Umlando Wezinhlayiya

Umlando we-Referendondoms unezinqumo ezithathe isikhathi eside nezingaguquguquki, zisebenza njengendlela eqondile yezakhamuzi ukuba zakhe umthetho nesimiso. Nakuba igama elithi referenterum[ laqala ukujwayela ekhulwini le-19, umkhuba wokuvota izinqumo ezithandwayo usuka eRwandani, lapho izifunda zokuqala zivela khona eRome Republic, lapho ngezikhathi ezithile izifunda zezakhamuzi zivotela ngokuqondile imithetho nezivumelwano. Nokho, umqondo wanamuhla wokuvota ngokuqondile ngomvoti ohlwini oluthile lwe-geotah", enziwa ngokuvela kombuso wentando yeningi emakhulwini ekhulu eshumi elinesihlanu nele-19.

Izibonelo Zakuqala Nesibonelo SaseSwitzerland

Amarepublic ama-Swiss cantons asungula ukusetshenziswa njalo kwama-arhendendum. I-arhenteum yokuqala ezweni lonke emlandweni wanamuhla yaqala eSwitzerland ngo-1848, lapho izakhamuzi zivota kumthetho-sisekelo omusha kahulumeni. Lesi senzakalo samisa isibonelo sokuqondisa okuqondisweyo okuhlala kuse-Switzerland. Umfanekiso weSwitzerland .Nkantolo . lapho izakhamuzi zivota njalo ekulungiseni izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho-mfashini kanye nomthetho omkhulu (jekaldemostatements) owezingabe ukuphila kwezombangazwe. Ezinye izibonelo zakuqala zihlanganisa i-1861 ebumbenendium ye-Italian, evumela izifunda ukuba zijoyingane noMbuso we-Italy osanda kwakhiwa, kanye nomthetho we-French ka-Louis-Napolitan Bratem owagunyaza umthetho.

  • 11848--Switzerland ivumela umthetho-sisekelo wamazwekazi nge-astendum.
  • - i-pareterlum yaseFrance i-ratting ibuyisela ukubuya kombuso we-Bonapartist.
  • 1861-Italian artendums emasimini aphakathi naseningizimu.
  • [ – Kuqala i-arhentemu yomthetho-sisekelo wase-Australia imisa isimiso sikahulumeni.

Ukwanda Kwezikhungo Zesizwe Ekhulwini Lama - 20

Njengoba ukubusa kwentando yeningi kwakusakazeka, futhi kwakhula nokusetshenziswa kwe-arhendeums. Ekhulwini lama-20 leminyaka, amazwe amaningi athathiwe ama-asendium ukuze axazulule imibuzo eqhubekayo yomthetho-sisekelo, izingxabano zezindawo, nezinguquko ezinkulu zesimiso. I-Irish Home Lavender se-Arendiendum, nakuba yashintshwa yiMpi Yezwe I, yaphawula ukuthandwa okuqondiswe ngokuqondile kombuso wesizwe. I-191616 umbuso we-United Kingdom ulwendendamu eqhubekayo eMphakathini waseYurophu waphawula iqophendulo, njengoba kwakuyiwo wokuqala isiqalo somlando wezwe lonke eBrithani futhi ibeka izimpawu zesikhathi esizayo ze-plebibia polissation. Ezinye izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa ubukhosi base-1980 beQuebec ukhuluma ngeCanada ne-19995 Union egcine imicimbi kakhulu. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi izikhulu zesizwe zezombangazwe zezombangazwe.

  • [[UMTH:0][[FLT] - I-arendium (Iyaphulwa).
  • - UK amavoti okuhlala e-Europe Community.
  • 0 – ubukhosi be-headerdum yeQuebec (40% ethakazelelwayo).
  • 1998--Soviet Union i-arhendemu mayelana nokulondolozwa kwale ngxenye.
  • 1999--Australian seatrandendum ngokuba yirepublic (eyenziwe i-parshibha).

Imishini Nezinhlobo Zezinhlayiya

Ukuqonda omakhenikha kubalulekile ekuhloleni ukufaneleka kwabo kwentando yeningi nethonya elingokoqobo.

Ukuxhumanisa ama-v. Advisory Referendedums

Umehluko omkhulu utholakala ngokuthi umphumela ubopha ngokomthetho kuhulumeni. i-binding tradendiums ifuna umphumela ozokwenziwa `njengama-mentements omthetho-mfashini eSwitzerland noma e-Ireland. I-Adcory rendenditionums [ ivumela abavolontiya ukuba bave umbono othile, kodwa uhulumeni ugcina isinqumo sokugcina. Isibonelo, i-UK i-arendrum nge-Alternate Vote yayingabambi, kodwa i-palement iqinise ukulinganisa umphumela. Kulokhu, ukuhloba okusekukhulu ukuphatha kwezombangazwe, nakuba i-dvisionanderne , nakuba ingenza umphumela wobuhlupho lwezombangazwe.

IReferendendums v.

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-atrapendum nezindlela zokuthatha isinyathelo. ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zinikeze umthetho omusha noma izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo, ngokuvamile zisebenzisa isicelo, bese zivota kuso. Ngokungafani, i-metasum ibhekisela ekuvoteleni elinganisweni ebekwe phambi kokhetho lwendlu yomthetho-mthetho noma umthetho-sisekelo. Izindawo eziningi, njengeCalifornia, zihlanganisa womabili amathuluzi, zikhomba idemokhrasi eqondiswe eduze kombuso wentando yeningi.

Inqubo Yokusakaza Nemisebenzi Yezomthetho

Le nqubo ihilela umbuzo ocacile (ngokuvamile oshiwo ngokuthi "yes/no"), inkathi yomkhankaso, nosuku lokuhlola olumisiwe. Amahlelo angokomthetho ahlela izimfuneko zohambo oluncane, umngcele odingekayo ukuze udluliswe, nomngcele wesikhathi odingekayo ukuze usetshenziswe. Amanye amazwe, njengeDenmark, adinga amavoti amaningi asemthethweni kanye nomnyango othile wokuthatha imvume. Amazwe futhi alawula umkhankaso wezimali, ukusakaza, nokunyathelisa izinhlelo zombono ukuze alondoloze ngokulunga. Umklamo wephepha lebhola kanye nolimi lombuzo kucushwa ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe ubandlululo.

Ithonya Elikhona Ekuhlanganyeleni Kweqembu Nenkulumo Yeningi

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ama-apempereum athuthukisa ukuthembisana ngomphakathi ngokunikeza izakhamuzi igxathu eliqondile ekwenzeni izinqumo. Bangandisa ukuqapha kwezombangazwe, bakhuthaze ukucabangisisa, futhi bakhuthaze umuzwa wokuba nomthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi.

Impikiswano Enamandla Ekhuthazayo

Izikhulumi zezindaba zivame ukusungula izinkulumo zasobala ezinamandla. Imithombo yezindaba, imikhankaso yomphakathi, namaqembu ezombangazwe, kukhiqizwa ngentshiseko ukwaziswa, izimpikiswano, nokuhlola iqiniso. Phakathi nonyaka ka-2014 wokuzimela kwe-Scotland, i-votendium, ivoti yafinyelela ku- 84,6%, futhi umkhankaso olinganiselwa ku- 97% wabavoti abafanele ukubhaliswa. Lomkhankaso wawuhlanganisa imihlangano ephezulu, izinkulumo zezokuxoxisana, nezingxoxo zomphakathi ezisabaleleyo. Ngokufanayo, ukukhishwa kwezisu zonyaka ka-201820182018 kwaveza izingxoxo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezimiso nemibuzo engokomthetho. Loluhlobo lwengxoxo yomphakathi lungaqinisa imikhuba yentando yeningi nokwethembana, ikakhulukazi uma inqubo ibhekwa njengenhle nesobala.

Ukusuka Ezindaweni Ezithile Nokuhlanganyela

Ukuthatha indawo ephezulu e-paresendums kusikisela ukuthi izakhamuzi zizwa izindaba zazo ngokuqondile. Ukuvota ngokuvamile kudlula lokho kokhetho oluvamile emazweni lapho kunama-operam ayahamba khona. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthatha ukuthula kwe-Colombia 2016 kwaba ne-endrum kuphela okubangelwa ukubhalisa okungu 37%, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokubhalisa okuphansi, kuyilapho i-2020 comtecompel sendum yaseChile yabona ukuguquka kwama-50% naphezu kokuvota okuphoqelelwe. Izicimbiso ezithiwe zihlanganisa ukuvinjelwa kwempikiswano, izinga lomkhankaso, ukusheka kovota, nokuvota, kanye nokuthatha iqhaza. Ukuveza ukuvota, imibuso eminingi imukela ukuvota, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, noma ukubhalisa i-intanethi. Nokho, ukuvota kwe-palmend kungahlupheka futhi ekuvoteni kwezindawo eziningi ezihlangene kanye njengonyaka owodwa.

Izinselele Nokugxeka

Naphezu kwezinzuzo, ama - athompeum abhekene nokugxekwa okukhulu.

Ubunzima Obungaphezu Kwendlela Osebenza Ngayo Izinkinga Eziyinkimbinkimbi

Ukugxeka okuvame kakhulu ukuthi ukucusumbula kwemibuzo okunhlobonhlobo "yes/no" kufaka izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ekwenzeni ukukhetha okungaphezu kokukodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Brexit i-rentendium ka-2016 inciphisa ubuhlobo obuneminingi phakathi kwe-UK ne-EU buye kufana ne "Sakhi" noma "Reumain," isebenzisa izithombe eziningi zokuphuma (isimbo se-EEA, ukuhwebelana kwesimo esikhululekile, noma ukungaphathi lutho). Ngokufanayo, i-YURDAN ekhotha i-enclum yadinga ukuba inqunywe izimali ezinezicici eziningi zezomnotho. Lokhu kungaholela ekukhetheni izimpawu ezisekelwe emizweni noma ezicingweni ezihlobeneyo kunokucabangela okuncane.

Amandla Okwahlukana Nokusakaza I - populalism

I-Referendendum ingenza ukuhlukana kwenani labantu kujule. Imikhankaso ngezinye izikhathi ithatha inkulumo ehlukanisayo yokuthi ihlukanisa izingxabano. I-templatendium ye-Scotland yonyaka ka-2014, nakuba ivame ukuba khona kwezesizwe, yadalula umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwabashisekeli besizwe nabashisekeli benyunyana. I-Bretitrendendu yabona izimangalo zokungalawuleki nokungavumelani kobuswa kwesizwe, futhi imiphumela yaveza ukuhlukana okukhulu kwesizukulwane, imfundo, kanye nokuhlukahluka kwamadolobha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibheno zokuzindisa zingaphanga kungaphangwa izazi zezombangazwe eziphikisa izinhlangano ezimelela ukuzuza imithetho ephikisayo. Ingozi ukuthi iningi elincane lingabeka izinqumo ezinqinisweni ezinqiniselayo, ezihlukanisa izenhlalo.

Ukungaqondi Nokungaqondi

Kulenkathi ye-millimetic, ukwaziswa okunganembile kusongela kakhulu. Phakathi nonyaka ka-2016 i-arhente yokuthula yaseColombia, iziphakamiso ezingamanga ngelungiselelo lesivumelwano sokuthula zathonya abavoti abangahloniphi. Ukukhohliswa kwe-2019 yaseBolivia ngokuphinde ikhethwe kabusha kukaMongameli Morals kwahlaselwa izityholo zokucwasa nokungaqondi kahle. Amapulatifomu ezentengi akhuthaza ukudukisa okugcwele ukuphazamisa, ukungenela kwezizwe zangaphandle, nokuncintisana nezinhlelo ze-messagement. Ukukhishwa kokukhangisa kwe-intanethi kwezombangazwe nokukhuthaza ukufunda nokubhala nokubhala ngemidiya kuyavela njengesivikelo esibalulekile. Amanye amazwe aye asungula izimemezelo zokuhlola ukuthembeka kwemikhankambiso.

Amandla Olwazi Oluphansi

Abavoti bangase bantule ulwazi olukhethekile oludingekayo ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinikezwa ulwazi ezindabeni zobuchwepheshe (umz., inguquko ye-votor, imibhalo engokomthetho-sisekelo, noma izivumelwano zohwebo). Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi abavoti abaningi bathembela kwimisebenzi noma izivumelwano zeqembu kunokusekela isimiso esinemininingwane. Ekuphenduleni, eminye imibuso inikeza izincwajana zolwazi olusemthethweni, ukuhlola okusemthethweni, noma imihlangano yezakhamuzi ngaphambi komkhakha. I-Constitutional Convention (20:2) nemihlangano yezakhamuzi ezalandelana kuye kwanconywa ngenxa yokwanda kokuqonda phambi kwamavoti esizwe.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zeziphethu Eziphawulekayo

Ukuhlola izibonelo eziqondile kwembula indlela ama - athompeum akha ngayo ama - tranotery esizwe futhi anikeza izifundo zokuzijwayeza esikhathini esizayo.

IBreitexit Referendem (2016)

I-UK ithemendendimu ekhuluma ngobulungu be-European Union yayiyi-applican ephambili ye-metapendium yekhulu lama-21. Umbuzo "Ingabe i-United Kingdom ingahlala iyilungu le-European Union noma ishiya i-European Union? wanikeza ukhetho olubili. Umphumela walokho okubili. (51.9% ekusekeleni i-Frandsswashwaves (i-smand transcated transformations) futhi yamiswa iminyaka yokuxoxa. Lomkhankaso waphawulwa yiziqubulo ezingaphezulu ("Thatha Ukulawula Kwasemuva", "Brit I-Brit I-Britit"), ukuhlanganisa okukhulu, nokuhlola umkhankaso weze ubhikisholo lweze umkhankaso futhi uthelela. Ukugobeka kwemithetho ye-palmentium kwabonisa izinkinga zezemicimbini lapho imininingwane ichazwa ngokucutshuliwe. Imibuzo ekhushubile izihloko eziyinkimbinkimbi zezizwe ezimbili zezizwe ezimbili zezizwe ezimbili.

IReferendemu YaseScotland Ezimele (2014

Ngo-2014, iScotland yavotela lombuzo: "IScotland kufanele ibe yizwe elizimele?" i-Turnout yayiyirekhodi 84.6%, futhi i-55.3% yavota "Ayikho." lokhu kuhlola kwandulelwa umkhankaso weminyaka eminingi owenziwe ngezivumelwano zomphakathi eziningi, kuhlanganise nempikiswano ye-tevhithi, iphepha elimhlophe likaHulumeni lase-Scotland elizimele, ne-Enternignmental Convention phakathi kwe-UK no-Scotticard Reagement, okuqinisekisa ukuthi umphumela uzodunyiswa. Inqubo yabonwa kakhulu njengobulungisa futhi i-kahle. Nokho, le mpikiswano ayizange ixazululwe; ukuvota i-Bretis (okuphikisa i-Scotland) i-Rhotiffat) icela ukuthunyelwa kozibuse-zigoso kwesibili, kubonisa ukuthi i-evenum i-selm i-ex i-com i-sethroname.

I - Irish Referendendums (19983, 1992, 2002, 2018)

I-Ireland yaba nochungechunge lwezimemezelo zokukhipha isisu, lwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ku-2018 weSichibiyelo Seziphendu sango-1918. I-astendendum yafaka ukuvinjelwa komthetho-sisekelo ngokukhishwa kwesisu, kuyilapho kamuva ama-apendium ngo-1992 nango-2002 abhala ilungelo lokuhamba nokwaziswa. I-2018 endendum yalandela iSihlangano seZizwe esalandela ushintsho oluphawulekayo lweze lwayo futhi lwatuswa ngenkambiso. Lo mkhankaso waveza ukuvinjelwa okukhulu kotshani, ubufakazi obungokomzwelo, kanye nokusekela inguquko ngokwezingxenye. Umphumela (166.4%) wabonisa ukuthi i-Rendendium ingaholela ekushintsheni okukhulu kwezenhlalo uma indulelwe ekusingatheni kukhululwe ngenqubo. Lenqubo ngokuvamile ivezwa njengesibonelo sokusingatha imibuzo ethinta ngokujulile.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwama - referendendom Kaningi ESwitzerland

ISwitzerland ingumholi wembulunga yonke wentando yeningi ngokuqondile, ngezimpelasonto ezine zokuvota unyaka ngamunye ezimpikiswaneni zesizwe, ze-cantonal, nezomasipala. Isimiso sihlanganisa kokubili inqubo ephoqelelwe (ukulungisa ngokomthetho-sisekelo) kanye ne-asendimends (izindawo ezingahlelelwanga ngokungemthetho-mthethweni zingabekela inselele imithetho edluliswa ngokuqoqa ipalamende inombolo engu - 50 000). Lokhu kusetshenziswa njalo kukhuthaza ukubophela izivumelwano zezombangazwe kanye nemikhosi encipheneyo. Nokho, kungabuye kunciphe inqubo epholileyo futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuveze imiphumela engqubuzana nezindinganiso zezizwe zenkululeko (umz., ukuvinjelwa kwango 2009). Indaba yaseSwitzerland ibonisa ukuthi ukumiswa kwemithetho ehambisana nokulawulwa phakathi nokubusa okuzinziwayo, kulungiselelwe ukuba kuvinjelwe ukugcinwa njengezinto ezinkulu eziphambili ezingokomthetho.

Ikusasa Lama - Referenceum Ebuthweni Lentando Yeningi

Njengoba izimiso zezombangazwe zishintsha, indima yama - apendium cishe iyokhula. Zinikeza indlela yokukhuluma novoti odidekile ngentando yeningi yabameleli, kodwa zidinga nomklamo oqondile ukuze zigweme ukusetshenziswa nokuhlukana.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nokwaziswa Okungalungile Nokushisa Kwamanani

Ukwanda kokuqukethwe yi-Al-evened kunye nama-iffakes kuphakamisa izinselele ezintsha zobuqotho bokwaziswa. Amavoter angazama ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokwaziswa okuyiqiniso nokuqanjiwe. Amanye amazwe azama izinhlelo zobuchwepheshe zokufunda nokubhala kanye nezijeziso eziqinile zokukhohlisa nge-intanethi. I-European Digital Services Act ifaka izibopho ezisehlelayo eziteshini ukuze kuncishiswe izingozi ezinqubo zokuvota. Ama-arhenkethsi angaphambili angathembela futhi ezimisweni zokuvota ezisekelwe ekuqinisekisweni nasekuqinisekisweni kwe-injini ukuze athuthukise ukulondeka nokukhanya, nakuba lokhu kuletha izibophotho ezingoko zokwenza imishini kanye nezindaba ezithenjwa.

Ukuhlanganyela Nezizukulwane Ezintsha Nezinhlobonhlobo

Abavoti abasebasha ngokuvamile banethuba eliphansi futhi bangafaki sivumelwano emikhankasweni engokwesiko. Ukuze babafake, ohulumeni bangahlanganisa ama-atrantem ezifundweni zesikole, basebenzise imithombo yezokuxhumana ukuze bathole ulwazi olungokomthetho, futhi behlise inkathi yokuvota bangene ku-16 (njengase-ikhothamende le-Scotland yonyaka ka-2014). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhamuzi ezincane zenza izivumelwano zezakhamuzi zibe yizehluleko nemihlangano. Lenhlanganisela yokuhlola nokuvota ingaba i-tendendium ukuze ithuthukise ukuqonda ngokomthetho. I-I-Irishrish yeSigungume sezakhamuzi engaphambi kwe-Endrenteum ephambili ye-Ency (uth Commust) ne UK (uphriteam). Lenhlanganiseno ye-UClitempsethi ye-UK) ingenziwa ngendlela ejwayelekile.

Imithetho Yokulungisa Inguquko

Izilinganiso zokuthuthukisa ama-athemondum zihlanganisa ukufuna ukumiswa okukhulu kakhulu kwezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo (umz. 55% noma 60%) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvumelana okubanzi, ukumisa imikhawulo elinganiselwe, nokuvumela iziqondiso ezithatha inqwaba (umz., i-acendice-codentium noma "awukho owesiphezulu"). Abanye basikisela ukuba kufune i-areatriatendium yesibili ngemva kwenkathi ethile yokuvimbela izinqumo ngokuphamazela. I-Venice Commission of the Council ikhiphe iziqondiso ezise-procedtural ne-sethisbatesssssssss (um. umz.m.m.indective i-osecurection i-facelsethinglectivem, igcizelela inkululeko yokukhuluma, ukubonakala, ukubukeka, nokuhlola.

Imithi Eshintshayo Ezweni Eligcwele Imbulunga Yonke

Njengoba izimpikiswano ziba zenza ukuba kube nokuguquguquka okukhulu (umz., isimiso sesimo sezulu, izivumelwano zezohwebo, ukubusa kokwaziswa), isidingo sokuthola ama-partermendium anqamule i-odansi. I-callout yamaGreki ka-2015 yayiyindaba ekhethekile lapho ukhetho lwesizwe lwacelwa ukuba lwamukele noma lulahle izimo ze-Yuronesia. I-European Union ngezikhathi ezithile iye yaphikisana ngokuthi i-contiums ezivumelwaneni ezinkulu, nakuba le nkinga ibhekene nesithiyo engokomthetho nesebenzayo. Esikhathini esizayo, singase sibone izibhendendi ezithelela kakhulu ukuphathiswa kwemizimba yesizwe ukuba i-upravora ehlangene, kanye nezicingela ukuzimo zesizwe sokuzisebenzela i-evertinatence .

Ekuphetheni, ama-apendium ahlala eyithuluzi elinamandla kodwa elingaphelele ekwenzeni izinqumo zomphakathi. Izimpande zawo ezingokomlando, okhensisa amazinyo, nezimiphumela ehlukahlukene zinikeza izifundo ezicebile. Uma eklanywe ngokucabangela nangokufakwa ngezivikeleko, njengokwaziswa okucacile, nokungaqondakali, anganika izakhamuzi amandla entando yeningi futhi anikeze izwi elibalulekile. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kokulawula ama-asterevandbacter kungaveza izigaba nokululaza ukwethembana. Njengoba imiphakathi iklamo iklabalaza izinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukulingana phakathi kwe-demokrame ne-demokhrasi kuqhubeke kuvivinywa. Ukufunda okuqhubekayo, ukuhlola [[FLT] [FFF] u-Foctive] [Foctive] [Foctive] [Foctive]