Umthetho wangaphakathi wakha umgogodla wezimiso zomthetho kulo lonke elaseYurophu, e-Latin America, eMpuma Asia, kanye nezinye izindawo eziningi, ezilawula ukusebenzelana kwansuku zonke kwabantu, amabhizinisi, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ngokungafani nomthetho wobugebengu.(ngokujezisa amacala amelene nombuso) /(ubuvil) unikeza uhlelo lokuxazulula izimpikiswano zangasese, ukumisa izivumelwano, nokuhlanganisa labo abalimalayo. Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuqonda umthetho wesizwe akudingekile nje kuphela ekufundeni okungokomthetho kodwa futhi nokuqonda indlela izinhlangano ezilondoloza ngayo ukuhleleka nokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukusungulwa okubanzi komthetho womphakathi, kusukela ezimpindelweni zawo zesisekelo nasezigabeni zawo zemisebenzi yangempela yomhlaba nendima yayo ehlukene ekulawuleni kwanamuhla.

Ukuchaza Umthetho Wangaphakathi

Umthetho wombango, ngomqondo wawo obanzi kakhulu, ubhekisela esikweni lomthetho elisekelwe emithethweni ebhaliwe, ezimisweni, nasebuthweni elibanzi lemithetho elawula amalungelo omuntu siqu nezibopho. Ezimisweni zomthetho wesizwe, abahluleli ngokuyinhloko basebenzisa izimiso ezihlangeneyo kunokuthembela kakhulu esibonelweni esilandelayo (isinqumo somthetho). Lokhu kuphambene nezimiso zomthetho ezivamile (ezitholakale eUnited Kingdom, eUnited States, nakwamanye amakoloni angaphambili aseBrithani (hhayi lapho inkantolo ibusa khona ngegunya elikhulu.)

Igama "umthetho we-civil" lingabhekisela futhi ngokuqondile egatsheni lomthetho osingatha izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu azimele, ngokuphambene nomthetho wobugebengu. Kulokhu, umthetho wesizwe uhlanganisa izindawo ezinjengezivumelwano, ama-tort, impahla, ubuhlobo bomkhaya, ifa, nomthetho wenkampani. Umgomo oyinhloko awusona isijeziso kodwa ikhambi: i-partiff (umkhandlu oletha impikiswano) ufuna imbuyiselo, ukwenza okuthile, noma umyalo wokuxazulula lempi.

Izimpawu Eziyinhloko Zezimiso Zomthetho Wombango

  • [[Imithetho ye-WRItten]: imithetho engokomthetho ihlelwe kahle yaba yikhodi (umz., i-Code Common, Common Code) esebenza njengomthombo oyinhloko womthetho.
  • Umthetho wabaHluleli: Abahluleli basebenza njengabaphenyi nabafinyeleli beqiniso, ngokuvamile abathatha izindaba ngokuzikhandla, kunokuba baqondise izigijimi ezingenzi lutho.
  • I-Predection eqinisekisiwe: Nakuba izinqumo zangaphambili zingakholisa, azibophi ngokomthetho ezinkantolo zamuva.
  • Inquisiyu: emagunyeni amaningi omthetho wezwe, inkantolo ngokwayo iqoqa ubufakazi futhi ihlole ofakazi, ngokungafani nesibonelo somthetho ovamile.
  • Isimiso simisa ukugxila: Isimiso sihlela ukubuyisela olimele futhi ubuyisela kubo ngaphambi kokuba bashaye i-ankile uma kungenzeka.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando

Umthetho wangaphakathi ulandela umsuka wawo womthetho wasendulo wamaRoma, ikakhulukazi i- Corpus Juris Julvilis (Umthetho woMdabu) ohlanganiswe ngaphansi koMbusi uJustinian ekhulwini lesithupha. Ukutholwa kweNkathi Ephakathi, umthetho wamaRoma wathonya ukuthuthuka ngokomthetho kulo lonke elaseYurophu. I-Napoleon Code ka-1804 yaba yisibonelo samazwe amaningi, igcizelela ukucaca, ukufinyelela, nokuhlukana kwemibuso. Izimiso zomthetho zaseJalimane ne-Switzerland nazo ziklanywe emhlabeni wonke. Namuhla, amazwe angaphezu kuka- 150 asebenza ngaphansi kwendlela ethile yesiko, eyenza ibe yinqubo esemthethweni ebanzi kakhulu emhlabeni wonke.

Inqubo Yomthetho Wangaphakathi: Kusukela Ekukhonondeni Kuya Esinqumweni

Ukuqonda indlela indaba yomphakathi eqala ngayo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni ukuhlelwa kobulungisa okuwusizo.

Ukugqugquzela

U-paltiff uqala ukumangalela ngokufaka i- u-appert ngenkantolo elungile, echaza isisekelo esingokomthetho secala, amaqiniso amangalelwe, futhi ukukhululeka kufunwa. Isikhalo kumelwe sidluliselwe kummangalelwa (inqubo) eyaziwa njenge inqubo ukuqinisekisa ummangalelwa unesaziso esilungile. Ummangalelwa uphendula ngempendulo, engahlanganisa ukuphika, ukwenqaba, nokuphika. Kwezinye izimiso zomthetho, lesisigaba silandela kakhulu, ngomahlulele amacala.

Ukuqhubeka Kwangaphambili Nokuphatha Icala

Ngaphambi kokulungiselela ukuqulwa kwecala okuphelele, izinkantolo ngokuvamile zithatha amacala okuqala ukuze zixoxe ngezindaba ezingokokuqala, zimise izikhathi ezimisiweyo, futhi zikhuthaze ukuxazululwa. Ezimisweni zokuqulwa kwecala, umahluleli angamisa ochwepheshe, ukukhiqizwa kwezincwadi, futhi aphawule izimpikiswano eziyinhloko. Leliqophelo lingahilela [ iziphakamiso ezinjengamanyathelo okuxosha noma ukukhipha isahlulelo ngokufushayelela (kodwa lokhu kuvamile kuvamile emithethweni yangaphakathi).

Ukuthola (noma Ukuphenya)

Ezindabeni zomthetho ezivamile, ukutholakala kuwukuthenana kobufakazi obubanzi, obudiliziwe beqembu, ukubufaka ubufakazi(ukugawulwa, ukufakwa kwezincwadi, izicelo zezincwadi. Izimiso zomthetho womphakathi zivame ukubeka lobu mthwalo enkantolo. Umahluleli uchaza izindaba futhi abuyise ubufakazi obudingekile, kuhlanganise nobufakazi nemibiko yochwepheshe. Umgomo ukugwema ukumangala lapho kuqulwa futhi uthuthukise isinqumo esiphumelelayo.

Ukuqulwa Kwamacala Nokuzwa

Ngokungafani nokuqulwa kwecala okuphawulekayo okuvame ukuboniswa emithonjeni yezindaba, amacala amaningi ezakhamuzi kuzo zombili izimiso axazululwa ngaphandle kwejaji. Emazweni omthetho, iqembu lamajaji (noma amajaji azimele, futhi icala liyaqhubeka futhi liphendulwe. Izinhlu zezindaba ezibhalwe phansi, kanye nabahluleli abahluleli. E-United States, ukuqulwa kwecala kungaba ukuqulwa kwamabhentshi (owejaji kuphela) noma ukuqulwa kwamajaji, kanye namajaji anquma amaqiniso futhi asebenzisa umthetho. Umthwalo wobufakazi ezicaleni zomphakathi ngokuvamile ungowokuthi "ubufakazi" (ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu) ufakazi obubhaliwe.

Ukwahlulela Nezindlela Zokwelapha

Ngemva kokuzwa ubufakazi nezimpikiswano, inkantolo inikeza ukwahlulela. Isinqumo singayala ummangalelwa ukuba akhokhe umonakalo wemali, enze isenzo esithile (ukwenza okuqondile), noma agweme ukuziphatha okuthile (ukuhlangana), amakhambi omthetho womphakathi angahlanganisa nokubuyisela (ukubuyisela isivumelwano) noma ukubuyisela (impahla noma izinzuzo). Iqembu elilahlekelweyo lingase lidingekele ukukhokha izindleko ezithile noma zonke zeqembu eliphethe.

Ukukhanga

Kungaba yilungu elidlulisa isahlulelo enkantolo ephakeme, lifaka impikiswano yamaphutha angokomthetho noma amaphutha angokomthetho. Ezimisweni zomthetho, izikhalo zivame ukuhlanganisa ukuphinde kuhlolwe kokubili iqiniso nomthetho, kuyilapho umthetho ovamile ufaka izicelo ezigxile kakhulu ezindabeni zomthetho. Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela izinkantolo eziphakathi kanye nokudluliswa kokugcina enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo zinganweba kakhulu isikhathi sokuphikisana kwempikiswano yomphakathi.

Izindawo Ezinkulu Zomthetho Wangaphakathi

Umthetho Ongenamthetho

Umthetho ogunyaza izivumelwano ezigunyazwa ngokomthetho phakathi kwamaqembu. Iqinisekisa ukuthi izithembiso zenzakala noma zibhalwe ngomlomo, zibopha futhi ukudilika kubangela imiphumela. Izivumelwano ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuthengiswa kwezimpahla, izivumelwano zemisebenzi, izivumelwano zenkonzo, nezivumelwano zemisebenzi. Izivumelwano zokukhokha. Izivumelwano zokuphuka zihlanganisa ukulimala, ukusebenza okukhethekile, nokunqanyulwa. Lendawo ibalulekile kwezentengiselwano nentengiselwano yansuku zonke.

Ukuze uthole imininingwane eminingi yokwakheka kwesivumelwano nokwephuka, bheka Cornell Legil Information yesivumelwano se-'Umthetho's tractive's shoct short se-''' low's process'''''''''.

Umthetho Ongenamthetho

I-tort yomthetho isingatha amaphutha omphakathi abangela ukulimala noma ukulahlekelwa komunye umuntu. Ngokungafani nomthetho wesivumelwano, imisebenzi ye-tort ivela esibophweni esivamile sokungalimazi abanye, hhayi esivumelwaneni esiqondile. Ama-tort avamile ahlanganisa ukunganaki (umz., izingozi zemoto, ukungalawuleki kwezokwelapha), ngenhloso i-tortrs (umz., ukuhlasela, ibhetri, ukuhlazisa), nokususa okuqinile (umz., imikhiqizo engalungile). Ama-peantir angazibuyisela izindleko zemali zezindleko zokwelapha, ubuhlungu, ukuhlupheka, futhi kwezinye izimo, izingozi, ukubulala ukuziphatha okuhloniphekile.

Umthetho Wempahla

Umthetho wempahla uchaza amalungelo abantu abanawo ezintweni ezibonakalayo nezingaqondakali. Ihlanganisa impahla yangempela (izwe nezakhiwo) nempahla yomuntu siqu (izinto ezisukayo, impahla eyisifundiswa). Izihloko eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ubunikazi, impahla, ukudluliswa (isipho, ifa), izimpikiswano ezifana nokungavumelani komngcele noma izindaba ezicatshangelwe ngendawo. Izimiso zomthetho zivame ukuba nemininingwane yemithetho elawula amalungelo empahla, ngokuvamile esekelwe emibonweni yomthetho wamaRoma.

Umthetho Womkhaya

Umthetho womkhaya ulawula ubuhlobo bomuntu siqu, kuhlanganise nomshado, isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukusekela kobupolisa (ubunye), ukusekela umntwana, ukutholwa, kanye nokuhlalisana kwasekhaya. Ulinganisela ukuzibusa komuntu ngamunye nesithakazelo sikahulumeni ekuvikeleni amalungu omkhaya asengozini, ikakhulukazi izingane. Umthetho womkhaya uhluka kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe ngisho nangaphakathi kwezimiso zikahulumeni, ubonakalisa izindinganiso zempucuko nezenkolo.

Ifa Nomthetho Owalandela

Lendawo inquma ukuthi impahla yomuntu isakazwa kanjani ngemva kokufa, kungaba ngefa (ukulandelana kwezwe) noma ngemithetho engokomthetho ehleliwe (esifundazweni sakhona). Umthetho womphakathi uvame ukuphoqelela imithetho yefa njengefa, ugcinela izihlobo ezisondelene izingxenye zempahla (umz., izingane, umlingane, umngane womshado), elinganisela inkululeko yokuthatha izivumelwano. Izinkantolo zezesivumelwano ziphatha ukuphatha kwezindawo.

Izisebenziso zangempela zoMthetho woMdabu

Umthetho wangaphakathi uthinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kusukela ekuthengeni ikhofi (isivumelwano) kuya ekushayeleni imoto (isici esiyisisekelo esiyingozi). Ngezansi kunezindawo eziyinhloko lapho izimiso zomthetho zisebenza khona.

Amabhizinisi Nezentengiselwano

Amaqembu athembele kumthetho wesizwe ukuze akhe izivumelwano nabathengi, abathengi, nezisebenzi; ukuvikela impahla yolwazi; nokuxazulula izingxabano nge-ligita noma ngokuxoxisana. Umthetho we-Corporate (ukwakhiwa, ukubusa, nokudilizwa) uyingxenye engaphansi yomthetho wezwe. Ukuncintisana kwezivumelwano zesivumelwano kuvamile emabhizinisini, njengoba kunjalo nangamazwi okuphambanisa noma ukuncintisana okungafanele.

Ukulimala Nezingozi Zomuntu Siqu

Uma umuntu elinyazwa ukunganaki komunye (umz., islip nokuwela esitolo, ingozi yemoto, iphutha lezokwelapha), umthetho we-tort unikeza indlela yokukhokha isinxephezelo. Abameli benxeba lomuntu basiza izisulu ukuba zibuye zibuye zibuye, zilahlekelwe iholo, nobuhlungu nokuhlupheka. Ukucathula komphakathi kulendawo kungaba nokuthatha isigwebo esiphakeme, kodwa ngezikhathi ezithile kuhlalele nkantolo kodwa kuqhubekele phambili ekuqulweni kwecala.

Ukushintsha Izakhiwo Zangempela

Ukuthenga indlu kuhlanganisa uchungechunge lwezivumelwano zomthetho we-odoli (isivumelwano esifushanisiwe, isibambiso, umshuwalense wesikhwama) nezimiso zempahla. Izimpikiswano zingavela ngemingcele, ukudamba, izimpikiswano zomninindlu, noma ukwakhiwa kwezimo. Izinkantolo zombango zixazulula lezimpikiswano, futhi ezikhundleni eziningi, kukhona izinkantolo ezikhethekile zempahla noma izinkantolo.

Izindaba Zomkhaya

Isehlukaniso, izimpi zokuwinwa kwabantwana, nokutholwa kwazo zonke zingaphansi komthetho womkhaya. Izinkantolo zombango zenza izinqumo mayelana nenzuzo engcono kakhulu yengane, ukwahlukana kwezibopho zomshado, nokusekela. Ukukhipha izibopho kusetshenziswa kakhulu ngaphandle kokunikeza izinqumo zokuxazulula izingxabano zomkhaya.

Isivikelo Sethengiselwano

Imithetho eminingi yomthetho kahulumeni ihlanganisa isivikelo esiqondile sabathengi, ikhuluma ngezivumelwano ezivamile, izindleko zomkhiqizo, nokukhangisa okukhohlisayo.

Enye Impikiswano

Akuzona zonke izingxabano zombango eziphelela enkantolo.

  • [ I-mediation:[ Ingxenye yesithathu engathathi hlangothi ilula ukuxoxisana phakathi kwamaqembu ukuze afinyelele indawo yokuzithandela. Ukuthunga imfihlo futhi akubophi kuze kube yilapho isivumelwano sesayiniwe.
  • I-Arbitration: Arbitrator (noma indawo elawulayo) izwa ubufakazi futhi ikhiphe isinqumo, ngokuvamile esibophayo. Uku-arbita kuvamile ezivumelwaneni zezente nasezivumelwanoni zemisebenzi. Kungasheshiswa futhi ngasese kakhulu kunenkantolo.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Ukuqubuka:[ Amaqembu ngokwawo (noma abameli bawo) azama ukulungisa ngokuqondile. Amacala amaningi angaphakathi axazululeka ngokuxoxisana ngaphambi kokufinyelela icala.

Izikhulu eziningi zomthetho zikhuthaza noma zize zidinge i-ADR njengenyathelo lokuqala ngaphambi kokubekwa kwecala, futhi izinkantolo zivame ukubhekisa amacala ekukhipheni izigwebo. Ukuze uhlole indlela i-ADR ehambelana ngayo nendawo yobulungisa bembulunga yonke, bheka i-Melikan Bar Association ye-ADR.

Izimiso Zomthetho Wangaphakathi Emhlabeni Wonke

EYurophu: Indawo Okuzalelwa Kuyo Umthetho Wanamuhla Wangaphakathi

IFrance, iJalimane, i-Italy, i-Spain, namanye amazwe amaningi aseYurophu anemithetho esemthethweni ehlela umthetho womuntu siqu. I-Common Civil (Code Napoléon) yaseFrance igcizelela ukucaca nobuningi. I-Chovil Common (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch) yaseJalimane yaziwa ngokunemba kwayo kobuchwepheshe nangendlela ehleleke ngayo. Lemithetho iye yathonya izimiso zomthetho embulungeni yonke, ikakhulukazi emakoloni angaphambili nasemazweni athathe amasiko angokomthetho.

i-Latin America

Izizwe eziningi zase-Latin America, njenge-Brazil, i-Argentina, ne-Mexico, zazuza ifa emasikweni e-Spanishi noma amaPutukezi. Imithetho yazo ivame ukuhlanganisa izimiso zaseYurophu namasiko abomdabu nawabantu bendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Pologne Commission ka-2002 iveza izindinganiso zomphakathi zanamuhla kuyilapho igcina uhlelo lomthetho wezwe.

iMpumalanga Asia

IJapane, i-South Korea, neChina zinezimiso zomthetho wangaphakathi eziphenjelelwe kakhulu yizisebenzi zaseJalimane naseFrance. Imithetho kahulumeni yaseJapane (1898, ibukeziwe) iboleka emithonjeni yomthetho yamaJalimane naseFrance. Isimiso somthetho saseChina, kuyilapho isoshayo, isebenzisa imithetho yomthetho kahulumeni ezindabeni zangasese, ngokungenela okuphawulekayo kukahulumeni. Lamazwe aye avumelanisa umthetho wesizwe nezomthetho ohlukile wezempucuko nezombangazwe.

Izimiso Ezixubile Noma Ezixubile

Amanye ama-oda ahlanganisa umthetho we-pulture namanye amasiko. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Louisiana (USA) ne-Quebec (Canada) zinemithetho ye-oda ye-odoli ye-open ye-odoc kodwa isebenza phakathi kwezakhiwo zikahulumeni. i-Scotland, i-South Africa, ne-Sri Lanka nazo zinezimiso ezixubile. Ukuqonda le mifashoni kubalulekile ekuhlolweni okungokomthetho okuqhathaniswa.

Indima Yezandulela Nemithetho Emthetho Wombango

Inkolelo edidayo iwukuthi izimiso zomthetho wangaphakathi azilandeli ngqa. Eqinisweni, nakuba imithetho iwumthombo oyinhloko, izinkantolo zivame ukunikeza isisindo esiphawulekayo emacaleni amisiweyo, kodwa izinqumo zezinkantolo eziphakeme − ukuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokubikezela. Imfundiso ye jurispulpence istes [[ emthethweni waseFrance isho ukuthi uchungechunge lwemithetho engaguquki lungazuza i-Prontisi eqinisa igunya. Nokho, isinqumo esisodwa asibophini izinkantolo eziphansi njengoba kwenza emthethweni [[FLT:]]

Ukuze ungene juqu kakhulu ezicini eziqhathaniseneyo zomthetho womphakathi novamile, bheka ukungena kwe-Enclopedia Britannica emthethweni wesizwe [.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Komthetho Wombango

Umthetho womphakathi ungaphezu kakhulu kwesethi yemithetho eyomile − iyindwangu eyenza abantu nezinhlangano bakwazi ukusebenzelana ngokuqiniseka, ukuphoqelela izithembiso, nokufuna ubulungisa lapho besoniwe. Ukubambisana kwawo okuhleliwe kunikeza ukucaca nokutholakala, kuyilapho inqubo yawo yokusebenza inikeza indlela ehleliwe yokuxazulula izingxabano. Njengoba imiphakathi iguqula, umthetho kahulumeni uvumelanisa izinselele ezintsha: izivumelwano zezibalo, ukuhlanjalazwa kobuhlakani, ukubekwa indiva okungokokuhlakanipha, nokungavumelani kwemibono ehlukene. Abafundi nabafundi, ukuqamba imiqondo, izinqubo, nokusetshenziswa komthetho womphakathi akuyona nje indlela ewusizo ekuqondeni amalungelo olwazi, imithwalo yemfanelo, nokubusa komthetho ezweni eliyinkimbinkimbi.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufundela umsebenzi ongokomthetho, ukufundisa umphakathi, noma umane ufuna ukuqonda isimo somthetho esikuzungezile, umthetho wesizwe unikeza uhlelo olucebile nolubalulekile. Izimiso zawo, ezisekelwe emithethweni yasendulo kodwa eziqhubeka zisebenza, zisasebenza namuhla njengoba zazinjalo emakhulwini eminyaka adlule.