Isakhiwo sikahulumeni wase-United States simelela impumelelo enkulu kakhulu ebunjiniyela bezombangazwe. Ivela ekuhlulekeni kweZihlomelo ze-Confederation futhi yaqanjwa ngokusetshenziswa kwe-Constitutional Convention ka-1787, isimiso samandla ahlukene saklanyelwa ngokucacile ukuvimbela ukuphakama kobushiqela. IFramers, ithonywe kakhulu yizazi zeNjenganiso njengoMontesquieu, yabela igunya emagatsheni amathathu ahlukene (i-lempilitislated, isikhulu, neyahlulelo. Igatsha ngalinye lisebenza kancinci kodwa lihlangene ngokunemizwana ngemidaba eyinkimbinkimbi yokuhlola nokulinganisela. Ukuqonda imisebenzi eqondile namandla angaphakathi alamagatsha akubalulekile kubafundi bamazwe ahlukene kuphela, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi noma isiphi isakhamuzi sifuna ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni ophethe ngayo, umthetho, futhi sihlanganisa nezimpikiswano zekhulu lama-21.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: ISiphakamiso I Nombuso Wombuso Wombuso

Uma kucatshangelwa ukusolwa okujulile kwamandla okulawula, akuzenzakaleli ukuthi iSiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo (i-propatitis) esimisa igatsha le-propatistion (ilona elide kakhulu neliningiliziwe kakhulu. Igatsha le-province, noma i-Congress, liklanyelwe ukuba libe yigatsha likahulumeni eliyinhloko nelinamandla kakhulu. Umsebenzi walo oyinhloko ukwenza imithetho, kodwa futhi linegunya lesikhwama, igunya lokumemezela impi, nekhono lokuqondisa amanye amagatsha.

Ukuthatha Isidala: Ukuhlehla Okukhulu

Isakhiwo soMkhandlu siwumphumela oqondile wokwehlukana okukhulu, okwaxazulula impikiswano eshubile phakathi kwezifunda ezinkulu nezincane. Lokhu kwadala isishaya-mthetho se-bimaral: igumbi eliphezulu (iSishaya-mthetho) lapho kumelelwa khona imibuso, nekamelo eliphansi (Indlu yabameleli) lapho ukumelelwa kusekelwe khona ezakhamuzini zabantu. Lesi sakhiwo esihlukene siqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho kumelwe uhlale ukhona ngaphambi kokuba ube umthetho, usebenze njengendlela yokuhlola ngaphakathi emandleni omthetho. Umbhalo ongokomthetho womthetho-mthetho, uchaza imibuso yeSishayamthetho, ulondolozwa yiZinqolobane zesizwe [.

Indlu Yabameleli: Izwi Eliyisibopho Lesizwe

Indlu ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "Indlu Yabantu" ngenxa yokukhetha kwayo okuqondile okwenziwa abantu kanye namagama ayo amafushane, aminyaka emibili. Lesakhiwo senza abameleli bathathe izindlebe eziguquguqukayo zemizwa yabo.

  • [[NT.0] Ukubekwa nokuphakanyiswa: Indlu yakhiwa amalungu ovota angu-355, abelwe phakathi kwezifunda ezisekelwe ekubaleni kwabantu okwathatha iminyaka engamashumi amane. Isifundazwe ngasinye siqinisekisiwe cishe isihlalo esisodwa. UMthetho woku Vunyelwa kwenani ngo-1929 umise inani ngo-35.
  • Amandla: Zonke izikweleti zokuphakamisa inzuzo (amafakthe) kumelwe zivele endlini. Indlu futhi iphethe okuwukuphela kwamandla okungagunyazi, isebenza njengejaji elikhulu lokuletha amacala kubaphathi bezwe, kuhlanganise noMongameli noMongameli.
  • Indlu isebenza ngaphansi kwesakhiwo esiqinile esilawulwa yisikhulu esiholwa yiSpeaker yendlu, ongowesibili ohlwini lokulandelana komongameli. IKomiti enamandla ilawula izinkulumo zenkulumo zemithetho eminingi, ukulawula ukulunga nemingcele yesikhathi.

ISigele: Isigungu Esiphakeme Ngokusemthethweni

ISigele sasiklanyelwe ukuba sibe umzimba ozinzile, oziphethe omelela izithakazelo zemibuso ngokwayo.

  • Ukubekwa kanye neMithetho: Ngasinye sezifundazwe ezingama-50 sithumela izitembu ezimbili eWashington, okuphumela emalungwini ayikhulu. Ama-Senator asebenzisa amagama anyaka eyisithupha anyakazayo, awavikela ekushintsheni okusheshayo kwezombangazwe okuthinta indlu.
  • I-Advice ne-constance: ISigele siphethe amandla amakhulu phezu kwamagatsha aphetheyo nahlulele. Siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli − kuhlanganisa amalungu eKhabhinethi, amajaji ombuso, namanxusa, . Ihlanganisa izivumelwano ngevoti elivamile. Ihlanganisa izivumelwano ngesilinganiso esingama-mithathu amabili.
  • I-pilibuster ne-Clombre: Isici esichazayo seSigele sanamuhla yi-nfilbuster, icebo le-procedrogration elivumela i-Senetor ukuba ibambezele noma ivimbe ivoti. Ukuqeda i-parenbuster, iSigele kumelwe inxuse amahlule, okudinga ukuvota okukhulu kakhulu. Lomthetho uye waguqula kakhulu indawo yemithetho, uphoqelele ukuyekelelwa noma ukumiswa kwe-oplustra ezindabeni ezinkulu.

Inqubo Yomthetho: Uhambo Lwebhuloho

Inqubo yokuguqula umqondo ube umthetho ngamabomu i-albyrinthne. Isivumelwano samiswa ilungu lelungu le-Congress futhi sibhekiselwe ekomitini ``imishini yokushaya umthetho'. Amakomiti asebenzayo (njengamaJadiary, Izimali, noma amaNkonzo eHlomelo) aba namatalenta, ukuqulwa kwenkulumo-mpikiswano, futhi mhlawumbe abulale noma athumele imvume egumbini eligcwele. Loluhambo ludinga ukuvumelana okukhulu, noma yikuphi ukuhlukana okuvamile, ngokuvamile ngekomiti yengqungqungquthela. Isivumelwano sokugcina esifanayo sithunyelwa kuMongameli, ongasayina umthetho noma awenziwe. Ingqungquthela ingawukhipha i-vhotela kabili ezindaweni ezimbili. Loluhambo ludinga ukuhlangana okubanzi, ukwenza umthetho onzima, ngokuvamile ngezikhulu ngaphandle kwezezekeli zezombangazwe.

Igatsha Eliphethe: ISiphakamiso II Nokuphoqelelwa KoMthetho

ISiphakamiso II sifaka "amandla okubulala" kuMongameli we-United States. Nakuba umbhalo weSiphakamiso II ungacacile futhi ungacaci kakhulu kune-Athis I, igatsha eliphethe liye lakhula ngokuphawulekayo emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Namuhla, liphethe i-comparation enkulu kahulumeni esebenzisa izigidi zabantu futhi ithonya elikhulu phezu kwenqubo yasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.

UMongameli: Inhloko Kahulumeni, Uhulumeni Nomphathi

UMongameli ugqoka izigqoko eziningi, ezisebenza njengenhloko engokomfanekiso kahulumeni, umqondisi oyinhloko kahulumeni kahulumeni, nesikhulu sezempi esiphethe izikhundla eziphakeme kunazo zonke.

  • Amandla abhekisa phambili: UMongameli unecala lokuhlelwa "ukubulawa kokwethembeka" kwemithetho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukukhipha iziyalo zezikhulu zokuqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni, ukunikeza izintethelelo ngobugebengu bukahulumeni, nokukhipha umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho.
  • Umthetho wobuProfethi noMkhosi weMpi: UMongameli ukhonza njengoMkhuzi weNkulumbuso yamabutho ahlomile, uxoxa ngezivumelwano (obekwa ngaphansi kweSigeqe), kanye namanxusa amisayo. ISigqibo seMpi sango-1937 sazama ukulinganisela amandla kaMongameli okuhlomisa amabutho ukuba alwe ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwenhlangano, kodwa impikiswano ngokulinganisela kwemibuso yempi ilokhu iyimpikiswano ewumthetho-mthetho.
  • Ihhovisi Eliphethe loMongameli: Ukuphatha ubukhulu obukhulu bobuProfente, iHhovisi Lesikhululo sikaMongameli (EOP) lasungulwa. Lihlanganisa izinhlangano ezigxekayo njengeNational Security Council (NSC), iHofisi yokuHlawula noHlelo lweMali (OMB), kanye ne-Council of Economic Adviers, inikeza umongameli ngokusekela kwezisebenzi ezingochwepheshe.

Umongameli Ongumongameli Nempumelelo

Umongameli oyisekela umninindlu unemisebenzi emibili eyinhloko engokomthetho-sisekelo: ukuphatha iSigele (ukubeka amavoti ahlukanisayo) nokuthatha isikhundla uma uMongameli efa, esula, noma esuswa esikhundleni. Isichibiyeli se 25, sagunyazwa ngo-1967, sacacisa inqubo yokulandelana, ichaza indlela uMongameli ongumongameli oba uMphathi owengamele uma uMongameli ekhubazekile nokuthi kugcwaliswa kanjani imvume eMseni.

IKhabhinethi Nombuso WaseBudminial

IKhabhinethi iyindikimba engokwesiko (engachazwanga ngokucacile eMthethweni) ehlanganisa uMongameli ophethe kanye nezinhloko zeminyango engu-15 ephethe, njengemishini Yomthetho, i-Defense, ne-Moovement. La manxusa amiswa nguMongameli futhi aqiniswa yiSigele. Ngezansi leli zinga eliphakeme linenhlangano enkulu yezomthetho, ehlanganisa izinhlangano ezizimele (njenge-Federal Reserve) kanye ne-guravior commentotations (njenge-SEC). Lezi zinkampani zinomthwalo wokuqondisa ukuphatha kwezinsuku zonke umthetho kazwelonke, zikhipha iziqondiso eziphethe umthetho. Lesi sifundazwe sezwe sesimo sesimo esikhulu sengxoxo sezombangazwe nesomthetho, njengoba abagxeki bephikisa ukuthi i-provisionationssion of Nationalunic.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: ISiphakamiso III Nokuchazwa KoMthetho

ISiphakamiso III simisa ijaji likahulumeni, neNkantolo Ephakeme isesiqongweni salo. AmaFramers aklama igatsha lokwahlulela njengelibuthakathaka kakhulu,(ingalawuli inkemba noma isikhwama semali (*) kodwa lisebenzisa amandla amakhulu ngokuhlola inkantolo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela, amajaji ombuso akhonza ukumiswa okuhlala kukho konke "ukulinganisa ukuziphatha okuhle"

INkantolo Ephakeme: INkantolo Yokugcina

INkantolo Ephakeme yakhiwa amaJaji angu - 9: IJaji elilodwa eliyinhloko namaJaji angu - 8. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukuxazulula izingxabano eziphakamayo ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni nokuchaza uMthetho - sisekelo.

Izinkantolo Eziphansi EziwuFederal

UKhongolose uye wamisa isimiso esinezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni.

  • Izinkantolo zezesifunda: Lezi izinkantolo zecala lesimiso sikahulumeni. Kunezinkantolo zesigodi ezingu-94 kulo lonke izwe, lapho kuqulwa khona amacala kahulumeni, izigebengu zihlaliswa khona, futhi kukhishwa izinqumo.
  • Izikhulu zezokudlulisa: KuneziNkantolo Zokudlulisa Izikhwelo eziyi 13. Lezinkantolo azinamacala kodwa zibukeza izinqumo ezingokomthetho zezinkantolo zesifunda ezingaphansi kwazo. Iqembu labahluleli (ngokuvamile ezintathu) linquma ukuthi umthetho wasetshenziswa kahle yini. INkantolo Ephakeme ibuye ibukeze izinqumo zeNkantolo.

Inqubo Yokumisa Nefilosofi Yokwahlulela

Inqubo yokumisa nokuqinisekisa amajaji kahulumeni iye yaba omunye wemisebenzi yezombangazwe enzima kakhulu eWashington. UMongameli ukhetha ama-mineine, abe esehlolwa yiKhomite yeSigele yoMkhandlu futhi aqinisekiswe yivoti yeSishaya-mthetho egcwele. Ngenxa yokuthi abahluleli bakhonza ukuphila konke, ukumiswa kwabo kunemiphumela edlula kude kakhulu umongameli oyedwa.

Ifilosofi yokwahlulela idlala indima enkulu kulemibango. [FLT:] ifuna ukuchaza umthetho-sisekelo osekelwe ekuqondeni kwawo komphakathi kuqala ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa. umbhali womthetho-sisekelo ophilayo [ uphikisa ukuthi incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ingaguqula ukuhlangabezana nezinselele ezintsha zezesayensi. Lamafilosofi alawula yonke into kusukela emalungelweni ezibhamu kuya emandleni empawini empumele. Imithombo yemfundo enjenge-ANTIBBBENS [[FLT:][FLT][FLT]] inikeza izincazelo ezinhle kakhulu zalezimfundiso zokwahlulela eziphikisanayo.

Isimiso Samasheke Nokulinganisela

Ukwahlukana kwemibuso kuyingxenye yendaba. Ukuhlakanipha koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. kusesimisweni sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuhlangene, lapho igatsha ngalinye linendlela yomthetho-sisekelo yokumelana nokungenela kwamanye. Njengoba uJames Madison abhala ku Federalist No. 51, "Izikhundla kumelwe zenziwe ukuze kulwiwe ukuthatheka.""

Izazi Zemithetho Zihlola Isikhulu Nomfundisi

  • Ukuhlanganisa nokususa: Indlu ingakhipha (inani) uMongameli noma umahluleli kahulumeni, futhi iSigele sithatha icala lokususa.
  • O ukushayeka i-Vto: UKhongolo-kanye lungagumbuqela i-veto engumongameli nge-31 ye-mayes emagumbini womabili.
  • [[I-FLT:0] I-Advice kanye ne-constance: ISigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa kwesikhulu nokwahlulela.
  • Amandla entengo: ulawula yonke imali kahulumeni, iwunika amandla okulawula aphambili kakhulu kunemisebenzi yezinhlangano.
  • Ukwakha: uhlela ubukhulu beNkantolo Ephakeme futhi udale noma uqede izinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Icala Nesimiso Sobuculi

  • I-VETO Power: UMongameli angakwenqaba umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho.
  • A A amandla okumisa: UMongameli uveza wonke amajaji kahulumeni, elungisa isakhiwo sejaji amashumi eminyaka.
  • Amandla e-pardon: UMongameli angahlola ijaji ngokuthethelela abantu ababoshelwe emacaleni kahulumeni.
  • I-Exect Directeds:[ UMongameli angaqondisa ukusebenza kwegatsha eliphethe, achaze imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Icala Nombuso

  • [ Jodicial Review:[ INkantolo Ephakeme ingamemezela imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho noma izenzo ezithathwa nguMongameli ngaphandle kwemithetho.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Inkathi yokuphila:[ Amalunga asebenza ukuphila, awavikela ekuphindiselweni kwamanye amagatsha ngenxa yezinqumo zawo.

Isiphetho: Uhlelo Lomthetho - sisekelo Oluhlala Njalo

Isakhiwo esinemikhakha emithathu kahulumeni wase-U.S. asisona ipulani eqinile kodwa isimiso esinamandla futhi esiphikisa njalo. Kusukela ekunyulweni kwamandla okulawula phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe kuya ezimpini ezisabekayo zokulwa nomthetho eziwujuqu kanye nokulwa kwemithetho ye-productal productrock, ukulinganisela kwamandla kuyashintsha ngokuqhubekayo. Ukuqonda indima ehlukile kanye nohlelo lwemithetho, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela kuyikhohlolo lokwazi ukuba nesabelo sesizwe esifundile. Ngokuqaphela indlela lezi zinhlangano ezisebenza ngayo nendlela ezihlola ngayo ezinye, izakhamuzi zihlonyiselwa kangcono ukuba zingene nenqubo yezombangazwe, zihlole izenzo zabameleli babo, futhi zivikele uhlelo lomthetho oluqondise isizwe emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Ulwazi oluthembekile lwezezingenisweni nakuhle kungatholakala [FL:0]