Kuyini Ukuqamba Amanga Ngombango?

Ukuqulwa kwecala kwakha umgogodla wemishini yezemthetho yokulwa. Yinqubo lapho amalungu angawodwa ahlangana khona − abantu abazimele, amabhizinisi, izinkampani, noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezingazuzisi, zenza impikiswano phambi kwenkantolo yomphakathi ukuze afune ikhambi. Ngokungafani nezenzo zobugebengu, lapho uhulumeni umangalela khona othile ngokuphula umthetho wesijeziso, ukuphana ngemithetho esemthethweni, ukungezwani ngamalungelo, izibopho, kanye nezikweletu phakathi kwezemidlalo engekhona nenzuzo. Injongo ayisojeziso kodwa ukujeziswa, ukwenza okuthile, noma isahlulelo sokubulala.

Izigaba ezivamile zekhambi zihlanganisa:

  • Izimpikiswano [ – ukuphulwa kwesivumelwano, ukuchazwa kwegama, noma ukugcinwa kwemisebenzi yesivumelwano.
  • [ izimpikiswano ezishoyo[-ilayini yomngcele, izingxabano ezithatha indawo, intengo, noma ubunikazi.
  • [ isho [ – ukulimala komuntu siqu, ukuhlanjalazwa, ukunganaki, noma umkhiqizo.
  • umthetho womkhaya ubalulekile[ – isehlukaniso, ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana, ukusekelana komshado, nokutholwa.
  • [ izimpikiswano ezilungisayo[[FT:1] – ukuqeda okungalungile, ubandlululo, iholo nempoqo yamahora.
  • [ Ibhizinisi kanye nentengiselwano yezentengiselwano – izingxabano zobudlelwane, ukugxambukelana kwempahla yempahla, izenzo zokuphana.

Ukubekwa kwecala kuhlanganisa nezenzo zesigaba, lapho abamangalelwa abaningi bebonke bemangalela ummangalelwa, kanye nokudluliswa kwecala lapho iqembu libekela inselele isinqumo sikahulumeni. Ukuqonda inqubo ye- i-ligigation[ ibalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile noma ofunda umthetho, ngoba yembula indlela isimiso somthetho esiguqula ngayo impi eluhlaza ibe umthetho owenziwa ngokusemthethweni.

Umthetho Wesigebengu: Umehluko Oyinhloko

Ukuqonda ngokugcwele ukuhlaziywa komthetho wobugebengu, kuyasiza ukukuqhathanisa nomthetho wobugebengu. Ecaleni lobugebengu, uhulumeni (umshushisi) uletha amacala kumuntu noma enhlangano emangalelwa ngokophula umthetho. Umthwalo wobufakazi ngu ‘ owedlula ukungabaza okunengqondo,[ indinganiso esobala kakhulu. Imali ekhokhwayo ihlanganisa ukuboshwa, izinkokhelo ezikhokhwa ezweni, noma isigwebo. Ekwahluleleni komphakathi, i-pattiff (iqembu) lithwele umthwalo wobufakazi [[FLT:]] [[FLT:]]] [[FLT]] [FLT]] [FLT]] - okushoyo ukuthi intengonele kakhulu ukukhokhwa kwemali.

Omunye umehluko obalulekile: emacaleni omphakathi, amacala ngokuvamile akhululekile ukuma kunoma yiliphi izinga, kanti amacala obugebengu ngokuvamile ahilela ukuqashelwa nokuncengwa kodwa awanakuxazululwa isisulu sodwa. Ukubekwa kwecala komphakathi kuvumela futhi ukumelela ngokwakho (iprose)[FLT] kalula kakhulu kunenkantolo yobugebengu, nakuba abameli batuswa kakhulu.

Izinga Lokuqamba Amanga Ngomphakathi Ngemininingwane

Inqubo yokuhlaziywa kwemithetho ilandela inqubo eqinisekile, nakuba imithetho eqondile ihlukahluka ngokwemingcele (inkantolo yesifunda).

1. Ukuziphilisa Kwangaphambili Nesidingo

Phambi kokuqulisa icala, abantu abaningi bazama ukuxazulula ukungezwani kwabo ngokwethukela. Lesisigaba sihlanganisa ukuxoxisana ngokuqondile, ukuthumela uhlamvu olubhalwe ngokuqondile , noma ukungenela esinye isinqumo sakuqala sokuphikisana. Incwadi efunwayo ihlela izikhangiso, amaqiniso abasekelayo, nembuyiselo efunwayo. Kungashukumisela umphikisi ukuba axoxe noma adalule ubuthakathaka ecaleni. Ezinye izivumelwano zidinga “inkathi engokomthetho yokutholana nokwelapha” ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuphikisana, ikakhulukazi ekwakheni noma ezingxabanweni zemisebenzi.

Ukuhlelwa kwangaphambi kuhlanganisa nokuqoqa ubufakazi bokuqala, ukugcina amaphepha afanele, nokuhlola inzuzo engokomthetho. Abaqondisi bavame ukwenza ukuhlolwa kwemali yemali ukunquma ukuthi ukuhlungwa kwesudi kunengqondo ngokwezomnotho, ucabangela ukulimala, izindleko zomthetho, kanye nethuba lempumelelo.

Ukuqeda Isikhalo

Uma imizamo yokuququda ihluleka, ummangaleli uqala icala ngokufaka uphazamiso enkantolo efanele. Ukukhononda kumelwe kuhlanganise:

  • Okushiwoyo - - amagama amaqembu nenkantolo.
  • Isisekelo somthetho - sisekelo esingokomthetho - ke esibonisa ukuthi kungani lenkantolo inegunya lokulalela icala (isib., ukubusa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene noma umbuzo kahulumeni).
  • Ukulandisa ngamaqiniso – ukulandisa okucacile nokulandelana kwezenzakalo.
  • Izimbangela zesenzo – ukumangalelwa okuqondile okungokomthetho (ukufinyelela kwesivumelwano, ukunganaki, njll.) kusekelwa amaphuzu ayiqiniso.
  • Umthandazo wokukhululeka – lokho ummangalelwa afuna ukuba inkantolo ikuyale (ukuphazanyiswa, umyalo, isahlulelo sokukhipha isahlulelo).

Kuhambisana nokukhononda, umkhangisi angafaka isisusa sokunqanda uhlelo lwesikhashana (TRO) noma umyalo wokuqala uma kudingeka usizo olusheshayo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulimala okungalungiseki. Imali yokukhokha ihlukahluka; izikweletu zenkantolo yezwe ezicishe zibe ngu-422 (njengo-2025), futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinentela efanayo.

Inkonzo yenqubo

Uma isikhalo sesiquliwe, ummangalelwa kumelwe amezise ngokomthetho ummangalelwa. Lesinyathelo sibizwa ngokuthi i-systry yenqubo[. Ummangalelwa uthola ikhophi yecala kanye ne-stards /imvume yenkantolo efuna impendulo phakathi nezinsuku ezicacisiwe (izinsuku ezingu-21 zenkantolo kahulumeni, izinsuku ezingu-30 ezisemthethweni eziningi). Izindlela zenkonzo ezamukelekayo zihlanganisa:

  • Inkonzo yomuntu siqu – ukunikeza ummangalelwa ngokuqondile.
  • Inkonzo efakiwe - - ushiyela amabhukwana kumuntu omdala onomthwalo wemfanelo endlini noma endaweni yebhizinisi ummangalelwa athumele ikhophi.
  • Isicelo ngeposi – sivunyelwe kwezinye izifunda ezinobufakazi be-lidge.
  • Isicelo esishicilelwe ngencwadi – esisetshenziswa uma ummangalelwa engenakutholakala; izimemo zikhishwa ephephandabeni.

Inkonzo efanele iwumthetho-sisekelo − iqinisekisa ummangalelwa ukuba nethuba lokuzwakala. Ukwehluleka ukufeza kahle kungalibambezela icala noma kuphumele ekuxoshweni.

4. Ukusabela Kweqembu Eliyilwe

Ngemva kokunikezwa, ummangalelwa kumelwe aphendule noma afake engozini isahlulelo esiyiphutha . Izinketho zokusabela zihlanganisa:

  • [ Phendula - - uvuma noma uphika impikiswano ngayinye ekukhonondeni, futhi uphakamise ukuzivikela (umz., umthetho wokulinganiselwa, ukulahla, ukuzilahla).
  • Ukukhipha - kusho ukuthi ukukhononda akusho ukuthi kulungile, akunagunya, noma akwanele ngokomthetho. Kubuye kubizwa ngokuthi umthetho 12(b)(6) ukunyakaza enkantolo yombuso.
  • Ibalauclaim - ummangalelwa ugomela ngokumelene nommangalelwa ovela ekuthengiseni noma esimweni esifanayo.
  • Cross-claim - ukumangalela i-co-party (esetshenziswa uma kuhileleke abamangalelwa abaningi).

Ummangalelwa angase athuthe futhi ukuba adlulisele icala endaweni ehlukile uma inkantolo ekhethiwe ingakhululekile noma ingafanelekile.

Ukutholwa. 5.

I-Discopey ngokuvamile iyinkathi ende nebiza kakhulu yokuhlaziywa kwezindaba zomphakathi. Injongo yayo iwukuvumela izinhlangothi zombili ukuba zithole ubufakazi komunye nomunye nakuwo amaqembu amathathu. Amathuluzi okuthola izinhlelo ahlanganisa:

  • [ Izinqumo – imibuzo ebhaliwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo, egcinelwe ku 25 enkantolo kahulumeni.
  • Izicelo zokukhiqizwa [ – isidingo samabhukwana, amafayela kagesi, ama-imeyili, noma izinto ezingokoqobo.
  • [ Izimo[ – ukuhlola ngomlomo ufakazi (ingxenye noma ingekho ingxenye) ngaphansi kwesifungo, nentatheli yasenkantolo ikhona. Izikhala zingasetshenziswa ukuvala ubufakazi futhi zihlole ukwethenjelwa.
  • Icela ukungeniswa [ – icela ophikisayo ukuba avume noma aphike amaqiniso athile avumelanisa izimpikiswano.
  • Subpoenas – esetshenziselwa ukuphoqelela abangewona amaqembu ukuba bakhiqize amadokhumende noma bafakazele.

Isilinganiso sokuthola sibanzi: “noma iyiphi into engasifanele efanelana nesiqu noma isivikelo sanoma yimuphi umkhandlu futhi elingana nezidingo zendaba” (Umthetho oPhakathi ka-Fredal of Civil Procedure 26(b)(1). Imicimbi ingathatha amafayela ukuze iqhube uma olunye uhlangothi lwenqaba ukubambisana, noma iziyalezo ezivikelayo zokulinganisela ukutholwa ngokuhlambalaza. Ukutholakala kwe-electroniclectronic (imfi) sekuye kwaba yindawo eyinhloko engaphansi kwe-imeyili, iziteshi, izintambo zokuxhumana, kanye nezindawo zomphakathi.

6. Ukuhamba Kwangaphambi

Ngemva kokuthola, amaphathi angathatha ama-stem ukuze axazulule udaba ngaphandle kokulingwa okuphelele. Isihluthulelo sangaphambi komthetho sihlanganisa:

  • Ukuthatha i-Motion yesahlulelo esifushanisiwe[ - - iphikisa ngokuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela ngeqiniso lezinto ezibonakalayo, ngakho umuntu othuthayo unelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho. Uma evunyiwe, icala liphela ngaphandle kokulingwa.
  • Motion in limine – icela inkantolo ukuba ikhiphe ubufakazi obuthile ukuba bunganikezwa ecaleni (umz., inzwa, izithombe zokukhetha).
  • [Motion ukukhipha ubufakazi obungochwepheshe – ibekela inselele ufakazi onguchwepheshe ngaphansi kwe I-Daubert[ indinganiso yezinga ezinkantolo zikahulumeni.
  • Ukuthatha imvume yokwahlulela izikhalo [ - - iphikisa ngokuthi kusekelwe ekuncengeni kuphela, omunye unelungelo lokuwina.

Ukuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kungasinciphisa kakhulu isimo noma kumise iqophelo lokuxazululwa ngokubonisa amandla nobuthakathaka bohlangothi ngalunye.

7. Ukuqulwa kwecala

Uma icala lisinda shí, liqhubekela ekuqulweni. Ukuqulwa kwecala kungaba ukulingwa kwebench (ukwahlulela) noma ukuqulwa kwecala [ (isinqumo). Enkantolo kahulumeni, iSichibiyelo seSebenth siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala enkantolo yomphakathi ngaphezu kuka-20. Isimo sokuqulwa sihlanganisa:

  • [[[UMTL:0] Izinkulumo ezivulayo[[[QL:1] - uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza ubufakazi.
  • i-Platotiff yendaba-inhloko – ubufakazi, amabhukwana, nesiboniso.
  • [ Indaba ye-defantant yenhloko - – ukuzivikela kunikeza ubufakazi futhi kungabiza ofakazi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuveza nokufunda [ - - ubufakazi obulinganiselwe bokusingatha omagazini abasha.
  • Impikiswano evezayo - Ohlangothini ngalunye lufingqa ubufakazi futhi lukhuthaza isinqumo.
  • [ Iziqondiso ze-JURY[ - umahluleli utshela abasizi-jaji umthetho osebenzayo nendlela yokuyithatha ngamabomu.
  • Icala – amajaji (noma amajaji) amemezela isinqumo kanye nomonakalo, uma ukhona.

Ukulingwa kungathatha usuku olulodwa kuya ezinyangeni eziningana, kuye ngokuthi kuyinkimbinkimbi. Icala eliphakeme lezentengiselwano lingase lihlanganise ofakazi abaningi nezinkulungwane zemifanekiso.

8. Ukuhamba Nokukhanga Kwangemva Kwempi

Ngemva kwesinqumo, iqembu elilahlekile lingathatha indawo yangemva kokuhlolwa kwezincwadi njenge:

  • Ukuqulwa kwesinqumo njengendaba yomthetho (JOL)[[FL:1] – - - icela inkantolo ukuba igumbuqele isinqumo sejaji ngoba akukho jaji elinengqondo elalingafinyelela leso siphetho.
  • [[NT.:0] Ukuqulwa kwecala elisha [ - - kusho ukuthi amaphutha phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala (umz., ubufakazi obungafanele, ukuziphatha okubi komthetho) kwaphuca iqembu elilahlekelwayo icala elilungile.
  • Ukuguqula noma ukuqeda isahlulelo - -funa izinguquko zemali emklomelweni noma ekukhululeni okungalingani.

Uma leyo ntshukumo iphikwa, umncintiswano olahlekile angafaka appal enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo aziwatholi amaphutha angokomthetho; zibukeza amaphutha enziwe umahluleli oququzelelayo. Umehluleli ufaka impoqo emfushane, impendulo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi impikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo ibekwe. Inkantolo ye-appellate ingaqinisekisa, ibuye ibuye ibekwe futhi ilungiswe ukuqulwa kwecala elisha, noma ilungise isahlulelo. Ngemva kokukhandleka okuphelele (noma isikhathi sokudlulisa), isahlulelo siba esokugcina. Isinqumo singase sihilele umholo opholileyo, i-garnbookary, i-levy akhawunti, noma ifaka amanga empahla.

Enye Impikiswano

Ngenxa yokuthi ukuphikisa komphakathi kungabiza, kuthathe kancane, futhi kukhandleke ngokomzwelo, izinkantolo eziningi namaqembu aphendukela ku i-Alternative Dispute Resolution. I-ADR inikeza izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala, ngokuvamile ngaphandle komthetho oqinile nokulawula kakhulu amaqembu.

Isiphazamiso

Kuyi-mediation, ingxenye yesithathu engathathi hlangothi (umlamuleli) isiza ukuba kube nezingxoxo phakathi kwamaqembu. Umlamuleli akaphoqeleli sinqumo kodwa usiza uhlangothi ngalunye ukuba luqonde umbono wolunye nokhetho lokuthola izikhawu. i-non -bopha[ ngaphandle kokuba amaqembu afinyelele isivumelwano esibhaliwe. Izinkantolo eziningi zidinga ukudluliswa kwezindaba ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala njengesimo sokuphatha icala. Ngokwe- U.S. , izinkantolo zezindaba zinquma isilinganiso esikhulu sezecala lomphakathi.

Ukudluliselwa Kwezindawo

Isivumelwano sokwethula sihlanganisa umsizi ongathathi hlangothi. I-Federal Arbitration Act izwa ubufakazi kuzo zombili izinhlangothi futhi ikhipha isinqumo esibophekayo. Kufana nokuqulwa kwecala langasese, kodwa imithetho yobufakazi ikhululekile, futhi i-local limfushane. Abathengi abaningi nemisebenzi ihlanganisa izimemo ezibotshelelwe ngesibopho. Inzuzo enkulu i-arbitration Act iphoqelela ukuba kwenziwe izivumelwano zokubopha. Ezinye izinkantolo zinikeza [[FLT:] Court-antervrection arbit tration ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano ezincane. Inzuzo eyinhloko iyi-opera; ukukhishwa kwezintambo akuvamile ukuphelwa.

Ukuhlalisana Nemihlangano Yokuhlala

Ukuxoxisana okuqondile phakathi kwabameli (noma amaqembu ngokwawo) kuseyindlela evame kakhulu yokulungisa. Abahluleli bangabamba futhi izingqungquthela ze-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'ITY' lapho bakhuthaza khona amaqembu ukuba axazulule icala. Ukuthula kungakwenzeka noma nini. /Nguba phakathi nokuqulwa. Izibalo ezivela ku-Melika Bar Association zibonisa ukuthi ama-95% ecala ombango yomphakathi ahlala phambi kokuqulwa kwecala.

Izindleko, Isikhathi Nezindlela Ezifanele Zokunakekela

Ukukhokha intela yomphakathi akubizi kakhulu. Izindleko zemali eshibhile zingasukela kuzinkulungwane ezimbalwa zamaRandi ngenxa yesivumelwano esilula esingenzeki esizalweni sezentengiselwano noma sekilasi. Amazinga amahora ezimboni ezingomakalisi ezingomakadebona angadlula ku-R9,50 ngehora. Iqembu ngokuvamile lilahlekelwa izindleko zenkantolo (izindleko zokukhokha, izindleko zokubhalisa imvume, izindleko zobuchwepheshe zokufakaza), kodwa e-United States, ingxenye ngayinye ivame ukuba nemali yayo yommeli ngaphandle kwesivumelwano noma isilinganiso. Ezinye izigebengu zisekela izivumelwano (ummeli wamaKatolika athatha ipesenti lokuthuthukisa uma ephumelela).

Isimiso sokuhlela ukuthatha isikhathi kusukela ekufakeni icala ukuya kwelinye singathatha izinyanga eziyi 12 kuya kwezingu - 18 enkantolo yombuso futhi izinyanga eziyi-18 kuya kwezingu - 30 enkantolo kahulumeni, kuye nge-chweba. Ukuthola izimpikiswano, ukunyakaza, nokuhlela izingxabano kubangela ukulibala. Amadili kufanele athathe izindleko zesikhathi esichithwa ekulingweni.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqashelwa Ngomphakathi

Ukuquliswa kwempikiswano kufeza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile ngaphandle kokuxazulula izingxabano zomuntu ngamunye:

  • [ ivumelana nobulungisa[[FT:1] – inikeza i-promp, ehlelwe ukuba ilungele izikhalo, ivimbela ukuzisiza nokuqapha.
  • Ukuphoqelelwa kwamalungelo [ – kuguqula izivikelo ezingekho ezingokomthetho (umz., ilungelo lokungacwasi) libe yiziyalezo eziphoqelelwe.
  • [ ukukhokha icala [ – kuphethe izinkampani, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, nabantu ngabanye abafanelwe ukulimala ababangelayo, kanjalo banqande ukuziphatha okubi.
  • Izibalo kanye nokuphuhliswa komthetho - izinqumo ezicacisa izimiso ezididayo kanye nokuziphatha kokwakheka kwesikhathi esizayo. Izenzakalo ze-seminee ezinjenge bn v. Ibhodi yemfundo kwakuyicala lomphakathi.
  • [ Ukuzinza kwezomnotho[ – ukugcinwa kwesivumelwano kwenza amabhizinisi athembele ezithembisweni, aqashelise ukuhweba nokutshala imali.

Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe ngendima yenqubo yokuthola impikiswano, bheka Cornell Legin Information Institute .

Isiphetho

Ukuzihlela kuyinqubo eqaphile, eneziteji eziningi eguqula impikiswano engacacile ibe yisinqumo esibophayo ngokomthetho. Kusukela kumbhalo wokuqala ofunwayo ukuya ekwahluleleni kokugcina nasesinxephezweni, isinyathelo ngasinye sithwala izimfuneko ze-procededa nezindlela zokukhetha ezifanelekile. Nakuba lenqubo ingaba nesibindi, ihlala iyisisekelo esiqinile somthetho, inikeza inqubo enokuthula yokuphoqelela amalungelo nokufinyelela ukulandisa. Ukuqonda [FLT: 0] inqubo yokuzimela [[FLT:] i-ligigitations[[ inikeza amaqembu nezimeli zawo amandla okuqondisa isimiso ngokuphumelelayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ekugcineni ahlala noma ayaqulwa. Njengoba izinkantolo ziqhubeka zinikeza inqubo enqubweni engcono enkantolo, ukuphatha izimo zomphakathi neyo ezifanele inqubo yomthetho.

Ukuze uthole isiqondiso esengeziwe ezigabeni ezithile noma uhlole ukuthi i-ligia iyindlela elungile yempikiswano ethile, kuyatuswa kakhulu ukuya kummeli onolwazi. i-encyclopedia engokomthetho ye-[ inikeza izincazelo ezicacile zesiNgisi zeligijini ezizimele.