Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kokuthunyelelwa Nohulumeni

Umbono womphakathi umelela imibono ehlangene yabantu ngezindaba zezombangazwe, izinkambiso, nabaholi. Kuzimiso zentando yeningi, leli zwi elihlangene lisebenza kokubili njengesiqondiso nesibopho sabenzi bezimiso. Ukusebenzelana phakathi kwalokho izakhamuzi ezikucabangayo nalokho ohulumeni abakwenzayo kuyinkimbinkimbi, kuklanywe yizinhlangano, imithombo yezindaba, ubudlelwano, nomlando. Ukuqonda lobu buhlobo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofunda isayensi yezombangazwe, umlando, noma izivumelwano zomphakathi. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela umbono womphakathi othonya ngayo inqubo, izindlela zokuguqula izenzakalo ezingokomlando, ukuhlola okungokomlando, nezinselele ezingokongakazeki ukuchaza imizwelo yomphakathi.

Okwenza Umbono Womphakathi Ubaluleke Ezimisweni Zentando Yeningi

Kuhulumeni wentando yeningi, ukufaneleka kukahulumeni kuxhomeke evumeni yababuswayo. Umbono womphakathi uyindlela eyinhloko izakhamuzi ezidlulisela ngayo izintando zazo futhi zibeke abaholi icala. Izizathu eziningana eziyinhloko zichaza ukuthi kungani umbono womphakathi uyisici esiyisisekelo sokubusa:

  • Ukuhlanganyela kwedemocratic: ukuzwana kuyindlela eqondile kakhulu yokuveza imibono, kodwa umbono womphakathi ubonakala futhi ngokubhikisha, ngezincwadi, ngezokuxhumana, nangemihlangano yehholo ledolobha. Lemishiza iqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi ahlukahlukene azwakala phakathi nokhetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukusabela kobupolisa: Izikhulu ezinganakanga ezizishaya indiva izingozi zokulahlekelwa izihlalo zomphakathi. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi inqubo ifeza imiphumela eUnited States nakweminye imibuso elawulwa ngentando yeningi ngokuvamile ivumelana nombono weningi, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ze-scrett (bona [[FLT:]] lokhu kuhlola ngokusabela kwenqubo []]).
  • Ubufakazi bemali:[ umbono womphakathi usebenza njengesehlo emandleni kahulumeni. Abaholi abaphishekela izinqubo ezingathandwayo bangabhekana nemiphumela yezombangazwe, kusukela ezinkingeni eziyinhloko ukuze bakhumbule okhetho.
  • Imithetho esemthethweni: I-Provice evumelana nombono womphakathi ingenzeka futhi ilandelwe ngokuzithandela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithetho ebhekwa njengebekwe ngokumelene nentando yeningi ingaqeda ukwethembana ezinhlanganweni.

Nokho, ithonya lombono womphakathi alizenzakaleli. Kuxhomeke ekutheni impikiswano isekelwe kuphi, ukucaca komphakathi, nomongo wezombangazwe. Abaphathi bezemithetho bavame ukuhlaziya umbono womphakathi nezinye izici ezinjengombono weqembu, izithakazelo zokusiza, kanye neseluleko sochwepheshe.

Ukushintsha Komlando: Indlela Umbono Womphakathi Oye Wathonya Ngayo Umthetho Ngokuhamba Kwesikhathi

Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, ababusi abazange bayinake imibono ethandwayo, kodwa ukuvela kwezinhlangano zentando yeningi nemithombo yezindaba kwashintsha lokho okubonisa ukuthi izenzakalo eziningana ezingokomlando zibonisa lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo:

Ukuvukela Nokusungulwa KwaseMelika

INguquko yaseMelika yaqhutshwa ngokwengxenye ngokushintsha kombono womphakathi phakathi kwamakoloni. I-Pamphlets njengoThomas Paine's Common Seate[ isekela inkululeko. Abasunguli baklama isimiso esinezimiso ezisebenza ngokukhetha [1] njengokhetho, umshini wokuhlela, nelungelo lokuhlangana, okungavumela umbono womphakathi ukuba uthonye ulawule i-acencence. James Madison, ku-Federalist No. 10, baphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni kumelwe “unamathele kubantu” ukuze uhlale usemthethweni.

Inkathi Eqhubekayo Nokukhula Kwembimbi

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, abashisekeli benguquko bagqugquzela amathuluzi entando yeningi aqondile anjengezimemezelo zokubuswa kwentando yeningi kanye nezinyathelo, benikeza umphakathi ithonya eliqondile esimisweni. Ukusungulwa kokuhlola kwezesayensi ngo-1930 nguGeorge Gallup kwashintsha indlela abaholi abaqonda ngayo umbono womphakathi. Ukubhebhetheka kwavumela ukuba kuhlolwe ngokunembile, nakuba ukuhlola kwakuqala ngokuvamile kwakususa abesifazane namaqembu amancane. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, uhulumeni wase-U.S. wasebenzisa ukuhlola ukuze uhlole ukusekela komphakathi imizamo yempi nokuthuthukisa inkulumo - zenkulumo - ze.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Ezakhamuzi

I-Civil Rights Movement iyisibonelo esinamandla sezenzo zotshani ezishintsha umbono womphakathi, ngaleso sikhathi owaphoqelelwa ukuba ushintshe umthetho. Ngawo-1950, iningi lamaMelika amhlophe lamelana nokuncishiswa kwesivumelwano. Kodwa izithombe eziveziwe zezokubhikisha okunokuthula ezihlaselwayo, zihlangene nokumelana nokuqina okuqinile, kancane kancane okushintshile. Ngesikhathi i-Civil Rights Rights Act ka-1964 ne-Voting Rights Act ka-19656, umbono womphakathi wawusushintshwe ngokwaneleyo ukunikeza isembobo sezombangazwe abahleli bomthetho. Izenzo zabonisa ukuthi iningi labantu baseMelika lasekela umthetho ngesikhathi ewuvile.

Inkathi Yanamuhla: Umkhankaso Waphakade

Namuhla, abezombangazwe babusa ngaphansi kokuhlola okuqhubekayo okuvela ekuhloleni nasekuhlaseleni imithombo yezindaba. “umkhankaso wezentengiselwano” usho ukuthi umbono womphakathi uqashelwa njalo, futhi izinqumo zezimiso zivame ukuhlolwa ngeso kukhetho olulandelayo. Lokhu kuye kwenza ukusabela ngokushesha kwezinye izimo kodwa futhi kwaholela ekucabangeni okufushane nokushintshashintsha kwezimiso ezibusayo.

Umshini Osetshenziswa Umbono Womphakathi

Izakhamuzi eziningana ezisebenzisa izinqubo zezenhlangano nezenhlalo zibheka imiphumela yezimiso. Ukuqonda lezindlela kuyadingeka kakhulu ekuhloleni ushintsho lwezombangazwe.

Ukukhetha Nokulandisa

Izinhlelo zokukhetha ziyinqubo eyinhloko ehlanganisa umbono womphakathi nenqubo. Amavoter angavuza noma ajezise abaqondisi abasekelwe ekusebenzeni kwenqubo. I-gationalal ukulangazelela lesi sahlulelo sokhetho kungaholela izazi zezombangazwe ukuba zivumelanise izikhundla zazo nentando yovoti bemithombo yezindaba. Ukucwaninga kwezezombangazwe njengoAnthony Downs noJames Stimson kubonisa ukuthi ngokuvamile inkambiso ihamba phambili eqondeni nombono womphakathi, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni lapho abavoti benikeza khona ukunakekela.

Amaqembu Anesithakazelo Nezinhlangano Ezifundisayo

Amaqembu esithakazelo akhuthaza futhi andisa umbono womphakathi ezindabeni ezithile. Asebenzisa ukunxusa, iminikelo yomkhankaso, nezimpande zotshani ukuze zihloselwe ukucindezela abakhi bomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-National Rifle Association (NRA) iye yaphumelela kakhulu ekukhuthazeni abanikazi bezibhamu ukuba bamelane nokulawula izibhamu, ngisho noma umbono womphakathi uvumela imingcele ethile. Ngokuphambene, amaqembu anjenge-American Civil Liberéries Union (ACLU) aveza izikhalo zenkululeko zomphakathi. Lezi zinhlangano zenza okungaphezu nje kokubonisa umbono; ziyakulungisa ngamandla ngokukhangisa ngezikhangiso nangemikhankazo zemfundo yomphakathi.

Imithombo Yezindaba Nemithombo Yezindaba Ehlukahlukene

Imithombo yezindaba inendima eyinhloko kukho kokubili ukuveza nokulungisa umbono womphakathi. Umsebenzi wokuhlela izinhlangano zezindaba ezithinta umphakathi eziwubheka njengobalulekile. Ukuveza indaba kunikezwa ``uhlobo oluthile). Ngokwesibonelo, ichaza inkambiso yezezomnotho ngokuthi “impumuzo yentela" ngokumelene“ nokusika intela kwabhhayibhile” kungaveza ukusabela okuhlukene. Amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana anjenge X (kade u-Twitter) futhi asheshisa ukusakazeka kwemibono futhi avumele ukuvuselelwa ngokushesha, kodwa futhi akha futhi amagumbi okuvolo futhi angaguqula imibono eminingi.

Ukukhononda Nokungalaleli Kombango

Izenzo zobuProfethi obungaphezulu, njengokubhikisha, ukugadla, nokungalaleli komphakathi, kungashintsha kakhulu umbono womphakathi kanye nenqubo yokuphoqelela. Unyaka ka-1963 eWashington, umzabalazo we-Occupy Wall Street, kanye no-2020 Black Live Matter ayizibonelo lapho imiboniso emikhulu evusa impikiswano futhi ishukumisa umzwelo womphakathi. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi ukubhikisha okuqhubekayo kungashintsha khona ukukhetha kwenqubo yakho kokubili umphakathi nezombangazwe (bona lokhu kuhlola ngemiphumela yokubhikica. [[FLT: 1]]]]]

Intando yeningi Eqondile

Emazweni amaningi, izakhamuzi zingamisa isimiso ngokuqondile ngokuthatha izinyathelo zokuzihloba nokuthatha ama-asendement. Lendlela idlulisa izishayamthetho futhi ivumela umbono womphakathi ukuba ube umthetho ngokushesha. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukubekwa kweKhalifoniya 13 (imingcele yentela efanelekile), ukuvinjelwa okufanayo komshado okungahlangene nako ngawo-20000, kanye nokumiswa ngokomthetho kwamuva kwensangu ezindaweni eziningi. Idemokratial elawula ingaba ithuluzi elinamandla kodwa futhi inezithiyo, njengezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, futhi isengozini yokusetshenziswa komkhankaso wokwenza imidlalo esemthethweni.

Ukuhlola Icala: Lapho Umbono Womphakathi Washintsha Khona Umthetho

Ukuhlola izenzakalo ezithile kunikeza ubufakazi obuqand ’ ikhanda bokuthi umbono womphakathi ulawulwa kanjani.

Ukushada Kwezingane Ezifanayo E - United States

Umbono womphakathi ngomshado ofanayo wabhekana nenye yezinguquko ezisheshayo emlandweni ogciniwe. Ngo-1996, amaphesenti angu-72 kuphela amaMelika asekela umshado owengeziwe; ngo-2021, lowo nyaka wawunyuke waba ngu-70%. Lolu shintsho lwabangelwa ukubonakala okwandayo kwabantu abashadile, amaqembu abenza izivumelwano ezinjengokungalawuleki anjenge-LGBT, futhi ashintsha izimiso zomphakathi. INkantolo yabonisa ukubhadazamisi okucacile, futhi izazi zezombangazwe zasabela ngokuvumelana nalokho. Ngo-2015, iNkantolo Ephakeme yagunyaza ngokomthetho ezindaweni zonke [i-FLT:0] i-Oberge v. . . Ize yabonisa ukuthi inqubo yokuhlela amaqembu amaqembu ezenhlalo, ukushintsha umbono womphakathi cishe kwathonya kokubili ukumiswa kwesinqumo nesinqumo somthetho.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu EYurophu

Ukukhathazeka komphakathi ngenguquko yesimo sezulu kuye kwakhula kancane kancane eYurophu phakathi namashumi amabili eminyaka adlule. Ukuhlola kwe-European Social Survey ne-Eurobarometer kubonisa ukuthi iningi lezakhamuzi ze-EU libheka ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu njengenkinga enkulu kakhulu. Lokhu kucindezela komphakathi kuye kwasunduza i-European Commission ukuba ithathe imithetho efuna ukuvelela njenge-European Green Deal, ehlose ukukhishwa kwamanetha nge-2050. Ngo-2019, ngemva kokugadla okusakazeka kwesimo sezulu sobusha (Izinsuku zesikhathi esizayo), i-EU ibopheke ekuncipheni okungu 55% ekungcolisweni kwemfutho ngo-2030. Ukuhlobana phakathi kombono nezimiso zomphakathi kusobala: izazi zezombangazwe ezizishaya izingozi zezulu ezibangelwa yingozi ezindaweni ezithandwayo ezisendaweni ezungezile.

Ukulawulwa Kwezibhamu E - Australia Ngemva Kokuba UPort Arthur

Ngo-1996, ukudubula okukhulu ePort Arthur, eTasmania, kwabulala abantu abangu-35. Lesi senzakalo sabangela ukushintshwa okukhulu kombono womphakathi wase-Australia. Upopu wabonisa ukuthi abantu abangaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-90 base-Australia basekela imithetho eqinile yezibhamu. Uhulumeni, oholwa nguNdunankulu uJohn Howard, wasabela ngeSivumelwano seNational Firehars, esavimbela izibhamu ezihambayo nezibhamu futhi sasungula uhlelo lokuthenga izinto ezinqandayo. Umthetho wamiswa ngokushesha naphezu kokuphikisa kwamaqembu alwela amalungelo ezibhamu. Ucwaningo lwathola ukuthi umthetho waholela ekunciphekeni okukhulu kwezibhamu. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi isenzakalo esiphawulekayo, sihlangene nombono osobala, singalilahla isithakazelo futhi sibangele ushintsho olusheshayo.

Ukunakekela Impilo Kushintsha E - United States

I-Affordble Care Act (ACA) ka-2010 yabunjwa umbono womphakathi ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi. Iminyaka eminingi, ukuhlola kwabonisa ukuthi amaMelika ayenganelisekile ngesimiso sokunakekela impilo futhi efuna izinguquko. Nokho, kwakungekho sivumelwano kulokhu okuqondile. I-Obama yasebenzisa ukuhlola ukuthi imaphi amalungiselelo ayethandwa kakhulu − njengokunqabela ukunqatshwa kwemibandela engaphambili futhi avumele intsha ukuba ihlale ihleli emacebweni abazali. Lezi zici zazingadingelwa ukuba zakhe ukusekela umphakathi. Ngemva kokudlula kwe-A, iRepublic Republican izame ukubhekana nokuphamba ngemva kokuphamba, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi amalungiselelo athandwayo ayegxile emphakathini. Umthetho uveza ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi nakuba wonke umthetho uhlala uhlukene, izakhi zawo eziningi zazisekela.

Izinselele Ekulinganiseni Nokuchaza Umbono Womphakathi

Nakuba umbono womphakathi unamandla, ukuwulinganisa ngokunembile kugcwele izinkinga.

Ama - “Sampling Biase ” Ne - nonresponse

Ukuhlola kwanamuhla kuxhomeke ekuhlolweni okungahleliwe, kodwa amazinga okusabela ancipha kakhulu. Ukuhlola okuncike kocingo lwasendaweni kungase kudlule kakhulu, kuthathe iziphetho ezithatha isikhathi eside. I-Universe collect ingaveza ukukhetha komuntu ngokwakhe. Ngisho nokuhlola okuhlelwa kahle kunemikhawulo yephutha, futhi izinguquko ezincane zingaba yize ngokwezibalo. Unyulo lukamongameli wase-2016 e-U.S. lubonise ukuthi ukuhlola kungalulaza ngokuhlelekile ukusekela abathile abazothatha i-opensile ngenxa yokungalawuleki noma ukucwaswa kwezenhlalo.

Inkinga Yokuthuthwa

Umbono womphakathi ezindabeni eziningi awufundile kakhulu. Izakhamuzi eziningi zinolwazi oluphansi lwezombangazwe futhi zinemibono engaguquguquki. Uma zihlolwa, zinganikeza izimpendulo ezingabonisi lokho ezikuthandayo okuqotho. Ngokwesibonelo, abantu bangase bathi bafuna intela ephansi nemali eningi esetshenziswa uhulumeni ngesikhathi esisodwa (izinto ezithandwayo ezinzima ukuzihumushela ezimisweni. Izindaba ezingathi sína ezithinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwabantu (njengezempilo noma ezomnotho) zivame ukuveza imibono eqinile nenethonya kakhulu kunezindaba ezifingqiwe.

Ukwenelisa Imibala Nezisefo Eziyizisefo

Ezindaweni ezihlukene kakhulu, umbono womphakathi uyahlukana. Abathathi-mthetho basebenzisa imithombo yezindaba ehlukene futhi bachaze amaqiniso ngendlela ehlukile. Lokhu kungadala isimo lapho kungekho “mbono womphakathi owodwa” kodwa kunalokho kudala imibono ephikisanayo yesizwe. Imithetho yezenhlalo iveza lokhu ngokubonisa abasebenzisi abasekela imibono yabo ekhona. Ngenxa yalokho, abenzi bezimiso bangalalela amazwi akhulisiwe asuka ezindaweni ezidlulele kuyilapho umbono olinganiselayo ungathule. Lokhu kungaholela ekubekeni inqubo yemithetho noma ekubekeni imingcele phakathi kwezindawo ezingaphezulu.

Ukusetshenziswa Okubi Kombono Womphakathi

Umphakathi awubona abantu abaphilayo kuphela; ungasungulwa. Ohulumeni, izinkampani, namaqembu enzalo achitha izinkulungwane zezigidi ekuhlalisaneni nomphakathi nenkulumo - ze. Ama-technique ahlanganisa ukusakaza (ukusungula izinqubo zotshani zomgunyathi), ukusakaza amanga, nokusebenzisa izithophazamiso ezikhokhelwayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yezindaba phakathi nokhetho kuye kwaphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngobuqiniso bombono womphakathi. Abenzi bezemiyalo kungenzeka basekela izinqumo ngombono okhiqizwayo kungenzeka ukuthi bafeza izithakazelo ezincane kunentando yangempela yabantu.

Isiphetho: Amandla Ahlala Njalo Ezwi Lomphakathi

Umbono womphakathi ulokhu ungowokubusa kwentando yeningi okubaluleke kakhulu. Kungabangela ukuba kuthotshwe ohulumeni, kuvuselelwe inguquko, futhi kubekwe abaholi abanecala. Nokho ithonya lawo alilulanga futhi aligwegwegwesi. Izinqubo eziguqula umbono ube yinqubo − ugesi, imithombo yezindaba, ukuqondisa idemokrasi, ukuqondisa ngentando yeningi, futhi kungasetshenziswa. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kubalulekile ezakhamuzini ezifisa ukwenza amazwi azo azwelwe ngokuphumelelayo. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nezokuxhumana kuqhubeka kuvuleka, ubuhlobo phakathi komzwelo nohlelo lomphakathi ngokuqinisekile buyoshintsha, kodwa isimiso sesimiso sesimiso sezwe esiyisisekelo sisaqhubeka: ekulawuleni umbuso wentando yeningi, abantu kufanele basho okokugcina. Abafundi nabesayensi yezombangazwe, behlola lokhu kunikeza ukuqonda okukhulu kokubili izimiso zentando yentando yeningi. Izwi labantu abahleli bebutho elihleli bebutho lezombangazwe, lapho injini elibuthelela injini yezombangazwe, futhi lihleliwe kakhulu.