Ukulingwa Kwezigebengu Kuphikisana Nokuvivinywa Kwangaphakathi: Ukubukeza Kwenqubo Okuqhathanisayo

Isimiso somthetho sisebenza njengesisekelo somphakathi oyaliwe, sinikeza izinqubo zokuxazulula izingxabano, ukujezisa ububi, nokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ngalesi simiso, izinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zezindaba zomthetho zibusa: ukuqulwa kwecala nokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi. Nakuba kokubili kuvuleka enkantolo futhi kuhlangane nezinye izici ezithile ezifanayo, ziyahluka ngokwenjongo, amaqembu, umthwalo wobufakazi, nemiphumela engenzeka. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kubalulekile kubafundi bemithetho, abafundisi, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, nanoma ubani ofuna ukuya noma ukuqonda inqubo yokwahlulela. Lokhu kuhlola izici zohlobo ngalunye lokuqulwa kwecala, kuqhathanisa izinqubo zabo, futhi kuqokomisa imiphumela ewusizo yokuhlukanisa kwabo.

Kuyini Ukulingwa Kwesigebengu?

Ukuqulwa kwezigebengu kuvela ekuqulweni kwecala likahulumeni lapho uhulumeni equngatha khona umuntu (ummangalelwa) ngenxa yokuziphatha okuye kwachazwa njengobugebengu. Injongo eyinhloko yecala lobugebengu iwukuvikela ukuhleleka komphakathi ngokunquma icala lommangalelwa, futhi uma kudingekile, ukujezisa. Ubugebengu busukela eziphazameni ezincane njengokuphazanyiswa kwezimoto ezingathi ukubulala, ukuphanga, noma ukuphamba. Icala lithatha isinyathelo ngenxa yabantu, futhi inkantolo kumelwe inqobe umnyango osobala wokuvikela icala. Ukuqulwa kwecala kwecala kulawulwa yisivikelo somthetho, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuthatha isinyathelo sokuqunga umsindo, nokuhlala kuthule, nokukhomba okulungile kofakazi. Ezimisweni zezelele ezinjeni ezinje ze-United States, noma izahluleli ezisebenza ngokungakhethi.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zokulingwa Kwezigebengu

  • I-Briden yobufakazi: Umshushisi kumele afakazele icala lommangalelwa "ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo," indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu emthethweni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi zonke izici zobugebengu kumelwe zifakazelwe ngokwezimiso zokuziphatha, zingashiyi ncazelo enengqondo ehlukile.
  • Iziphakamiso ezihilelekile: Izwe (ukushushiswa) kanye nommangalelwa. Umshushisi umelelwa ummeli wesigodi noma omunye ummeli kahulumeni. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokwelulekwa ngokomthetho; uma engenamthetho, umbuso kumelwe unikeze omunye ngezindleko zomphakathi.
  • Iziphakamiso: ukuqiniseka kungaphumela ekuboshweni, ekuhlawulisweni, ekuhlolweni, ekusebenzeni komphakathi, ekuhlawuleni izisulu, noma, kwezinye izifunda, isijeziso sokufa. Ubukhulu besijeziso ngokuvamile bufana nobukhulu bobugebengu.
  • [ Ilunga elulekweni: Isichibiyelo seSithandathu soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. siqinisekisa ilungelo kummeli ekumangaleleni ubugebengu. Abalweli bangakhetha iseluleko sangasese noma bacele umlweli womphakathi uma bengenakukwazi ukulithenga.
  • Icala lomthetho elingathi sína kakhulu lithwala icala elingokomthetho eliya kumajaji ontanga. Amajaji kumelwe afinyelele isinqumo esivumelanayo emacala obugebengu (nakuba ezinye izizwe zivumela izinqumo ezingaphelele ezimweni ezithile).
  • Ukuvunywa kweNkathi: Ummangalelwa ubhekwa njengongenacala kuze kube yilapho ethola ukuthi unecala. Lesimiso siyisisekelo futhi sibeka wonke umthwalo wobufakazi enkantolo.
  • Umqondo ophindwe kabili: Ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuquliswa, ummangalelwa ngeke aphinde aqulwe icala elifanayo (ngaphandle kokulinganiselwa), avikele kuhulumeni ophakele.

Kuyini Ukulingwa Kwangaphakathi?

Ukuqulwa kwecala kuhlanganisa ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, ukulimala komuntu siqu (ukuthi umuntu angathola imvume yokukhokhwa). Imicimbi yempahla, amabhizinisi, noma ezinye izinhlangano zokwenza amalungelo angokomthetho nezibopho. Ngokungafani nokuqulwa kwecala lobugebengu, ukuqulwa kwecala akufuni ukujezisa kodwa kunikeze amakhambi eqembu elilimele. Icala elivamile lihlanganisa ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, ukulimala komuntu siqu (ukuthatha umthetho wokuzilimaza), ukuxabana kwempahla, ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi. Iqembu eliletha isudi liyilungu eliyinqaba, futhi iqembu lisabela lingummangalelwa. Indinganiso yobufakazi iphansi kunasekuqulenzelweni sobugebengu ngenxa yokuthi izigxobo zihilela imbuyiselo noma ukukhululeka okungagwetyelwe. Ukuqulwa kweminyango yomphakathi kungazwiwa umahluleli (ukuviswa) noma umsizi (kwe) kodwa imibandela enkantolo ehlukene.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zovivinyo Lombango

  • I-bustden yobufakazi: I-paltiff kumele ifakazele icala labo nge-"ubufakazi," okusho ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu (ngaphezu kuka-50%) ukuba ummangalelwa unecala. Lena indinganiso ephansi kakhulu kunangaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo.
  • Iziphakamiso ezihilelekile: I-pacttiff (umphini ozisholo ukuthi ulimaza) kanye nommangalelwa (ummangalelwa okuthiwa ubangele ukulimala). Akukho mshushisi kahulumeni; kunalokho, amaqembu aqasha abameli bawo siqu. Kwezinye izimo, uhulumeni angaba ummeli, njengasezenzweni zokuphoqelela umphakathi.
  • Imithetho: Izindlela ziwumonakalo wemali (imvume, isijeziso, noma igama lomlomo) noma ukukhululeka okungaguquguquki (ukuyala iqembu ukuba lenze okuthile) noma ligweme ukwenza okuthile) noma ukwenza okuthile okukhethekile. Ukuboshwa akuwona umphumela oqondile wokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi, nakuba ukudelelwa kwenkantolo ngenxa yokuhluleka ukuvumelana nemvume yenkantolo kungaholela ekuboshweni isikhathi esithile.
  • Awukho umthetho ngokomthetho onelungelo kummeli okhululekile ezicabeni zomphakathi. Amadili angazimelela ngokwawo (kungoko-se) noma aqashe ukumelelwa okungokomthetho. Kwezinye izimo ezikhethekile (umz., ukuwinwa kwabantwana), inkantolo ingamisa umnakekeli we-litem, kodwa lokhu akufani nokunikeza ummeli.
  • Icala le-Jury: ISichibiyelo sesikhombisa silondoloza ilungelo lokuba umsizi wejaji ezimweni zomphakathi lapho imali ephikisanayo idlula u-R2,000, kodwa lelilungelo alizenzeki kuzo zonke izindawo. Ezimweni eziningi zomphakathi, amaqembu angase afake isigwebo, akhethe ukuqulwa kwebhentshi. Amajaji asemajukujukwini akhiwa amalungu angaphansi kweshumi nambili, futhi izinqumo akudingeki ukuba ahlangane ezizweni eziningi.
  • Imiphumela: Ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi kuvame ukuhilela ukutholakala okukhulu kwangaphambi kwezomthetho, kuhlanganise nokufakwa kwezincwadi, ukuphenywa kwemibuzo, nezicelo zezincwadi, ezivumela izinhlangothi zombili ukuba ziqoqe ubufakazi nokuncishwa kwezindaba ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.
  • Ukulawula ukulinganiselwa: izicelo zomphakathi kumelwe zigcinwe phakathi nesikhathi esithile (zibotshwa ngohlobo lwe-com nobubanzi), noma zivinjelwe phakade.

Ukuhlaziya Inqubo Okuqhathanisayo

Nakuba ukuqulwa kwecala lobugebengu kanye nokuqulwa kwemithetho kusebenza phakathi kwenkantolo efanayo, izinqubo zabo zibonisa imigomo engafani. Ukuqhathanisa ngakunye kuveza indlela umklamo wesimiso ngasinye othinta ngayo okuhlangenwe nakho kwalabo abasebenza enkantolo, indima yayo, nomphumela wokugcina.

Ukufakwa Kwentuthuko

Amacala ezigebengu aqalwa uhulumeni ngecala (ngejaji elikhulu) noma isikhalo somthetho esidluliselwe umshushisi. Izinhlangano zomthetho zivame ukuphenya, ziqoqe ubufakazi, futhi zinikeze umshushisi, onqumayo ukuthi angafaka amafayela amacala. Omangalelwayo uboshwa noma anikezwe amamemo okuvela enkantolo. Ngokungafani, icala lomphakathi liqulwa iqembu lomuntu likhipha isikhalo senkantolo, esimisa izikhalo ezingokomthetho nempumpumuzo efunwayo. Umphelindi u-Phoxileti kumelwe akhonze ummangalelwa ngezicelo nangekopishilo, anikeze abamangalelwa ithuba lokuphendula. Uhulumeni awuqali ithuba lokuphendula izimpikiswano zomphakathi ngaphandle kokuba liquliswe njengeqembu (isibonelo, i-SECCIng).

Umthwalo Wobufakazi

Umthwalo wobufakazi umehluko osobala kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo zomthetho ezimbili. Ekuqulweni kwecala, umshushisi kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi uthola icala lomthwalo wecala wommangalelwa "ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo" — indinganiso eklanyelwe ukunciphisa ingozi yokubeka umuntu ongenacala. INkantolo ePhakathi ichaza lokhu ngokuthi "isimiso somthetho wobugebengu". Ekuqulweni kwecala, umthwalo womphakathi ulula kakhulu: "ukuhlola ubufakazi" kudinga kuphela ukuba ubufakazi bukhombe kancane kancane kancane empahleni ye-pastff. Kukhona izinga eliphakathi kwecala lomthetho, njengempoqo noma ukulimaza, lapho "umphandle nobufakazi obukhondla" bungase budingeke, kodwa kuhlale kuyimfuneko ukuthi umehluko wezelele. Umehluko wezelele. Inkululeko ehambisana nenkululeko: noma ikhambiso.

Imicimbi Nemifanekiso

Ekuqulweni kwecala lobugebengu, uhulumeni uhlala ungummangalelwa, usebenza ngokukhathalela umphakathi. Umshushisi akanakuyiyeka indaba esekelwe ezifisweni zomuntu oyisisulu kuphela (nakuba ukuhlolwa komshushisi kuyacatshangelwa). Ummangalelwa ungumuntu omangalelwe ngecala. Ummangalelwa uthola amalungelo omthetho womthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nokubekwa indinganiso, ilungelo lokumelana nokuzibeka icala, nelungelo lokumelana nokumelana nabamangalelwa. Icala lomphakathi, kokubili kuyizikhundla zombango zangasese (noma uhulumeni lapho likhohliswa). Awukho umbono oqinile wecala; zombili izinhlangothi ziphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngobufakazi. Umthetho uvikela abamangalelwa abangemthetho abangenakuzivikela ngokuzenza bangenelele kubamangaleli abamangali. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhulu sesizwe singaphoqeshelwa ukuba kudluliselwe ngokungena eqenjinini, futhi siviswe ngokugwegwegwegwegwenywa.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala Nobufakazi Kuyabusa

Kokubili ukuqulwa kwecala nomthetho kulandela imithetho yobufakazi nenqubo, kodwa isivikelo esiqinile ezicaleni zobugebengu sivame ukuholela ekususweni okunzima kobufakazi obutholakele ngokungekho emthethweni. Imithetho yokuhlukanisa ivimbela ukuqulwa kobufakazi obuthathwe ekuphenyeni okungekho emthethweni noma ekuqubukeni. Ekuqulweni kwesizwe, ubufakazi buvunywa uma bufanelekile futhi bungabekezeli ngokungafanele, ngemingcele engokomthetho elinganiselwe. Ukuqulwa kwecala kuhilela izigaba ezithile ezinjengazokuqala, ukuzwa kokuqala, nokucishwa kwezindlebe. Ukuqulwa komphakathi kungahlanganisa ukuthatha isigwebo okungaqondile okuvumela amacala ukuba axazululwe ngaphandle kobufakazi beqiniso. Indima yamajaji eqotho ihlukile: ekuvinyweni kobugebengu, abahluleli abavamile banezinqunywe ngokusemthethweni; umahluleli ezikamthetho womphakathi, futhi inquma inqumo ebekwe eceleni kwesinqumo esingokomthetho sokumelana nomthetho.

Izifungo Nezahlulelo

Ekuqulweni kwecala lobugebengu, isinqumo sinecala noma asinacala. Isinqumo esingenacala sisho ukuhluleka ukusingatha umthwalo waso, hhayi ukuthi ummangalelwa akanacala. Ukuqiniseka kudinga isinqumo sejaji esihlangene ezigabeni eziningi (ngaphandle kwezinye izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezivumela izinqumo ezingaphelele ezivumela amacala amancane). Izigwebo zibekwa umahluleli ngemva kwesinqumo, ngokuvamile ukulandela isigwebo esihlukile lapho kuthathwa khona ukuvala icala nokukhipha isigwebo. Isinqumo ngokuvamile sinquma icala lomphakathi (yebo, noma cha), futhi uma kutholakala ukuthi indiva indiva, isikhalazo. Izigebe zivame ukuvumelana nesinqumo sokugweba. Isigwebo sezehlulelo esivamile siholelwa ngokulandela ukujeziswa kwecala nesijeziso, ukubukwa kwemithetho yomphakathi.

Inqubo Yokukhanga

Abamangalelwa besigebengu banelungelo elizimele lokudlulisa ukuqiniseka kwabo ezinhlangothini eziningi, nakuba izizathu zokudlulisa icala zilinganiselwe emaphutheni angokomthetho, ubufakazi obunganele, noma ukwephulwa komthetho-mthetho. Ukushushisa ngokuvamile akunakudlulisa ukunxeba, njengoba lokho kungaphula izigaba ezimbili eziyingozi. Nokho, uhulumeni ungadlulisa izimemezelo zangaphambi kwezenkantolo ezilahla amacala noma ubufakazi obungagunyaziwe. Abamangali bamakhaya banelungelo lokudlulisa izahlulelo zokugcina, futhi ngezinye izikhathi imiyalo (i-interlim). Indinganiso yokubukeza ekudluliseni ingundayo iwuhluzekile: okuyiqiniso kuguquliwe kuphela uma kucacile, kuyilapho imibuzo engokomthetho ibukezwa ngokushaya icala. Izikhalo zomba zangaphakathi zivamile, kodwa iqembu elilahlekileyo kumelwe libonise ukuthi iphutha elibi kakhulu elithinta umphumela. Ezimisweni, izinkantolo, izinkantolo ezingasehluleki, zingasekela, noma zibuye zibuye zishintshe isinqumo.

Ukwehluka Okungokoqobo Ngezindleko Nesikhathi

Ukuqulwa kwecala kuvame ukuhlanganisa ukuqulwa kwemithetho ephawulekayo yangaphambi kwezenkantolo nokuhamba, okungandisa isikhathi phakathi kweminyaka ethile futhi kubangele izindleko ezinkulu zomthetho. Ukuqulwa kwecala, nakuba kubiza futhi kuthatha isikhathi, kungaphansi kwe-Purty Trial Act (ezinkantolo zikahulumeni), futhi kungaphansi kwemithetho yokuqulwa kwecala esheshayo, okufuna ukuba uhulumeni ulethe ummangalelwa ukuba aquliswe icala phakathi kwezinsuku ezithile. Nokho, ukuqhubeka nokuhlola okuyinkimbinkimbi kungabambezela ukuqulwa kwecala lobugebengu futhi kubekezele inselele. Umthwalo wezimali emacaleni amaqembu uhlukile futhi: ezinkantolo zobugebengu, izimali zikahulumeni, futhi abamangalelwa abathola iseluleko somthetho esisemthethweni. Ezimweni zombili lezi zinhlangothini zithwala izindleko zabo ngaphandle kokuba izivumelwano zesivumelwano somthetho noma izivumelwano sesivumelwano esingokomthetho somphakathi esikhona. Lokhu kungasusa ngisho nokuzibophanga abantu ngabanye, uma beboshelwa ngisho nasemacaleni emacala enkantolo.

Izincwadi Eziwusizo Zabafundi Nothisha Bomthetho

Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kokuqulwa kwecala nomthetho akuyona nje indlela yemfundo; kuthinta ngokuqondile indlela abameli abazimisele ukulungiselela ngayo ukuqeqeshelwa isikole nendlela othisha abaklama ngayo. Abafundi bomthetho kumelwe baqonde imithwalo ehlukene yobufakazi, izindinganiso zokubukeza, nezimiso zomthetho ukuze bavikeleke ngokuphumelelayo abathengisi. [[F3] Kubafundi, baqokomisa izibonelo zezwe ezingokoqobo cishe njenge-O....Simpson (icala elibekwe enkantolo yobugebengu kodwa elitholakele isigwebo sokufa okungalungile). [Ngaphandle kwezindlela ezihlukene] [F3] [F]], i-F3] ihluleka indlela okungaveza ngayo imiphumela engaphezulu yobufakazi bokuvinjelwa kwezezezomthetho, kanti isilinganiso esiphansi singaphumela ekutholeni imithetho engcono nokuvivinyweni kwezimiso zomphakathi ngokungafanele. Izindlela ezikhona futhi inqubo yomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.[F3][3][F][3][3][3][3] Kulezi hlelo lweziseke seSikole seSikole sezense: I

Isiphetho

Ukuqulwa kwezimo zobugebengu nokuqulwa kwemicikilisho yomthetho kuyizinsika ezimbili zesimiso sokwahlulela, ngayinye ifeza injongo ehlukile. Ukuqulwa kwecala kulwela ukuhleleka komphakathi ngokujezisa labo abaphula imithetho, kuyilapho ukuqulwa kwecala kuxazulula izingxabano zombango zomuntu siqu futhi kuhlawulele amaqembu alimele. Ukungezwani okuthwele ubufakazi, amaqembu, amalungelo ehlukene, futhi amakhambi abonisa umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwenkululeko nempahla. Kunoma ubani ofunda noma ofundisa umthetho, ukulawula lokhu kungafani akudingekile nje kuphela ekudluliseni izivivinyo kodwa ukuba abe udokotela ophumelelayo. Ngokuqaphela indima ephelele yalezi zinqubo zokuvivinya, umuntu uzuza umbono ocacile wendlela isimiso esilawula ngayo inzuzo yezenhlalakahle nempahla. Lokhu kunikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokuhlola isimiso ngasinye sesimiso sokuhlola isimiso sesikole, noma segumbi lokuhlola amakilasi, noma ukuphumelela.