Umlando Wolimi Lwendatshana

Isiqalo somthetho-sisekelo we-United States asizange siphume ekubuseni; sasiwumphumela wempikiswano enkulu, ukuvumelana kwezombangazwe, kanye nobuciko bolimi bobunengu phakathi nehlobo lonyaka ka-1787. I-Constitutional Convention ePhiladelphia yabhekana nomsebenzi omkhulu wokuthatha indawo yeZihloko ezibuthakathaka zobuKhomanisi ngokufaka uhlelo olusha lokubusa kwesizwe. Ulimi lwakuqala lubonisa isifiso sabasunguli sokuchaza kokubili igunya nezinhloso zikahulumeni wezwe ngendlela eyothinta izakhamuzi futhi ivumelane nomzamo ongenakulinganiswa nakahle kakhulu wokuzilawula kweRiphabliki.

Gouverneur Morris, ummeleli wasePennsylvania onesipho sokuchaza izinto ngokufingqiwe nangokucacile, ubongwa kakhulu njengomlobi oyinhloko wesimemezelo sokugcina se-Pregnail. Njengenhloko yeKomiti Yenkambiso, uMorris wayenomthwalo wokupholisha ulimi loMthetho-sisekelo ngaphambi kokuba ludluliselwe ekuhlonishweni. Waguqula isigqebhezana somthetho esiqinile esiwuvuleke ngembozomtho esiqala ngesimemezelo esinamandla "Thi thina Abantu" ngokomlando, i-stropshire, i-opripring yayifundeka "Thiwethu Lamazwe Ase-Newpansshire," eMassachuse, njalo njalo. UMorris washintsha ngokudumile ukuba sibe "Abantu BaseUnited States" ukugcizelela ukuthi umthetho womthetho waso wenziwa embusweni wesizwe esisodwa, hhayi ekuhlanganeni kwesizwe esihlukene. Ngokwezimo esazini esiveleleni sesimiso esivelele kakhulu, nakubekwa kuleyo isimiso esidumile.

Ulimi lwakuqala lwasetshenziswa futhi emabhukwini angaphambili ayelolonga izinkolelo zezombangazwe zaseNtshonalanga. IMagna Carta (1215) yasungula umqondo wokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni nokumisa umthetho. ISigqi Samalungelo (1689) saqhubeka sichaza isivikelo sezakhamuzi. Imithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni eyabhalwa phakathi neNguquko yaseMelika, njengeSimemezelo Samalungelo Abantu (1776), yaqukethe izimemezelo ezingaphambili eziphathelene nezinjongo zikahulumeni. I-Gastriptory yawasungula la masiko ngesikhathi iwavumelanisa nezidingo ezithile zeRiphabliki yombuso. Amafream aqonda ukuthi i-transftware ayeqonda ukuthi i-criging, evulayo, yayisiza ukukhomba uhulumeni ukuba uvume ukuthi imihlangano evumelanisa i-Geneticism (7766), nokusekela umthetho wezomthetho omusha. Ukuze ubeke inqubo yokulungisa, bheka se-FF. [FFFFoctive] [etic]

Ukuhlaziya okuningiliziwe kwemisuka yesethulo

Inkulumo ngayinye ekwi-Pregary inesisitho esingokomthetho nesefilosofi. Ukuqonda lamagama ngokwenye yembula umbono obanzi abadwebi bemisebenzi kahulumeni. Izinjongo eziyisithupha ezibekwe eGatshazweni aziwona nje ukuchuma okungaphenduli; zinikeza uhlelo lokuchaza izihloko ezilandelayo zomthetho-sisekelo nezinciphiso.

"Thina bantu"

Le nkulumo yokuqala iyisinqumo esibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni womthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Iveza ukuthi igunya loMthetho-sisekelo lisuka ngokuqondile ezakhamuzini, hhayi ezindaweni noma kunoma yimuphi umbusi. Ukukhethwa kwe "Thina" esikhundleni se "thina, abameleli" kwakuyisinqumo esiqotho sokwenza lencwadi izizwe njengendawo ehlangene phakathi kwamaMelika onke. Lamazwi aye ancedwa enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu nakuphikisana kwezombangazwe ukumisa isisekelo sedemokrati sesizwe. Kusho futhi ukuthi uhulumeni uyindalo yabantu futhi ngenxa yalokho ulandisa kubo. Inkulumo ewukwehlisa ngokuphumelelayo umthetho ophakeme, ebeka igunya lokuphelela ezandleni zababuswayo.

"Ukuze kwakhiwe ubunye obuphelele kakhulu"

Abakhi bavuma ukuthi i-Union ekhona ngaphansi kwe-Theats of Confederation yayinamaphutha. "Iphelele kakhulu" ayisho ukuthi i-Union isebenza ngokunempumelelo. Lamazwi amisa i-smeding yentuthuko eqhubekayo nokuvumelana. Ibuye ikhulume ngokungezwani phakathi kobunye bobuzwe nobukhosi bombuso. Ngokumisa kuqala "Ubumbano oluphelele kakhulu," izimpawu zokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uklanyelwe ukuqinisa izibopho phakathi kwezifundazwe kuyilapho ulondoloza izimpawu zazo ezicacile. Inkulumo ikhonjiwe ezimpini ezingokomthetho ngokuphathelene namandla kahulumeni, ikakhulukazi phakathi nenkathi yeMpi Yombango, lapho ukubuza ukuthi amazwe angathembela ekudaleni kwemvelo ye-Union.

"Ubulungisa base-Establish"

Ubulungisa buyinjongo yokuqala ehlelwe phansi, ebonisa ukubaluleka kwayo okuyisisekelo. Abahleli babekhathazeke kakhulu ngokudala isimiso sezinkantolo nemithetho okuzolunga, okungaguquguquki, nokungakhethi. Ngaphansi kwezihloko, kwakungekho judiary kahulumeni, nezingxabano phakathi kwezizwe noma phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene zazingenakuba ezicatshangelwe ngokusemthethweni. "Ubulungisa be-Estalish Justice" ibhekisela ekusungulweni kwesimiso senkantolo sesizwe, kuhlanganise neNkanto ephakeme, futhi ukugcinwa kwemithetho ephatha zonke izakhamuzi ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Lenkulumo ibilokhu iyisikhungo esiyinhloko sokuphikisana ngamalungelo omphakathi, inqubo efanelekile, futhi isivikelo esilinganayo kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. [FOL:] Umthetho we-National Centers Pregtion's productional [F1]

"Ikhasi lomphakathi"

Ukuvukela kukaShay's Reduption ngo-1786 kwasibonisa ngokucacile isidingo sokuba uhulumeni wesizwe onamandla kakhulu okwazi ukulondoloza ukuthula kwangaphakathi. Inkulumo ethi "iqinisekisa ukuthula kwasekhaya" iveza isifiso sabenzi bempi sokuvimbela izinxushunxushu zomphakathi, ubudlova bezixuku, nezingxabano phakathi kwemibuso. Inika uhulumeni amandla okulwa nokulwa nokuvukela nokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho nokuhleleka kugcwele emingceleni yezwe. Lenjongo isekela igunya likaMongameli lokumisa amabutho angokomthetho ukuze aqede iziphazamiso zasekhaya, kanye nendima kahulumeni ekusekeleni ukugcinwa komthetho. Futhi isikisela umthwalo wemfanelo wokusingatha izimbangela eziyinhloko zesiyaluyaluyalu, njengasebunzimeni bezomnotho noma ukungalungi, nakuba ukubekwa kwemithwalo yemfanelo kuye kwaphikisana.

"Ifuna isivikelo esivamile"

Ukhuseleko lwesizwe lwaluyindaba ekhathaza kakhulu ngo-1787. Izihloko ze-Confederation zashiya isizwe sisengozini yokusongelwa kwamanye amazwe, singenalo ibutho elimile noma isimiso esiphumelelayo sokuhlela isivikelo phakathi kwemibuso. "Isivumelwano sesivikelo esivamile" sinikeza uhulumeni wezwe amandla okuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho, ukwakha ibutho lempi, futhi senze ezinye izenzo ezidingekile ukuze sivikele isizwe ezitheni zangaphandle. Le nkulumo iyisisekelo somthetho sisekelo sazo zonke iU.S. izivumelwano kanye nezivumelwano. Iye yacelwa ukuba ithethelele yonke into elwiweni yempi ukuze ivikele izikhali, futhi ihlale iyinjongo eyinhloko kahulumeni wangaphandle enkathi yanamuhla.

"Philisa i-Welfare jikelele"

Mhlawumbe inkulumo ephikiswana kakhulu esanduleleni, "igunya lenhlala - kahle" iye yachazwa ngezindlela ezihlukene kakhulu. Abahleli bahlongoza ukuthi iyisimiso esibanzi somthetho ohlobene nezenhlalakahle yezakhamuzi zonke, hhayi nje amaqembu athile noma izifunda. Nokho, akuyona imvume ezimele yokunikeza amandla; amandla athile eNkathi ISiphathiso, Ingxenye 8. Inkulumo isebenza njengesimiso esiqondisa umthetho esihlobene nezezezenhlalakahle, imfundo, impilo yomphakathi, nezinhlelo zezenhlalo. INkantolo Ephakeme ibilokhu ikholelwa ukuthi "ukwenziwa uClaus Claus" (kakhulu ibizwa "esebenzisa uClausstion""") uhulumeni owengeziwe ukuvumela ukukhokha intela nokuchitha isikhathi eside njengoba ingekho enye izinhlelo ezisemthethweni zikahulumeni. I-Hundlu ivumela ukuba inqubo yomthetho ukuba ishintshe i-hulumeni ishintshene futhi i-trandssss producer (icesss) i-se provicencessssss ower) iseke kakhulu kwengxenye yombuso o

"Londoloza Izibusiso Zenkululeko"

Injongo yokugcina ehlelwe ku-Preegery yiyo kokubili ukubheka emuva nokubonakala phambili. "Qondisa iMithetho yoMthetho-sisekelo" iyavuma ukuthi inkululeko iyifa eliyigugu elizuzwe ngokuVukela. Abakhi be-flamers abahloselwe ukuvikela inkululeko "yethu neNkathi yethu" [1] kokubili isizukulwane samanje kanye nezizukulwane ezizayo. Lenkulumo igcizelela umbono wesikhathi eside weMithetho-sisekelo njengesimiso esiqinile senkululeko. Isikisela ukuthi inkululeko ayikona nje ukungabikho kobushiqela kodwa idinga isivikelo esisebenzayo njengemihlola nokulinganisela, ukuhlukanisa amandla, nokubeka izikhangiso. Inkulumo futhi ihlanganisa umthetho womthetho wezomthetho wemvelo, ikakhulukazi imibono kaJohn Locle, owathi injongo eyinhloko kahulumeni ivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ngokuhlanganisa lolu lihlela lonke leli hlelo lolimi, i-Pregration ihlelwe ngokuhlanganisa nezimiso ezisemthethweni.

Isethulo Sokunxenxa Isivumelwano Sesigqi

Ulimi lwe-Pregagery aluchazi nje imisebenzi kahulumeni; lunikeza isicelo sokuhlanganyela. Amazwi okuqala athi "Thina bantu" asikisela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uyindawo ehlangene phakathi kwezakhamuzi okumelwe zihlale zihileleke ngenkuthalo ekulondolozeni irepublic. I-Preggy ikhumbuza isizukulwane ngasinye ukuthi idemokratial ayiyona impumelelo eqhubekayo kodwa iwumthwalo wemfanelo oqhubekayo. Izikole nezinhlangano zomphakathi zivame ukusebenzisa isiqalo njengesiqalo sezingxoxo ngezakhamuzi, amalungelo, nemithwalo yemfanelo.

Indima Emfundweni Yesibalo

Kuthisha nabafundi, iSingeniso sinikeza iphuzu elifingqiwe lokungena elinzulu kukuhlolwa kukahulumeni waseMelika. Amagama ayisikhombisa angafundwa ngekhanda, ahlolwe, futhi axoxwe emakilasini alo lonke izwe. Imfundo yezemfundo yomphakathi ikhuthaza abafundi ukuba babhale izingeniso zabo siqu emiphakathini noma izinhlangano ezicatshangelwayo, ngaleyo ndlela bafake izimiso zobulungisa, ukuthoba, ukuzivikela, inhlalakahle, nenkululeko. Ulimi lwendabuko lubuye lubonakale emikhosini, ezifungweni, nasezinhlelweni zomphakathi, luqinise indima yalo njengetshelo oluhlanganyelwayo. [[FLT:]] Library of Congressbookywongs, inikeza izinto eziyinhloko zempahla [[FLT] [FLD]] ezisiza abafundisi ukuba baxhumane ngokuqondile nezincwadi zomlando.

Ukuchaza Nokulinganiselwa Kokwahlulela

Nakuba isiqalo sivame ukushiwo ezimpikiswaneni ezingokomthetho, izinkantolo ziye zagomela ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi ayinikezi noma imaphi amalungelo noma amandla angaphansi eMithetho. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yasho ku- Jacobson v. Massachusetts[ [190], i-Preggy ayinikezi uhulumeni wezwe wonke awekho nanoma yimuphi umgomo ongawasho ngokuqondile kwenye indawo eMthethweni we-Crective. Nokho, isebenza njengesiqondiso sokuchaza i--"indlela yokuchaza izinhlelo ze-Mithethonto. I-Massachusettsss [[[Folp:1] i-Activeractives [ice:0] inikeza iziqondiso eziqondeneyo ngokomthetho. Uma kucatshangelwa ngokwezingagunyaza ukusikisela okungokomthetho.

Ukuhlehliswa Kwanamuhla Nokusetshenziswa Kwesandulela

Ekhulwini lama-20 lokuqala, ulimi lwendatshana luyaqhubeka luzwakala enkulumweni yezombangazwe, izimpikiswano zezimiso zomphakathi, nenkulumo yobuciko. Amazwi alo ashiwo ngekhanda ezinkonzweni zemvelo, anyatheliswe ezakhiweni zikahulumeni, futhi acashunwe abaholi bazo zonke izinhloso zezombangazwe. I-Pregagry iye yashintshwa futhi yizinhlangano zezenhlalo zenza kube khona amalungelo omphakathi asukela ekusebenzeni kwezemvelo kuya ekusebenzeni kwezemvelo.

Izimpikiswano Ezingaphezu Kwencazelo Yasekuqaleni Nencazelo Yesikhathi Esidlule

Izazi nabezomthetho abavumelani ngokuthi kungakanani ukubusa okunzima ukunikeza isiqalo lapho kuchazwa uMthetho-sisekelo. Izazi zakuqala ziphikisa ngokuthi incazelo ye-Pregnail imiswe ukuqonda okungokomlando kuka 1787-1789. Kuzo, amagama afana "General Welfare" kumelwe aqondwe emongweni we-gundane yeshumi elinesibhozo, eyathi ibone indima kahulumeni elinganiselwe. Impikiswano ayithi abaholi bemithetho-Preginistrigoricture, ngakolunye uhlangothi, babheke ukuvulwa njengesimiso esivumelana nezimiso ezintsha. Bakhomba amazwi "ubumbano oluphelele" njengobufakazi obuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa nokunwela. Le mpikiswano ayiyona nje impikiswano engokwemfundo; ithinta izindaba zangempela zezwe njengezinhlelo zempilo, izimiso zezemvelo, izimiso zezindawo nezokuvikela. Inqubo yolimi oluvamile ihambisana nokuveza kokubili ukuveza ukuphakama kolimi lwawo.

Ukusetshenziswa Ekuphileni Okunobuhlakani Nokuthandwa Kwabantu Kwezombangazwe

Abameli abavela kuGeorge Washington kuya kulokhu manje baye bacaphuna isiqalo sekheli lokuvula, iState of the Union, namanye amakheli amakhulu. i-Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Aderey, nakuba ingacaphuli ngokuqondile i-Pregation, inanela izihloko zayo zenkululeko nesibopho. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, i-Pregatorget iye yasetshenziselwa ukuthethelela yonke into kusukela ekudalweni koMnyango Wezokhuseleko Lwase Homeland ukuya ekwandisweni kwamanetha emphakathi. Ulimi lwayo luvela emithethweni yezwe, izimemo zezequ, izimende zenkampani, nomphakathi. Ukugxila kwayo ekwahluleleni kobulungisa, ukuthula, inhlalakahle, nenkululeko, ukusetshenziswa emoyeni engaphezulu kakhulu. Kubafundi, kuhlola indlela i-Pregnadiogrance esetshenziswa ngayo ekukhulumeni kwezombangazwe. [5]

Isiphetho: Amandla Ahlala Njalo Olimi Lwesandulela

Isiqalo somthetho-sisekelo we-United States sisewubuciko bokucacisa nokuhlakanipha komphakathi. Amazwi aso akhethwe ngokucophelela afeza izinjongo eziningi: agunyaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngokumisa igunya lawo kubantu, abala izinjongo eziyisisekelo zikahulumeni, futhi anikeza isimemezelo esingapheli sokuba isakhamuzi esikhuthele. Ulimi lwaseGatshalo luye lwabonakala luvumelana ngokwaneleyo ukuze luqondise isizwe esikhule kusukela ezindaweni ezisukela kwezingu-13 zama-agrian kuya emazweni embulungeni yonke, futhi izimiso zaso ziyaqhubeka ziphikiswa futhi zicwe ngemizabalazo yesizukulwane ngasinye ngenxa yobulungisa, ukulondeka, nenkululeko.

Kubafundi, othisha, nezakhamuzi, ukutadisha i-Pregay akuyona nje indlela yokuqonda umlando. Kuyisimemo ukucabanga ngohlobo lomphakathi esifisa ukulwakha nangamiphi imithwalo yemfanelo esiyiphathisa njengamalungu esigaba sokuzilawula. I-Pregageing icela ukuba sicabangele ukuthi sisakha isibopho esiphelele yini, ukuthi simisa ubulungisa, nokuthi sifaka isibusiso senkululeko yezizukulwane ezizayo yini. Enkathini yokuguqula kwezombangazwe futhi sishintshe ngokushesha, ulimi lwe-Pregation lunikeza amagama afanayo okuvuselela umphakathi. Amazwi asikhumbuza ukuthi ukuhlola kwaseMelika kuyaqhubeka, nokuthi impumelelo yakho ixhomeke ekubo bonke abathi babizwa ngokuthi “Abantu Bathu.""