Indima Yokulungisa Impilo Yomphakathi

Izimiso zempilo yomphakathi ziphakathi kwamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu ohulumeni abanawo okuvikela impilo yabantu. Kusukela ezimisweni zokukhucululwa kwendle ekhulwini le-19 leminyaka ezinqanda ukuqubuka kwekholera ukuze kunqandwe izimfuneko zesimanje zomoya ohlanzekile neziyogomela, lemithetho ihlose ukunciphisa izifo, ukuvimbela ukulimala, nokuthuthukisa impilo. Nokho, ukukhona kwemithetho nje akuqinisekisi impumelelo yayo. Ukuphumelela kwezimiso zempilo zomphakathi kudinga ukuhlolisisa ukusetshenziswa, ukuphoqelelwa, ukuvumelana, futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuthuthukisa impilo.

Ukuqondiswa kwempilo yomphakathi kusebenza ekunqamuleni umthetho, isayensi, nokuziphatha komphakathi. Uma zihlelwa kahle futhi zigunyaziwe ngokufanelekile, izimiso zingaveza intuthuko enkulu ekuphileni nasekuphileni. Nokho, imithetho engasungulwanga kahle noma elawulwa kancane ingachitha imithombo yemali, ibangele ukungathembani umphakathi, futhi ihluleke ukufinyelela imiphumela yayo ehlosiwe. Ukuqonda lokho okwenza imithetho iphumelele kubalulekile kubenzi bemithetho, ochwepheshe bezempilo bomphakathi, kanye nemiphakathi ngokufanayo.

Ukuchaza Ukubuyiselwa Kwempilo Yomphakathi

Imithetho yempilo yomphakathi ibhekisela ekubopheleleni imithetho engokomthetho ekhishwa yiziphathimandla zendawo, isifundazwe, noma isizwe ezifuna noma ezinqabela ukuziphatha okuthile, imikhiqizo, noma izimo zendawo ezungezile ukuze kuvikelwe impilo. Lemithetho ithathwa emthethweni wezomthetho wezomthetho womthetho womthetho nakukwenza imithetho yokulawula. Ihlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi, kuhlanganise nokuphepha kokudla, izinga lamanzi, ukuqapha izifo, ukuphepha emsebenzini, nokuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo eyingozi njengogwayi notshwala.

Ngokungafani neziqondiso zezempilo zokuzithandela noma imikhankaso yemfundo, imithetho iphethe umthetho, ngokuvamile ngesijeziso sokungahambisani. Lesi sici esivumelanayo senza ukubheka kubaluleke kakhulu: lapho ohulumeni bebekela imingcele yenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye noma bephoqa izindleko emabhizinisini, kumelwe babonise ukuthi izinzuzo zempilo zithethelela ukungenela. Ukuze ubheke ngokujule kakhulu izisekelo ezingokomthetho, bheka ukucaciswa kwesimiso sezempilo sezwe lonke.

Amaqoqo Ayinhloko Esimiso Sempilo Yomphakathi

Umthetho ophumelelayo uhlasela izinqanda mpilo ezibaluleke kakhulu nezingalawuleki. Izindawo ezinkulu zihlanganisa:

Ukunciphisa Izifo Ezithathelwanayo

Ukugoma okugonyelwe isikole, iziyalezo zokuhlukaniswa phakathi nokuqubuka, kanye nokubika izimfuneko zabanakekela impilo yizibonelo ezivelele. Lezimiso ziye zathiwa ziwukuqeda ingxibongo, cishe ziqede uvendle, futhi zinciphise izifo zokugoma ngokuphawulekayo. Ukuphumelela kwalezi zimo kuxhomeke emazingeni aphakeme okukhokha izindleko, okudinga ukuthenjwa nosizo olufinyelelekayo emphakathini.

Ukuphepha Kokudla Namanzi

Imithetho elawula ukuhlelwa kokudla, ukusingathwa, nokubizwa ngamagama, kanye nezindinganiso zamanzi, ivimbela izigidi zezifo ezibangelwa ukudla namanzi minyaka yonke. I-Food and Drug Administration yase-U.S. (FDA) ne-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) yamisa izindinganiso okumelwe zihlangatshelwe abakhiqizi be-offaicenti nabavikeli. I- 2011 Food Safety Moderzation Act yasusa ukugxila ekusabeleni ekuvimbeleni, idinga izindawo zokusebenzisa izingozi nokulawula izingozi.

Impilo Yendawo Ezungezile Nemisebenzi Yayo

Izenzo ezihlanzekile zomoya namanzi, imingcele ekukhishweni kobuthi, izindinganiso zokuphepha emsebenzini, nokuvinjelwa kwezinto eziyingozi njengetsheboya kuye kwanciphisa izifo ezimahlalakhona nokulimala. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Ceasha Air Act yase-U.S. ibonise ukuthi ivimbela amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu abafa ngaphambi kwesikhathi unyaka ngamunye. Izindleko zokuhlolwa okungalinganiswayo [[[FLT: 1] njalo ithola ukuthi izinzuzo zezomnotho zalemithetho zidlula kude izindleko.

Ugwayi, Utshwala, Nesimiso Sokulawula

Intela yokukhipha izintela, ukukhangisa, imithetho yomoya engenantuthu ngaphakathi, izimfuneko ezinciphile zeminyaka yobudala, kanye nokubekwa kwemikhiqizo kuphakathi kwezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokunciphisa umthwalo wezifo ezithathelwanayo. I-Framecow Commission on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) iqhubele phambili kulendawo. Ukuhlolwa kwalemithetho kubonisa ukuthi ukuvinjelwa okubanzi kokukhangisa ngogwayithi kanye namazinga entela aphakeme kuphumelela kakhulu ekunciphiseni ukusetshenziswa kwemali.

Ukuhlola Ukuphumelela Kokuqondisa: Isimo Sengqondo

Ukunquma ukuthi umthetho wezempilo yomphakathi uyasebenza yini kudinga indlela yokuhlola. Izindinganiso ezilandelayo zinikeza uhlelo oluqinile lokuhlola:

Imiphumela Yempilo

Isilinganiso esiyinhloko sanoma isiphi isilinganiso sempilo siwumphumela waso ekuguleni, ukufa, nasemazingeni okuphila. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokuvinjelwa kwamafutha eDolobheni laseNew York, ukulaliswa kwesibhedlela ngenxa yokuhlaselwa isifo senhliziyo nokushaywa unhlangothi kwehla nge 6,2% eminyakeni elandelayo, uma kuqhathaniswa nokulinganiselwa kokulawula. Ukuhlola ukulandelela izifo, ukuhambela komnyango wesimo esiphuthumayo, noma izingqwembe ze-biologic (ezinjengamazinga aphambili egazi) kunikeza ubufakazi obuqondile bokuphumelela.

Ukubambisana Nokuphoqelelwa

Imithetho ingaba ephelele ephepheni kodwa ingalandeli lutho uma ingalandelwa. Izinga lokuhlola .I- Compliance .Ilinganiswa ngokuhlola, ukubika, noma ukwaziswa kokuthengisa − veza indlela umphakathi olawulwayo onamathela ngayo emithethweni. Izenzo zokuphoqelela, njengentambo noma imvume yokujezisa, zibonisa ukungathi sína kokuphulwa. Ukugcinwa kwemithetho eqinile kuvame ukuchaza ukuthi kungani eminye imithetho ihluleka ukuveza intuthuko engokwempilo, njengoba kubonakala ezindaweni ezivinjelwa ukubhema okunganele.

Ukuqaphela Umphakathi Nokukwamukela

Imithetho isebenza kangcono uma umphakathi uqonda indlela ehluzeke ngayo futhi usekela ukufezeka kwayo. Ukuhlolwa namaqembu abhekisa phambili kungahlola ukuqashelwa kwemithetho (umzk., imithetho yesihlalo, imithetho engenantuthu) nokuzimisela komphakathi ukuhambisana nayo. Ukuqapha noma ukuphikiswa okukhulu, ikakhulukazi uma imithetho ibhekwa njengelula, kungalulaza ngisho nemithetho esekelwe kubufakazi.

Izindleko Nemiphumela Engokomnotho

Imithetho ibeka izindleko kubantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, nohulumeni. Lokhu kumele kuhlolwe ngokumelene nezinzuzo zempilo. Ukuhlola izindleko kubonisa inzuzo yempilo ngedollar ngalinye elichithwayo, ngokuvamile njengezindleko ngonyaka wokuphila okulungisiwe ngezinga eliphezulu (QALY) ogciniwe. I-Prevented Services Task Force isebenzisa izingosi ezikhokhayo zokuqondisa. Imithetho eveza izinzuzo zezentengo zezentengo (ngoba izindleko zezempilo zincishisiwe, umkhiqizo owengeziwe, nokuphila okusebenza isikhathi eside) ingenzeka iqhubekele phambili kwezombangazwe.

Ukungalingani Nemiphumela Engahlosiwe

Imithetho ephumelelayo akumelwe ibe yimithwalo enzima ngokungenakulinganiswa. Ngokwesibonelo, intela ewugqinsi kagwayi inganciphisa ukubhema phakathi kwamaqembu athola imali ephansi kodwa futhi icindezele imali yasekhaya uma ingafakwanga ekusekeleni i - cestes. Imiphumela engahlongozwanga injengamakethe amnyama ezinto ezivinjelwe noma ukuphuza utshwala okwandayo ekhaya ngemva kokuvinjelwa komphakathi.

Izinselele Ezilinganisela Ithonya Eliqondisayo

Ukuqonda izithiyo kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni umklamo nokusetshenziswa.

Ukuphikiswa Kwezombangazwe Nokungokomthetho

Imisebenzi efuna ukulahlekelwa inzuzo ivame ukuphakamisa izinselele ezingokomthetho noma ukusekela imithetho enzima. Izinkampani zikagwayi zalwa nokuvinjelwa kokubhema amashumi amaningi eminyaka; imboni kashukela iye yamelana nentela yesoda. Ukukhokhwa kwemithetho, lapho amazinga aphakeme emithetho kahulumeni evimbela imingcele yendawo, angenye isithiyo. Ngokwesibonelo, imibuso eminingi yase-U.S. iye yamisa imithetho enqabela ohulumeni bendawo ukwamukela izintela zokuphuza ezinomsoco onoshukela, ilulaza izisusa zempilo yomphakathi.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Izimiso zidinga abahloli abaqeqeshiwe, amakhono okucwaninga, izinhlelo zokwaziswa, nezisebenzi zokuthola ukwaziswa. Amazwe aphansi naphakathi afikayo ngokuvamile antula lemithombo, okuholela ekungalinganini okusakazekeni. Ngisho nasemazweni acebile, ukuhlelwa kwemali kungashiya izinhlangano ezilawulayo zingalawulwa. Umqedazwe we-COVID-19 odamba izikhala ezisemfundweni yokuphoqelela imithetho yokuphepha emsebenzini nemithetho yokuzihlukanisa.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Nokuhlukana

Imithetho ingaba nemininingwane kakhulu, ihlanganisa izinhlangano eziningi nezindawo eziphethe. Umkhiqizi wokudla kungadingeka avumelane nemithetho yempilo yendawo, izindinganiso zokuphepha zikahulumeni, imithetho kahulumeni, izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe. Ukushaya ihlombe noma ukuphikisana kungadida izinhlangano ezilawulwayo futhi kuthathe isikhashana. Ukulula nokuhlela imithetho, njengoba i-Global Health Security Agenda ikhuthaza, kungathuthukisa ukuthobela.

Ukumelana Nokuziphatha Nesiko

Imithetho ephikisana nezinkolelo ezisekelwe kakhulu, imikhuba yamasiko, noma ukuzibusa komuntu ngamunye ivame ukushaqeka. Ukunqikaza, ukumelana nokufihla izimpawu, nokumelana nokufakwa kwamanzi kuyizibonelo. Umthetho wempilo yomphakathi ophumelelayo kumelwe ungene emiphakathini ngokukhulumisana okusobala, ukwakha ukwethembana, futhi lapho kufaneleka khona, ukukhulula noma izisusa kunokuphoqelela okumsulwa.

Ukuhlola Izifo Ngokuzivuselela Ngokuphumelelayo

Ukuhlola impumelelo yangempela yezwe kunikeza izifundo eziwusizo zokuklama imithetho yesikhathi esizayo.

Imithetho Ye - seatbet Nokuphepha Kwezimoto

Imithetho yezikhulu eziqashelwayo, evumela amaphoyisa ukuba avimbele abashayeli ngenxa nje yokungagqoki isihlalo, iye yandisa ukusetshenziswa kwamabhande angaphezu kuka-90% kwezinye izindawo. I-National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ilinganisela ukuthi izihlalo zasindisa ukuphila kwabantu abangaba ngu - 15 000 ngo-2017 kuphela. Imithetho iyasebenza ngoba zihlanganisa imithetho ecacile, ukugcinwa kwamaphoyisa (ngokuvamile ngezindawo zokuhlola), kanye nemikhankaso yemfundo yomphakathi eyenza ukuziphatha kuhlale kulungile.

Imithetho Yomoya Ongashiyi Umusi

Izibalo ezivimbela ukubhema emsebenzini, ezindaweni zokudlela, nasezindaweni zokudlela ziye zanciphisa ukuchayeka kwentuthu kagwayi ngo-80-90% ezindaweni eziningi. Ukuhlolwa kwezindawo eziningi zase-Ireland, eScotland, nasezifundazweni eziningi zase-U.S. kubonisa ukwehla okukhulu ekuhlaseleni abantu abahlaselwa isifo senhliziyo phakathi nonyaka owodwa wokusetshenziswa. Lemithetho ithandwa ngisho naphakathi kwabangabhemi, futhi ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuphakeme uma kuhlanganisa intela yezephula umthetho nezindlela zokubika umphakathi.

Isimiso sokulawula ugwayi eCalifornia

Indlela ehlukene yeCalifornia — ukukhipha izintela eziphakeme, imikhankaso yezezindaba enzima, nemithetho yomoya ehlanzekile yendawo . kwanciphisa ukubhenywa kwabantu abadala kusukela ku-2% ngo-1988 kuya ku-10% namuhla. Ukuhlola kwe Independent kuthi impumelelo ibangelwa ukusekela izimali eziqhubekayo, izibopho zomphakathi eziqinile, nokuzimisela ukwamukela izinyathelo ezisekelwe kubufakazi naphezu kokuphikisa kwezemboni. Uhlelo lwahlukanisa futhi izinga lokubhema ngokufuna ukufinyelela imali ephansi nemiphakathi emiphakathini emincane.

Ukuthuthukiswa Kwamanzi Omphakathi

Ukuhlanganisa ifluoride ezimisweni zamanzi zomphakathi ezilinganayo kungumthetho ovamile wezinga labantu owehlise kakhulu amakhareji amazinyo. ICenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) iyibiza ngokuthi inye yezinto ezinkulu zempilo yomphakathi ezifezwe kakhulu zekhulu lama-20. Isimiso siyasebenza ngoba adinganga muntu oyedwa, afinyelele wonke amaqembu ezenhlalo, futhi amashumi eminyaka ezokuhlola ukuphepha. Izindleko umuntu ngamunye ngonyaka zingaphansi kwezindleko zokugcwalisa amazinyo amafutha alinganayo.

Izindlela Zokulinganisa Ukuphumelela Kwezimiso

Ukuhlola ngokucophelela kudinga ukuxubana kwemiklamo yokutadisha nemithombo yokwaziswa. Izindlela eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuhlolwa kwezempilo: ukuqhathanisa ukuthambekela kwempilo emajikelezweni asebenzisa umthetho nalawo angawusebenzisi, esebenzisa umehluko-endinganisweni, uchungechunge lwesikhathi, noma ukuhlelwa kabusha kwediski.
  • Ukuhlolwa okungokwesiko: Inqubo yokuguqula inqubo engekho ngaphansi kokulawula kwabacwaningi, njengombuso okhuphula iminyaka yokuthenga ugwayi kuyilapho amazwe angomakhelwane engawulawuli.
  • Ukuhlolwa kwemali nezindleko: Ukuhlanganisa inzuzo yempilo ngokwemali noma amaqoqo ezempilo nokuziqhathanisa nokufeza izindleko.
  • Izibalo ze-Proctal:[ Ukuqinisekisa ukufezeka kokusetshenziswa, ukufinyelela imisebenzi yokuphoqelelwa, kanye nezithiyo zokuvumelana nokuxoxa, ukuhlola, nokuhlola amarekhodi.
  • Imininingwane ye-Surveillance: Isebenzisa izibalo ezibalulekile, amarekhodi okukhishwa kwesibhedlela, ukubhalwa futhi, kanye nokuhlola ukwaziswa ukuze kulandelelwe ukuthambekela kwesikhathi eside ngaphambi nangemva komthetho.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo Zokubuyiselwa Kwempilo Yomphakathi

Impilo yomphakathi ishintsha ngokushesha, ishukunyiswa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuhamba kwembulunga yonke, ukumelana nezibulala - magciwane, nokukhula kobuchwepheshe bezokusebenza kwemishini. Ukuze kulondolozwe futhi kuthuthukiswe izimiso zokuqondisa kumelwe zivele.

Ukubuyiselwa kwemininingwane nokuvumelaniswa nokushintsha

Ukwaziswa kwangempela kwesikhathi okuvela kumarekhodi empilo kagesi, ukuhlola okungokobuchwepheshe, nezinzwa zendawo ezungezile kungavumela abaqondisi ukuba baqaphele izinsongo ezivelayo nemithetho elungisayo. Ukulawula okuguquguqukayo.

Ukulingana Ngokwempilo Njengesimiso Sezono

Izimiso zesikhathi esizayo kufanele zicabangele ngokucacile ukuthi umklamo wazo uthinta kanjani amaqembu angenalutho. Ukuhlola ithonya lezempilo, elifana nethonya lempilo, kungafakwa enqubweni yokuqondisa. Imithetho enciphisa ukuhlukahluka, njengokumisa ukunciphisa ukwelapha kokubuyisela i-nicotine ezinkokhisweni zikagwayi, kusengozini kakhulu ukufinyelela inzuzo yempilo eyandayo ngaphandle kokulimaza abampofu.

Ukuhlanganyela Nomthetho Womphakathi

Imithetho ephezulu ingabangela ukuphikisana. Amalungu omphakathi, abameleli bezemboni, nomphakathi owenziwe ngezimiso zomphakathi kungandisa ukufaneleka nokuthobelana. Izibonelo zokuqondisa ukuhlelwa kwezentengiselwano, lapho ukuqondisa izimboni kwenganyelwa khona nguhulumeni, kuye kwasetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinjengokukhangisa ukudla kubantwana nakulokhu kungena mpilo elayinini ye-intanethi. Ukubonana ekuhleleni imithetho, iziphetho zokuphendula ezivulekile, nokuzwa komphakathi kuhlala kubalulekile.

Ukubuswa Komhlaba Wonke Nokuqondiswa Kwesiphambano

Izingozi eziningi zempilo (njengesibonelo, ukungcola komoya, ukumelana nolwakhiwo lwezifo, kanye nokushushumbisa ugwayi) ngokomthetho wezwe lonke. Izivumelwano zezizwe zonke, njenge-WHO FCTC ne-International Health Regionalment, zinikeza izisekelo zokusebenza ngokubambisana. Ukuqinisa ukubambisana kwembulunga yonke, kuhlanganise nokuqaphela izindinganiso nokwaziswa, kungathuthukisa ukuphumelela okungaphezu kwalokho okungafezwa yinoma yiliphi izwe. Icebo leWHOM elisekumela ukumelana ne-actic transfection

Isiphetho

Ukuhlola ukuphumelela kwezimiso zezempilo zomphakathi akuyona inqubo ethatha isikhathi esisodwa kodwa inqubo eqhubekayo yokuhlola ngokugxeka, ukufunda, nokuzivumelanisa. Izimiso eziphumelela kakhulu yilezo ezisekelwe ebufakazini obuqinile, eziklanywe ngomfakela oqinile, eziphoqelelwe ngokungaguquguquki, futhi ezilinganiswa ngokusebenzisa izindlela eziqinile ezibonisa imiphumela ehloselwe yona nengahlosiwe. Nakuba izinselele ezinjengokuphikisa kwezombangazwe, ukuvimbela imithombo yemali, nokumelana nokuziphatha kuphikelela, ukuqopha umlando wemithetho ephumelelayo yokulawula ugwayi, [1] Amademoni asebenza ngokulinganisela ukuthi imithetho ebekwe kahle ingasindisa ukuphila ngesilinganiso esikhulu.

Abenzi bezenqubo, abacwaningi, nomphakathi kumelwe baqhubeke bebuza imibuzo enzima: Ingabe umthetho ufinyelela izinjongo zawo zempilo? Ingabe izinzuzo zilingana nezindleko? Ingabe bonke abantu banikezwa ngokulinganayo? Ngokwakha isiko lomthetho osekelwe ebufakazini futhi uhlale uvulekele ukusungulwa, singaqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho yempilo yomphakathi ihlala iyithonya elinamandla lokuvikela nokuthuthukisa impilo ezweni elithuthuka njalo.