangalelwa ebuhlungwini bokumangalelwa kaningi kuyilapho evikela ubuqotho benqubo yokwahlulela. Ukuqonda lesi simiso esiyisisekelo sibalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile ekumangalelweni, ekuvikeleni, noma ekubikeni amatyala amakhulu obugebengu bezezimali.