I-United States Constitution iwumbhalo oyisisekelo oye waguqula ukuma kwezwe nokubusa kwalo emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Phakathi kwezihloko zalo eziningi, ukulinganisela phakathi kwenkululeko nokulingana kulokhu kungokunye kokuphikisana okungapheli nokulandelayo e-demokrasi yaseMelika. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela uMthetho-sisekelo osingatha ngayo lemiqondo emibili, ukuziphendukela okungokomlando kwemiqondo yabo, kanye nemiphumela eqhubekayo emphakathini namuhla.

Inkululeko nokulingana kuvame ukuchazwa njengezinsika ezimbili zomzamo waseMelika, nokho zivame ukuthatha izindlela ezihlukene. Inkululeko igcizelela ukuzibusa komuntu ngamunye nokungenela kukahulumeni okulinganiselwe, kuyilapho ukulingana kufuna ukuba bonke abantu bathole ukuphathwa okufanayo namathuba ngaphansi komthetho. UMthetho-sisekelo, ngombhalo wawo wokuqala, iBill of Rights, kanye nokulungisa okulandelayo, kunikeza uhlelo lokulawula lokhu kucindezeleka. Nokho, ukulinganisela okuqondile akukaze kumiswe; kuyashintshana nencazelo yesizukulwane ngasinye yezimiso zokusungula nangamaqiniso omphakathi wosuku.

Ukuqonda lokhu kulinganisela kudinga ukuhlola indlela uMthetho - sisekelo ovikela ngayo inkululeko, indlela okhuthaza ngayo ukulingana, lapho lezizindinganiso zingqubuzana khona, nendlela izinkantolo nabenzi bomthetho abaye bazama ngayo ukuvumelana nazo. Izingxenye ezilandelayo ziyawaphula la macala, zisebenzise izinguquko eziyinhloko, izinqumo ezivelele zeNkantolo Ephakeme, nezimpikiswano zanamuhla eziqhubeka zichaza umthetho - sisekelo waseMelika.

Ukwakhiwa Kwenkululeko Yomthetho - sisekelo

Inkululeko, ngokuvamile egujwa njengetshe lezindinganiso zaseMelika, ibekwa emalungiselelweni okuqala oMthetho-sisekelo, iBill of Rights, futhi kamuva ilungiseke. Abakhi be-flamers, badweba kakhulu ifilosofi yokukhanyiselwa nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo ngokubusa kwaseBrithani, baklama isimiso esibeka phambili inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngokumelene nohulumeni ngokuphamba. Izici zokwakha ze-Constitution . /ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, uhulumeni, ihlola kanye nokulinganisa, ("ikhomba njengomugqa wokuqala wenkululeko ngokususa igunya futhi yenza kube nzima kakhulu nganoma isiphi isigungu sikahulumeni ukuba siphule amalungelo omuntu siqu.)

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi, ezagunyazwa ngo-1791, zibala ngokucacile isivikelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Lezi zinguquko zaziwumphumela wokuvumelana kwezombangazwe phakathi kwamaFederalist, ayekholelwa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala uvikela inkululeko ngokufanele, kanye nabamelene ne-Federalist, ababefuna isiqinisekiso esicacile.

  • Isichibiyeli sokuqala: siqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, ukunyathelisa, ukuhlangana, nesicelo. Sivame ukubhekwa njengesakhelo esiyisisekelo kunazo zonke inkululeko yomthetho-sisekelo, njengoba sivikela ikhono lezakhamuzi lokugxeka uhulumeni wazo nommeli woshintsho.
  • Isichibiyeli esihlangene: ivikela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali, inkululeko echazwa iNkantolo Ephakeme ku- i-Driquality of Columbia v. Heller [2008] [ingahlanganisiwe nenkonzo ye-athomu].
  • Isichibiyeli seNguquko sesithathu: sivikela ekufuneni nokuquleka okungacabangeli, sidinga ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze uthole izimpawu ezisekelwe ngokunokwenzeka. Lokhu kulungiswa kuye kwaba yisici esiyinhloko ezimpikiswaneni zanamuhla mayelana nezindaba zomuntu siqu esikhathini sokusebenza kwamanani.
  • Isichibiyeli se-pith: siqinisekisa ilungelo lenqubo efanele, sivikela ekuzichayeleni, futhi sinqabela ingozi ephindwe kabili. Inqubo efunekayo yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu isebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni futhi siye saba imoto yokufaka iBill of Rights isivikelo ezindaweni eziningi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isichibiyeli se-eghth dometer:[ i-Pithit yebheyili ephakeme, inhlawulo ephakeme, nesijeziso sonya nesingajwayelekile. Lokhu kulungisa kuyaqhubeka kuveza ukubekwa phambili okukhulu ezindaweni ezinjengezimo zasejele nesijeziso sentambo.

Izinqumo Zempi Zangemva Kwempi Nemfundiso Yokuhlanekezelwa

I-Reconstructionments + i-Actenations yeshumi nanhlanu, yeshumi nanhlanu neshumi elinesihlanu zenza okungaphezulu kunokwandisa ukulingana; futhi yanikeza isisekelo esisha somthetho sisekelo sokuvikela inkululeko. ISichibiyelo seNguqulo se 144 noma i-I-Immunitith Clause ne-Graatement Claus yaba amathuba okusebenzisa iBill of Rights ezifundazweni ngemfundiso yokuhlanganisa. Ukuqala nge- Gitrow v. New York[[FLT:] [1925], kancane kancane iNkathi iNkathi iNkathi iNkathi yeSigqi iSigunya se-Liviko somthetho samalungelo engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho esemthethweni esemthethweni ezwe kuhulumenini kanye nohulumeni bendawo.

Lokhu kwanda kwenkululeko yomthetho-sisekelo kwakungesona isikhawu noma okuzenzakalelayo. Kwathatha amashumi eminyaka okulwa komphakathi nokulwa kwezenhlalo ukuveza ukuthi izifundazwe azinakukwazi ukuvala inkululeko yokukhuluma, ukusebenzisa inkolo ngokukhululekile, ilungelo lokululeka, noma ezinye inkululeko. Inqubo yokuhlanganisa iyaqhubeka; ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo Sesibili asizange sifakwe ngokugcwele ngokumelene nezifundazezezezezezezezeze McDonald v. Chicago

Amalungelo Angenamkhakha Nenqubo Eyiphutha

UMthetho-sisekelo awuyidwebi yonke inkululeko. ISichibiyelo se-Ninth sisho ngokucacile ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile "ngeke kuthathwe njengokuphika noma ukulahla abanye abantu." leli lungiselelo liye laba isisekelo sokuqaphela inkululeko enganciphisiwe njengelungelo lokuthola inkululeko yangasese, ilungelo lokushada, nelungelo lokwenza izinqumo ezicatshangelwe zomuntu siqu. Grislold v. Connecticut[[FL:1] [1955], iNkanto ephakeme yaveza ilungelo lomthetho lokwethulwa komshado, futhi bergefel. [2] v [FLT] [25:], (20], iNkantolo yenze i-mkantolo yenze i-sokucabanga okufanayo.)

Lezi zinqumo zibonisa ukuthi isivikelo soMthetho-sisekelo senkululeko asikho esiqinile. Njengoba ukuqonda kwesomphakathi kushintsha, izinkantolo zikhomba izilinganiso ezintsha zenkululeko okungenzeka abakhi be-flameter abangazicabangi ngokuqondile kodwa ezivumelana nezimiso ezibanzi zencwadi.

Ukwakhiwa Komthetho - sisekelo Kokulingana

Ukulingana, nakuba kungavelele kakhulu kuMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala ka 1787, kuye kwaba yinzuzo eyisisekelo yomthetho-sisekelo ngokulungisa nokuchaza kokwahlulela. Ukuvuma koMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala ebugqilini nokwehluleka kwawo ukuqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo kubo bonke abantu kumelela ukwehla okukhulu ezimisweni zeSimemezelo senkululeko. Ukuncitshiswa okulandelayo kanye nomthetho wamalungelo owesizwe kumelela umzamo oqhubekayo wokuhlanganisa imikhuba yesizwe nezimiso zayo ezisunguliwe.

Izinqumo Zokwakha Nesithembiso Sokuba Izakhamuzi Ezilinganayo

IMpi Yomphakathi ne-Reconstructon ngokuyisisekelo yaguqula ubuhlobo bomthetho-sisekelo baba yi-lingana. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesithathu (186) saqeda ubugqila; iSichibiyelo seshumi nane (1868) samisa ubuzibulo futhi saqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo semithetho; futhi iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu senqabela ukucwasana kohlanga ekuvoteni. Lezi zinguquko ezintathu zimelela ukuguqulwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, zikhiphela isimiso sokulingana ngokuqondile emthethweni wesizwe oyisisekelo.

  • ISichibiyelo se-Foleteth Elinganise isivikelo sika Claus: "Awukho uHulumeni ozophika kunoma yimuphi umuntu ongaphansi kwegunya lakhe isivikelo esifanayo semithetho." Lombhalo uye waba yimoto eyinhloko yokuthuthukisa ukulingana e-United States, esetshenziselwa ukubekela inselele ukucwasana ngokohlanga, ukucwasana kwabesifazane, nezinye izinhlobo zokuphathwa ngokungafani.
  • Isichibiyeli se-Foleteth Trash Programme Accolas: Nakuba ngokuyinhloko sihlangene nenkululeko, i-Claus yeNdlela e-Cear ibuye isetshenziswe ukuthuthukisa ukulingana ngokufuna ukuba imithetho isetshenziswe ngokungakhethi nangokungaguquki kubo bonke abantu. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi i-Send Procession Clause ihlanganisa "ubulungisa obuyisisekelo" isitho esithintana nomthetho owe-discription.

Naphezu kwalezi zinguquko, isithembiso sokulingana safezeka cishe ngekhulu leminyaka ngenxa yencazelo ewumngcingo yeNkantolo Ephakeme Amacala eNdlu (1873] [183] nokuvela kwe-Jim Crow Convertion. Isinqumo seNkantolo [[FLT:]] Prevety v. [1866]] [18696]) sisekela "iSibe silingana" kodwa ngokuphumelelayo" i-spoorderture shortment. Kwathatha i-Civil Rights Isigaba se-Mbumbelo nesiboniso sesinqumo [[FLD:] Brown. v v [FLT] [FFF5] [5]

ISichibiyelo Samalungelo Abantu Esikhuthaza Ukuthandwa

Ngalé kokwakhiwa kabusha, izinguquko ezintathu ezalandela zanikeza isithembiso sokulingana kwezombangazwe emaqenjini ayengasamukeleki ekuqaleni kulolu daba.

  • ISichibiyelo seNinetenth (1920): Ukuphika ilungelo lokuvota ngesisekelo sobulili, uphethilo lwezenzo zobuphekula. Lokhu kulunga akuzange kumane nje kwenezele ilungelo elisha; kwaguqula ukuqonda ukulingana kwezombangazwe ngokwenqaba umqondo wokuthi ubulili bungathethelela ukunqandwa kwesigaba sobulili.
  • Isichibiyeli sesine (1964): Intela yokuvota ebhajwe kukhetho lukahulumeni, ukususa unqanyulo lwezimali olwalusetshenziselwa ukususa izakhamuzi eziholayo eziphansi, ikakhulukazi ama-Afrika aseMelika eNingizimu.
  • ISichibiyelo sesithupha seNguquko (1971: sanciphisa inkathi yokuvota yaba ngu-18, ukuhlanganisa i-franchseng nentsha eyayibuthelwa ukuyolwa eMpini yaseVietnam kodwa ingakwazi ukuvota. Lokhu kulungisa kubonisa isimiso sokuthi labo abangaphansi komthetho kufanele babe nezwi ekukhetheni abenzi bomthetho.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nomthetho Wanamuhla Wokulwa Nenzondo

I-Umeal Protection Claus ichazwe njenge-Expand profection idinga amazinga ahlukene okuhlola kokwahlulela kuye ngokuthi iziphi izici ezihlukene. Ukuhlelwa kwezinhlanga kuhlolwa ngokuqinile. Izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokubukeza.

Lesi simiso esinezinhloshana sibonisa indlela ecacile yoMthetho-sisekelo yokulingana: akuyona yonke imifantu eyenqatshelwe, kodwa leyo esekelwe ezicini ezingaguquki noma ekucwaseni okungokomlando idinga ukuhlolwa kokwahlulela ngokucophelela.

Ukucindezela Okungokwemvelo Phakathi Kwenkululeko Nokwelashwa Okulinganayo

Nakuba inkululeko nokulingana kuyizinto ezibalulekile ezihambisana nomthetho - sisekelo, ngezinye izikhathi zingaphikisana. Ilungelo lokukhuluma lingavikela ukukhulumela okululaza ukwelashwa okulinganayo, futhi izimiso eziklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa ukulingana zingadinga imingcele encikekile kumuntu ngamunye. Lengxenye ihlola indlela iNkantolo Ephakeme eye yabhekana ngayo nalokhu kucindezeleka kwezinye zezinqumo zayo eziphikisana kakhulu.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Okubonisa Ukungqubuzana Kwenkululeko

Izenzakalo ezilandelayo zibonisa ubunzima obuqhubekayo bokubuyisana kwesivikelo esiqinile senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nezibopho zokulingana nokungacwasi.

  • ICITIZENS United v. Federal Instruction Commission (2010): INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi izinhlangano nezinyunyana zinelungelo elifanayo leSichibiyelo sokuQala sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile njengabantu ngabanye abazosebenzisa imali ezokuxhumana okuzimele kwezombangazwe. Umbono wabaningi, obhalwe nguJaji Kennedy, wagcizelela ukuthi iSimemezelo sokuqala sivikela inkululeko yazo zonke izikhululo zazo zezenkampane. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lesi sinqumo silulaza ukulingana kwezombangazwe ngokuvumela ingcebo egcwele ukuba ilawule umkhankaso. Icala liyaqhubeka liqhube impikiswano ngomkhankaso wezentengo yezentengoso yezentengoso kanye nokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kwesimiso sezentando yentando yentando yeningi.
  • .Phelps v (2011) iNkantolo yakholelwa ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sasivikela iSonto laseWestboro Baptist ilungelo lokuqhuba izikhalo ezimelene nemingcwabo yezempi. UMahluleli omkhulu uRoberts wabhala ukuthi "indlela yokukhuluma ezindabeni zokukhathalela umphakathi... isenhliziyweni yeSiphetho Sokuqala," ngisho nalapho leyonkulumo iphazamisa futhi ibangela ukucindezeleka okungokomzwelo. Isinqumo siqinisekisa ubungako benkulumo ekhululekileyo ekuvikeleni abantu ababuhlungu noma abanonyaziwe ngenkulumo elimazayo, ukuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi inkululeko inganwebeka kude kangakanani lapho ilimaza abanye.
  • [Icala lamaMacatein macateh v.Colorado Civil Rights Commission (208): INkantolo yagwema ukukhipha isinqumo esikhulu sokuphikisana phakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo nemithetho elwa nobandlululo, esikhundleni sokunquma icala ezifundeni ezimngciphene ngokuphathelene nezinkolelo ezingokwenkolo zombhaki. Nokho, icala lembula izigaba ezijulile ngokuthi umnini bhizinisi ukhuluma ngesihle futhi uvivinya kwezenkolo kungathethelela ukwenqaba inkonzo kuLGTQ+ amakhasi. Isinqumo siyeke sivula imibuzo emikhulu okungangabazeki ukuthi ibuyela eNkantolweni.
  • [303] I-Createdive LLC v. Elenis [2023] INkantolo yanquma ukuthi umklami we we web akanakuphoqeleka ukuba adale amawebhusayithi agubhe imishado efanayo, athole ukuthi umthetho weSimendo womphakathi weSimendo weSimendo weSimemezelo uphule umthetho wakhe weSimendo sokuQonda ekunene ekukhululweni kwenkululeko. Umbono weningi uGormoth's wagcizelela ukuthi uhulumeni awunakuphoqa umuntu ukuba adlulise imiyalezo ayiphikisa, kuyilapho uphikisa ukuthi isinqumo siqoshelwe ngaphandle kwemithetho emelene nokuhlanganiswa kwemithetho. Lendaba imelela enye yezimpikiswano yamuva kakhulu neqonde ngqo phakathi kwenkulumo yokulingana.

Lamacala abonisa ukuthi ukungezwani phakathi kwenkululeko nokulingana akuyona inkinga ecatshangelwayo kodwa inselele eqhubekayo engokoqobo izinkantolo okumelwe ziyixazulule ngecala, ngokuvamile ngemiphumela efinyelela kude emphakathini.

Umsuka Ongokwesayensi Nomlando

Ukuqonda umongo ongokomlando nowefilosofi woMthetho-sisekelo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwenkululeko nokulingana e-United States. Abahleli bathonywa abantu abahlakaniphile abakhanyiselwe ababegcizelela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, inkolelo yesivumelwano somphakathi, nokubaluleka kukahulumeni ngokuvuma. Nokho, babeyimikhiqizo futhi ngesikhathi sabo, besebenza emphakathini owawubekezelela ubugqila futhi bebeke imingcele yokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe kubantu abamhlophe abagunyaziwe.

Amathonya Okukhanyiselwa

Izazi zefilosofi ezimbili zivelele njengenethonya ngokukhethekile ekuphatheni koMthetho-sisekelo inkululeko nokulingana.

  • uJohn Locke: Umqondo we-Locke wamalungelo angokwemvelo(ukuphila, inkululeko, nempahla) wenziwa isisekelo sefilosofi seSimemezelo senkululeko nesivikelo soMthetho-sisekelo somuntu ngamunye. Locke waphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho uncike ekuvumeni kwababuswayo futhi abantu balondoloze amalungelo angenakunikelwa kuhulumeni. Ithonya lakhe lisobala ekugcizelelweni komthetho omisiwe nenqubo efanele.
  • Montesquieu: Imfundiso kaBaron de Montesquieu eguqula isakhiwo somthetho-sisekelo. Inkulumo yakhe yokuthi inkululeko ilondolozwa kangcono uma ukumiswa kwemithetho, ukuphatha, nemibuso yokwahlulela kuhlukaniswa futhi kulinganiswa ngokuqondiswe ngqo emklamweni woMthetho-sisekelo.

Imibono Ephithizelayo Yobaba

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo bonke abazange babe nombono ofanayo wenkululeko nokulingana. izimpikiswano eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo naphakathi nenkathi yokuhlanjululwa kwemithetho yenkolo zembula ukungezwani okuyisisekelo okuqhubeka namanje kwenanela enkulumweni yomthetho - sisekelo yanamuhla.

  • Jacob Madison: Madison, ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi uBaba woMthetho-sisekelo, ulwelwelwe iBill of Rights ukuze avikele inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ebushiqelani obuningi. KuFederal uNo. 10, waphikisa ngokuthi irepublic enkulu ingavikela inkululeko kangcono kunencane ngokululaza ithonya lezinto ezinkulu. Umbono kaMadison wagcizelela isivikelo sokwakha senkululeko futhi ukungabaza ukubusa ngentando yeningi.
  • Alexander Hamilton:[[FLT: 1] Hamilton wagcizelela ukubaluleka kukahulumeni onamandla ophethe ukuze alondoloze uhlelo futhi avikele amalungelo. KuFederalist No. 78, waphikisa ngokuthi ijaji elizimele ngamandla okwahlulela lingase libaluleke ekulondolozeni amalungelo abantu ekuphathweni kwemithetho. Umbono kaHamilton ubekwe amandla esikhulu nasekuzinzeni ekulawuleni, ngezinye izikhathi ngezindleko zokuthatha isinyathelo esithandwa kakhulu.
  • Thomas Jefferson: Nakuba lingekho eMhlanganweni, ithonya likaJefferson eMthethweni lalilikhulu kakhulu ngokuqanjwa kwakhe yiSimemezelo sokuzibusa kanye nokusekela kwakhe iSivumelwano samalungelo abantu. Umbono kaJefferson wenkululeko wagcizelela ukuzithemba kwakhe siqu kanye nokungaqiniseki okujulile kwamandla aphakathi, umbono owazisa u-Anti-Federalist crique woMthetho-sisekelo ohlongoziwe.

Lemibono encintisanayo yalolonga umbhalo nokwakheka koMthetho-sisekelo, ibonisa isifiso sokwakha uhulumeni olinganisela inkululeko nokulingana kuyilapho usingatha izidingo zesizwe esihlukene nesikhulayo. Ukuyekethisa kwafinyelela − kuhlanganise nezinga lokuhlehla ezintathu ezabala abantu abagqilaziwe beyiziphethu njengezingalo ezintathu zomuntu ukuze bafane nezinjongo .

Izimpi Zangesikhathi Esizayo

Namuhla, ukulinganisela phakathi kwenkululeko nokulingana kuyaqhubeka kudala impikiswano enkulu ezicini eziningi zezimiso. impikiswano enjengokuvuma, amalungelo empilo, amalungelo okuvota, kanye nezimali zomkhankaso ziqokomisa ukulwela ukufinyelela zombili izinkolelo emphakathini oshintsha ngokushesha.

Isinyathelo Esiqinisayo Nethuba Lokufundisa

Izimiso eziqinile zihlose ukusingatha ukungafani komlando ngokubheka uhlanga njengesici esisodwa ekuvumeni izinqumo, kodwa ziphakamisa imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo ngaphansi kwe-Encial Protection Claus. INkantolo Ephakeme iphethe ukuthi izinhlelo zokuvuma ezingaziqapheli izinhlanga kumelwe zanelise izinhlelo ezicubungula kakhulu, ifuna ukuba zikhonze isithakazelo esishukumisayo futhi zihlonyiselwe ukufinyelela lesosithakazelo. Izimfashini ze-pial Adgicts v. Harvard [2023], iNkanto ephumelela ngokuphumelelayo inqubo yombango esekelwe emkhakheni wemfundo ephakeme, iphethe ukuthi izinhlelo zokuvuma isithakazelo se-Harvard naseYunivesithi yase-North Carolina zaphula i-Claus Claus.

Lesi sinqumo simelela ukushintshwa okuphawulekayo kwendlela yeNkantolo yokulingana kwezinhlanga, igcizelela ukungaqondi ibala ngenxa yenjongo yokulungisa eyayithethelele isenzo sokuvuma ngaphambili. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lesi sinqumo sizoqeda ukungalingani kobuhlanga nokungalingani, kuyilapho abasekeli bephikisa ngokuthi sibuyisela isimiso somthetho-sisekelo sokuthi abantu kufanele bahlulelwe ngezimfanelo zabo, hhayi ngohlanga lwabo. Umba obheke phambili umbono wokulingana ofuna ukuxazulula ukucwasana kwangesikhathi esidlule nombono ongokomthetho wesilinganiso ovimbela zonke izinhlanga.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo Nenkululeko Engokwenkolo

Ukulwela amalungelo alinganayo eLGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye baye bahlangana kaningi neziphakamiso zenkululeko engokwenkolo, badala ezinye zezingxabano ezinzima kakhulu zomthetho-mthethwe-sisekelo weshumi leminyaka elidlule. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme -bergefell v. Hodges[ (2015], iqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-mgaqo-mfa emshadweni ofanayo, futhi BHOCHOCT v. County[[FLT:]]2020]), iphethe ukuthi iSithi VII sivimbela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi ngenxa yenkambiso yobulili noma ukulingana. Nokho, lezi zinqumo azixazulula ukuphikisana okukhulu ngenkululeko yenkolo.

Izindaba ezinjengethi [[QUL:0] Isiphendu se-Macatempop kanye ne [FLT] 303 Ukwenqabela [imiphumela] ibonisa ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwemithetho yokunqanda ukuguquguquka komthetho neSichibiyelo Sokuqala seSiphendu sivikela ukuveza inkululeko ngenkululeko nokuzivivinya ngezenkolo. Lamacala acindezela izinkantolo ukuba zinqume ukuthi abaphikisi benkolo bangaya esabelweni kuLGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye ngaphandle kokwephula imithetho yezindawo zomphakathi. Imiphumela isuke ingekho emthethweni, isikisela ukuthi iNkanto ephakeme iqhubeke ibhekana nalemibuzo eminyakeni ezandulelayo.

Ukukwazi Ukunakekela Impilo Nokuzikhethela Komuntu Ngamunye

Impikiswano ephathelene nokunakekela impilo yomhlaba wonke ithinta ukulinganisela phakathi kokuzikhethela komuntu ngamunye nelungelo lokungena ezinkonzweni ezibalulekile. I-Affordcable Care Act (ACA), isekela ngokuyinhloko njengokusetshenziswa okusemthethweni kwamandla omthetho omthetho kaKhongolo-mfuyo i-National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [20202], ifuna ukwandisa umshuwalense wempilo ngenhlanganisela yemiyadi, intengo, intengiso, nezimiso. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi i-AA isilinganiso esiphambili ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zingangena ekunakekeleni kokwelapha kungakhathaliseki izimo ezikhona noma izimali. Abaphinikeli baphikisa ngokuthi umyalo ofuna abantu base-Melika ukuba bathenge ngenkululeko nangemishuwayo engcono.

Ukuphikisana okuqhubekayo nge-ACA kanye nezimiso ezihlobene nakho kuveza ukungavumelani okukhulu ngendima kahulumeni ekuqinisekiseni ukulingana kwezenhlalo nezomnotho. Lezizimpikiswano ziphakamisa imibuzo engokomthetho ngokomthetho ngokuphathelene nobukhulu bamandla kahulumeni ngaphansi kwe-Chwele Claus kanye namandla okukhokha intela, kanye nokufinyelela kwe-Excial Protection Clause emongweni wempilo.

Ukuphakela Amalungelo Nokuhlanganyela Okulinganayo

Ukufinyelela e-coption kuhlala kuyinkundla egxekayo lapho inkululeko nokulingana kuhlangene khona. I-Voting Rights Act ka-1965, ebekwe i-putuant ku-Dimensionth Amelika, yayingomunye wemithetho ephumelela kakhulu elawula amalungelo ezakhamuzi emlandweni waseMelika, eyayiwumthetho owenyusela ngokuphawulekayo wokubhalisa nokuhlanganyela phakathi kwezakhamuzi ezimbalwa. INkantolo Ephakeme yasenza singasebenzi isinqumo Shelby County v. Raker [2013], eyahlasela isimiso esisetshenziswa ekunqumeni ukuthi iziphi izinqubo ezilawula i-propati engokomthetho ye-statedromation ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokuvota, yenza ingasebenzi kwe-Active yamandla.

Ekulandeleni iShelby County, amazwe amaningi amisa imithetho yokuvota, imingcele yokuvota kwasekuqaleni, nezinye izinyathelo abagxeki abaphikisa ngokungenakuqhathaniswa ukuthi zithwesa idlanzana labavoti abambalwa nabathola imali ephansi. Ukubekwa kwecala okuwumphumela kuphoqelele izinkantolo ukuba zilinganise isithakazelo sokuvimbela ukukhomba umvoti ekutheni unelungelo eliyisisekelo lokuvota kanye nesibopho somthetho-mthetho-mgadi likakuhlanganyela ekubuseni imibuso yentando yeningi. Umbano phakathi kwenkululeko yemibuso yokunikeza ovoti kanye nesimiso sokulingana ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi kufanele zibe nethuba elilinganayo lokuzwa amazwi azo.

Izimali Nesilinganiso Sezombangazwe

Umkhankaso wezezimali weNkantolo Ephakeme, ikakhulukazi izinqumo zayo ziphethe ama-Concizens United kanye ne-Mcccheon v. FEC [2014] [Unyaka], uye wandisa ngokuphawulekayo inkululeko yokusebenzisa imali enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulumweni yezombangazwe. INkantolo iphethe ukuthi ukusebenzisa imali ukuze kuthonye ithonya inguquko kuvikelwe inkulumo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala futhi uhulumeni akanakuvimbela ukusetshenziswa okunjalo okusekelwe ezintweni ezilimazayo zemali kwezombangazwe.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lezi zinqumo zilulaza ukulingana kwezombangazwe ngokuvumela abantu abacebile nezinkampani ukuba balawule izinkulumo zezombangazwe kanye nethonya lethonya. Ukucindezeleka yisivikelo esiqondile sokusebenzisa inkululeko yezombangazwe kungathi kungqubuzane nenhloso yentando yeningi yokuthi zonke izakhamuzi kufanele zibe nezwi elifanayo ekubuseni kwazo. Lendawo yomthetho ilokhu iphikisana kakhulu, nezinye izazi nabakhi bomthetho abasekela ukunqandwa komthetho ukuze kuqedwe ukugumbuqelwa [ Citabelns United[[FLT: 1] futhi ibuyisela igunya leMikhandlu yokulawula umkhankaso wezezimali.

Ukulinganisela Ngokunamandla

Ukulingana phakathi kwenkululeko nokulingana eMthethweni akuyona inqubo eqinile kodwa ingxoxo eshukumisayo neqhubekayo. Inqubo yokuchaza lapho izinkantolo, izishaya-mthetho, nezakhamuzi ziqhubeka zisebenzisa khona uMthetho-sisekelo ezimweni ezintsha ukuguqula incazelo yakho kokubili inkululeko nesivikelo esilinganayo.

Izimiso eziningana zivela kulokhu kuhlaziya. Okokuqala, uMthetho-sisekelo uvikela kokubili inkululeko nokulingana njengezindinganiso eziyisisekelo, kodwa awuyibekeli phambili enye phezu kwenye ngemininingwane ephelele. Abahleli baqonda ukuthi zombili lezizimo zibalulekile emphakathini onobulungisa, futhi lencwadi ishiya ithuba lezizukulwane ezizayo ukuba zilinganisele lapho izimo zishintsha.

Okwesibili, ukungezwani phakathi kwenkululeko nokulingana akusona isici emklamweni womthetho-sisekelo kodwa isici esibonisa ubunkimbinkimbi bomphakathi waseMelika. Isimiso esivikela inkululeko kuphela singaba umthetho osemthethweni wokucindezela komuntu siqu; isimiso esivikela ukulingana kuphela kungaba yisici sokulinganisela kwemithetho elawulayo. Ukuxoxisana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwalezizindinganiso kuveza uhlelo olunamandla lomthetho-sisekelo oluthatha isinyathelo ezinkingeni ezintsha nezishintshayo zezenhlalo.

Okwesithathu, umthwalo wemfanelo wokulondoloza lokhu kulinganisela awukhona nje kuphela ezinkantolo kodwa ukhona nakubameleli abakhethiwe.

Isizukulwane esisungulile sasungula uhlelo lwenkululeko nokulingana, kodwa lwafinyelela ezizukulwaneni ezalandela ukuze lwandise futhi lujulise lezozibopho. Ukuqedwa kobugqila, ukunwetshwa kwabesifazane namaqembu amancane ezinhlanga, ukulwela amalungelo omphakathi, kanye nokulwela okuqhubekayo kwe-LGBTQ ukulingana nobulungisa bezomnotho konke kubonisa imizamo yokufeza izithembiso zoMthetho-sisekelo ngokugcwele ngokwengeziwe. Isizukulwane ngasinye sibhekana kanjani nombuzo ofanayo obalulekile: Singayivikela kanjani inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuyilapho siqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu baphathwa ngesithunzi nangenhlonipho efanayo?

Njengoba silawula izinkimbinkimbi zobubusi nobulungisa bezenhlalo banamuhla, ingxoxo eqhubekayo ngenkululeko nokulingana ibalulekile ekwazini isizwe. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uhlelo lwaleyongxoxo, kodwa incazelo yawo ilokhu iguqulwa ngokusabela ezimweni ezintsha futhi ijuliswe ukuqonda okuqinile kobulungisa. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwenkululeko nokulingana akuyona inkinga yokuxazululwa kanye; iyingxoxo echaza isiko lomthetho-sisekelo waseMelika ngokwalo.