Umqondo wobulungisa uyisici esiyinhloko sanoma yimuphi umphakathi ophucuzekile. Uhlanganisa izimiso zokuziphatha nomthetho ezilawula ukuziphatha kwabantu, ziqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo avikelwe, amaphutha ayalungiswa, futhi uhlelo lwezenhlalo lugcinwa. Izinkantolo, njengezinhlangano eziyinhloko zegatsha lokwahlulela, ziyindlela eyinhloko ukwahlulela okuqondiswa ngayo. Zichaza futhi zisebenzise umthetho, zixazulule izingxabano, futhi zinikeze i-ordum lapho abantu bengafuna khona usizo. Lesihloko sihlola umqondo onezici eziningi zobulungisa, izinkantolo ezigxeka indima ezindaweni ezisekela umthetho nohlelo, izakhiwo nezimiso zezimiso zesimiso, izinselele ezibhekenezikhathi zanamuhla.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kobulungisa Nezinkantolo

Ukuphishekela ubulungisa kudala njengempucuko yabantu ngokwayo. Imithetho yasendulo, njenge-Code of Hammurabi (i-circ 1754 BC) ne-Rome Twelve Tables, yamisa imithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho yokubusa umphakathi. Lezizimiso zakudala zabeka isisekelo semithetho yanamuhla efana nemithetho ebhaliwe, ubufakazi, nokwahlulela. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, izimiso ezingokomthetho zavela ngomthetho weNgilandi, u-Napoleon Code, namasiko enkolo anjenge-Sharia ne-Canon. IMagnagna Carta (1215) yayiyincwadi yemithetho engokongamele ukuthi akekho, kuhlanganise nenkosi, ingaphezulu komthetho. Namuhla, izimiso eziningi zomthetho zisekelwe emthethweni (isibonelo) noma ezimisweni zomthetho yomphakathi (izimiso zomthetho) kanye nezingamasiko amaningi ezingokomthetho.

Indima Yezinkantolo Ekusekeleni Ubulungisa

Izinkantolo zisebenza njengesisekelo sesimiso somthetho, zinikeza indawo ehlelwe kahle lapho ubulungisa bunganikezwa khona ngokungakhethi. Imisebenzi yazo eyinhloko idlulela ngalé kwesinqumo esiphikiswayo; zingabavikeli bokubusa komthetho nolwembuwa kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Imisebenzi ebalulekile ihlanganisa:

  • [ imithetho nezimiso:[ izinkantolo zicacisa incazelo nohlelo lomthetho, ziqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngokungaguquguquki nangenjongo yokushaya umthetho.
  • [ Izingxabano ezixazululiwe phakathi kwamaqembu: kusukela ekuphukeni kwesivumelwano kuya ekumangalelweni ngobugebengu, izinkantolo zinikeza inqubo engokomthetho yokuxazulula izingxabano ngokuthula futhi ngokwemithetho emisiwe.
  • Ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye:[ Ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, ikakhulukazi ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo, izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu eziphula amalungelo ayisisekelo.
  • [ Ukwenzisa izibopho ezingokomthetho:[ Izinkantolo zikhipha izahlulelo neziqondiso eziphoqelela ukuthobela umthetho, njengokukhokha umonakalo, ukunikeza imigwebo, noma ukwenza izenzo ezithile.

Izinkantolo zezigebengu nezinkantolo zomphakathi zisebenza ngaphansi kwezinqubo ezihlukene. Emthethoni womthetho, uhulumeni umangalela abantu ngamacala amelene nokuhleleka komphakathi, ufuna isijeziso noma ukubuyiselwa. Emthethoni, abantu abazimele bafuna amakhambi ezokona okubi njengokunganaki, ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, noma izingxabano zempahla. Isimiso somthetho wezezigebengu (ovamile) siphikisana phambi kwamajaji noma amajaji, kuyilapho isimiso sobucala (umthetho wesizwe) sincike kakhulu ekupheni komthetho wokwahlulela. Zombili lezizigebengu zikhomba iqiniso nezenzo zezentethele, kodwa zibheka umsebenzi ngendlela ehlukile.

Icala Lomphakathi Limelene Nobugebengu

Ubulungisa bezobugebengu bugxila ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka komphakathi ngokuqunga utalagu, njengokweba, ukuhlasela, noma ukukhwabanisa. Umthwalo wobufakazi ungowokugcina "ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo" ukuvikela omangalelwa ekuvumeni okungalungile. Ubulungisa bomphakathi, ngokungafani, busingatha izimpikiswano zomuntu siqu futhi busebenzise indinganiso ephansi yobufakazi, "ukuhoxa kobufakazi." Izinkantolo kuzo zombili izindawo zisekela ubulungisa ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukumangalelwa kulungile, ubufakazi bucatshangelwa, futhi imiphumela isekelwe emthethweni kunokuba isekelwe emandleni.

Izimiso Zobulungisa Eziyikhowe

Ubulungisa abuwona umqondo obonisa ukuvumelana; busekelwe ezimisweni eziningana ezihlangene eziqondisa ukulawulwa komthetho.

  • Ukulingana phambi komthetho: Wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki ingcebo, isimo, uhlanga, noma ubulili, ungaphansi kwezindinganiso ezingokomthetho ezifanayo. Lesisimiso sivimbela amalungelo akhethekile noma ukuphathwa kobandlululo.
  • Inqubo efanelekile yenqubo: idinga ukuba wonke amalungu abe nethuba elibalulekile lokuveza udaba lwawo, abhekane nofakazi, futhi azwelwe inkantolo engakhethi.
  • Imali eqanjweyo:[ abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano, kuhlanganise nombuso ngokwawo, kumelwe balandise ngezenzo zabo ngaphansi komthetho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubeka izikhulu icala lokuziphatha okubi noma ukudlula igunya lazo.
  • Icala: inkantolo ivulekele umphakathi nomhleli, ivumele ukuqondisa kwezenhlalo. Ubulungisa obubonisayo buvimbela ukonakala futhi bakhe ukuqiniseka ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa ngokungaguquguquki.
  • [[QUTY:0] Isibonakaliso:[ Izijeziso namakhambi kufanele kuvumelane nokulimala okubangelwayo kanye nohlobo lokulahlwa. Imisho engaphezulu kakhulu noma imiklomelo ilulaza ubulungisa.

Lezizimiso zifakwe kakhulu ezicini zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, njenge Isimemezelo esingavumelaniyo samalungelo abantu [, esiveza ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga nesivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa lezizimiso nsuku zonke ngemithetho yobufakazi, izimiso zokwahlulela, kanye nesivikelo somthetho.

Izinhlobo Zezimiso Ezingokomthetho Nethonya Lazo Ezinkantolo

Izimiso ezintathu eziyinhloko ziwumthetho ovamile, umthetho wezakhamuzi, nomthetho wenkolo, nakuba izizwe eziningi zisebenzisa izimiso eziyingxubevange.

Izimiso Zomthetho Ezivamile

Itholakala ngokuyinhloko eUnited Kingdom, e-United States, eCanada, e-Australia, nakwamanye amakoloni aseBrithani, umthetho ovamile uncike kakhulu esibonelweni esidala (sangaphambili). Abahluleli banendima enzima ekuchazeni imithetho nasekuthuthukiseni izimiso ezingokomthetho ngezinqumo zecala. Izinkantolo zizwa ubufakazi futhi zinqume amaqiniso, kuyilapho inqubo ye-adversarial iphakathi, futhi abameli bemelela uhlangothi ngalunye.

Izimiso Zomthetho Wangaphakathi

Ivela ezwekazini leYurophu, umthetho wesizwe usekelwe emithethweni ebanzi ebhaliwe, njengemithetho ye-French Civil Commons noma i-German Council Common Common. Abahluleli ezimisweni zomthetho womphakathi baningi abaquli becala; bahlola ngenkuthalo amacala, baqoqa ubufakazi, futhi babuze. Izehlulelo azibophi kakhulu kunomthetho ovamile, nakuba izinqumo zenkantolo ephakeme zinesisindo esinamandla. Amazwe amaningi eYurophu, eLatin America, kanye nezingxenye ze-Asia alandela umthetho wesizwe.

Izimiso Zemithetho Engokwenkolo Nengokwesiko

Kwamanye amazwe, umthetho wezenkolo (isibonelo, iSharia ezizweni zamaSulumane, iHalakha e-Israel ngenxa yezindaba ezithile) uhambisana nomthetho wezwe. Umthetho wesiko, osekelwe emasikweni abomdabu, usebenza nakwezinye izimiso zomthetho, ikakhulukazi e-Afrika nase-Pacific. Lezi zimiso ngokuvamile zinezinkantolo ezikhethekile zokusingatha izindaba zomuntu siqu, umthetho womkhaya, noma izimpikiswano zomphakathi.

Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kubalulekile lapho kuhlola indlela ubulungisa obuphishekelwa ngayo embulungeni yonke. Isiqondiso sokucwaninga sinikeza ukucaciswa okubanzi kwezimiso zomthetho emhlabeni wonke.

Isimiso Senkantolo

Nakuba izakhiwo eziqondile zihlukahluka, izimiso eziningi zenkantolo zihlelwe ngokulandelana ukuze kuvunywe ukubukezwa nokuvumelana.

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala (Izinkantolo Zokuqala)

Lezi izinkantolo ezisemqoka lapho amacala eqala khona. Ezindabeni zobugebengu, bazwa ubufakazi futhi banqume icala noma ubumsulwa; ezindabeni zomphakathi, banquma icala nezingozi. Izinkantolo zenkantolo zingaba ezikhethekile (isibonelo, inkantolo yomkhaya, inkantolo yezimoto, inkantolo yezenkantolo efuna inkantolo encane) noma zinegunya elivamile. Abahluleli noma amajaji benza iqiniso futhi basebenzise umthetho emaqini.

Izinkantolo Ezingenelayo

Izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zamacala zizwakala ezinkantolo eziphakathi. Lezinkantolo zihlola irekhodi elivela enkantolo ephansi ukuze zinqume ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho ayenzeka yini athinta umphumela. Awathathi ngqa ubufakazi obusha; agxila emibusweni yomthetho. Izinqumo zawo zingaqinisekisa, ziphendule, noma zibuye zivuselelwe emacaleni aqhubekayo. Ezinhlangothini eziningi, amaqembu anelungelo lokudlulisela icala elilodwa.

Izinkantolo Zokugcina (Izinkantolo Eziphakeme)

Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ephethe isho okokugcina ngamakhopho omthetho. Ezimisweni ezivamile zomthetho, izinkantolo eziphakeme zivame ukuphatha ngesinqumo, okusho ukuthi zikhetha imaphi amacala okumelwe ezwe, futhi yiziphi lezo eziphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho-mthetho noma engokomthetho. Izinqumo zazo zibopha kuzo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi futhi zilolonge ukukhula komthetho. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. i-UK, iNkantolo Ephakeme, neNkantolo Ephakeme yaseCanada.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Amazwe amaningi anezinkantolo ezikhethekile zokusingatha izici ezithile zomthetho ngokunempumelelo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa izinkantolo zentela, izinkantolo zokudlulisa amacala ezisebenzi, nezinkantolo zezemisebenzi, nezinkantolo zomhlaba wonke njenge Internationalterl Court of Justice[ ne [[FLT] International Criminal Court. Lemikhakha isebenzisa ulwazi olukhethekile ezindabeni eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho.

Indima YabaHluleli Namaphupho

Abahluleli kumelwe bangakhethi, babe nolwazi ngomthetho, futhi bazinikele ekuziphatheni okuhle. Balawula amakomiti, bafundise izigijimi, futhi bakhiphe izinqumo lapho kuqulwa isigwebo emabhentshini. Ukuzimela kokwahlulela kubalulekile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuphazanyiswa ngaphandle.

Izincwadi zisetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko emazweni avamile emacaleni obugebengu angathi sína futhi, ngokuvamile, emacaleni omphakathi. AmaJuries anquma imibuzo yamaqiniso asekelwe ebufakazini obunikezwayo futhi asebenzise umthetho ofundiswa yijaji. Isimiso samajaji sifaka umphakathi ekuhlanganyeleni ekwahluleleni futhi senze njengokuhlolwa kwamandla kahulumeni. Nokho, abagxeki bakhomba ukucwasana okungase kwenzeke, ukunganeliseki, nokuyinkimbinkimbi kokugxeka kwanamuhla njengokungalawuleki.

Ukubaluleka Okubucayi Kokuzimela Ekwahluleleni

Ukuzimela kokwahlulela kuyisisekelo somthetho. Ngaphandle kwawo, izinkantolo azinakwenza njengabamangaleli abangakhethi, futhi ubulungisa buba yizisulu zokucindezela kwezombangazwe, ukufumbathisa, noma ukwesabisa.

  • Ukuvikela: abahluleli bamiselwe ukuphila noma amagama amade (umz., kuze kube inkathi ephoqelelwe yomhlalaphansi) futhi abakwazi ukususwa ngokuthanda. Lokhu kubavikela ekuphindiseleni izinqumo ezingathandwa.
  • [ ukulondeka kwezezimali: amaholo okwahlulela abekwe ngokomthetho futhi angencishiswe phakathi negama lomahluleli. Lokhu kuvimbela umphathi wesigeqe noma isishayamthetho ekusebenziseni izimali.
  • Inkululeko yokuzibusa: izinkantolo zilawula uhlelo lwazo lokuhlela, izabelo zecala, kanye nezindaba zokuphatha ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa kwamanye amagatsha kahulumeni.
  • I-iyunithi kumacala: Abahluleli ngokuvamile abavikelekile kumasudi omphakathi ngenxa yezenzo ezithathwa esabelweni sokwahlulela, bakhuthaza ukwenza izinqumo ngokungesabi.

Amazwe anenkululeko eqinile yokwahlulela athambekele ekubeni namazinga aphakeme okuthenjwa umphakathi nemiphumelo engcono yezomnotho, njengoba abatshali bezimali beqiniseka ukuthi izivumelwano ziyophoqelelwa ngokufanelekile.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nesimiso Sobulungisa

Naphezu kwendima yayo eyisisekelo, isimiso sobulungisa sibhekana nezinselele eziningi ezingase zilethe amandla nokulunga kwaso.

Ukufinyelela Ekulungeni

Ukumelelwa ngokomthetho kuyabiza, futhi abantu abaningi abanamali yommeli. "Igebe lobulungisa" lisho ukuthi abantu abafika kancane bangahluleka ukuphoqelela amalungelo abo noma ukuzivikela ngokuphumelelayo. Umsebenzi we-probo, izinhlelo zosizo olungokomthetho, kanye nemithombo yosizo lwakho, kodwa ifuna ukuthengwa okungaphezulu kakhulu. Izinqubo ezilula nesinqumo sempikiswano ku-inthanethi zivela izixazululo.

Izivumelwano Zenkantolo Nokulibala

Izikhungo eziminyene ziholela ekulindeni isikhathi eside ukuqulwa nokudluliswa kwezicelo. Kwezinye izindawo, amacala angathatha iminyaka ukuxazululwa. Izimo zingalibala ukulimala, ukunwebela ukungaqiniseki, futhi zingaphika ubulungisa ("ubulungisa obuthathelwe isikhathi eside buncishwa" buhlala bubalulekile kakhulu. Izinguquko zokulawula icala, ezinye izinqumo zempikiswano (ukunqanda, ukukhubazeka), kanye nemithombo ekhuphukile yokwahlulela zinganciphisa iziphazamiso.

IBhaas Nokucwasa

Ukungalingani kwezimiso okusekelwe ohlazweni, ebukweni, ebulilini, noma ezomnotho kungathinta imiphumela yasenkantolo. Ukungalingani kwezinga lokuboshwa, ukugwetshwa, nokukhethwa kwejaji kuye kwafakazelwa kabanzi. Abahluleli abaqeqeshelwe ukucwasana okusobala, ukuhlanganisa iziqondiso zesigwebo, nokuguqula iziqondiso ezibheke esimisweni esihlelekile.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokuzinza

Ukuguqulwa kwemisebe kwezindawo zezinkantolo − i-electronics, izindlebe, nokucwaninga okusemthethweni okusiza i-Al(inikeza ukusebenza kahle kodwa futhi kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka. Usongo lokungalawuleki lungaphazamisana nokwaziswa okuyimfihlo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwehlukana kwezibalo kungaphazamisa izithako ezizidlulisayo ngaphandle kokungena komngeni we-intanethi ethembekile.

Ukwethenjwa Nomthetho Womphakathi

Uma izinkantolo zibhekwa njengezikhohlakele, ezindlululayo, noma ezincishiswe kwezombangazwe, ukuthembana komphakathi kuyancipha. Abantu bangase bafune izindlela ezisemthethweni zokuxazulula izingxabano noma ukulahlekelwa ukholo enqubweni yomthetho. Ukubonana, ukulandisa, nokwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe enqubeni kubalulekile ukuze balondoloze ukufaneleka.

Isiphetho

Umqondo wobulungisa usabalulekile namuhla njengakuqala. Izinkantolo ziwumthetho omisiwe waleyo mbono, zibekwa icala lokuchaza imithetho ngokungakhethi, ukuxazulula izingxabano ngokungakhethi, nokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngokumelene nokuphamba. Ngohlelo lwezikhundla, ukunamathela eziyisisekelo njengezimiso ezilinganayo nenqubo efanelekile, nokuzimela kwamajaji, izinhlelo ezingokomthetho zilwela ukusekela umthetho nokuhleleka. Nokho ukuphishekela ubulungisa akusoze kwaphelela. Izinselele ````acces', ukuthatheka, ukukhubazeka, nokushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo nokungaguquguquki. Njengoba izinhlangano zifuna ukuqapha nokuzimela okuqhubekayo. Njengoba izivumelwano zifuna isithembiso sobulungisa sihlala sifinyeleleka futhi sizuzisa ngenxa yakho konke. Ukubusa komthetho, kusekelwe ezinkantolo eziqinile nezizimele, akuwona nje isisekelo somthetho omthetho ongokomthetho; isisekelo somphakathi, futhi sichuma.