Isisekelo Esingokomlando Sezinhlonhlo Nokulinganisela

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela asizange sivele endaweni engenalutho. Sahlolwa ngamabomu yi-Framers of the U.S.S. ngo-1787, sidwebe kakhulu kuyifilosofi yezombangazwe yomcabangi waseFrance Baron de Montesquieu[, owaphikisanayo emsebenzini wakhe [[FLT:]] uMoya woMthetho [1748]] [inkululeko yezombangazwe efuna ukwahlukana kwemibuso. AmaFramends, alwa nje nokuvukela kwenkosi enamandla, ayesola kakhulu igunya eligcwele. [[FLD:] Falterlist.[5] No.[5] [5] [FLT] [5], Jakobe:], Jakobe: "Addictionumgomole wombuso, kumelwe adalwe umgomo wokulwa kwegunya ukuze alwe." kodwa umsebenzi onamandla kakhulu.

Isakhiwo sokuqala esihlukanisa amandla phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu alinganayo: ukumiswa kwemithetho (Conren), umphathi (uMongameli), nokwahlulela (izinkantolo). Igatsha ngalinye lanikezwa amandla ahlukene, kodwa futhi ikhono lokuvimbela amanye. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli angawumisa umthetho odluliswa yiKhomishane, kodwa uMkhandlu ungawudlulisa umthetho owenziwe yimithetho ehlukene, kodwa uhulumeni ungawukhipha lowo owenziwe ngenani elikhulu eliyisithathu. Le mibuso, ngamandla okubukeza (emiswe ecaleni lezehlulelweni emacaleni esazi sezenkolo. [Marbury v.]]), ingamemezela imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu ezingahambisa isiphiwo. Le mibuso ehlanganisa amandla aklanyelisayo enzisayo enziwayo enziwayo ukuba ihluleke kancane futhi ihle.

Namuhla, lesisimiso sithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika, kusukela emanzini owaphuzayo kuya emoyeni owuphefumulayo nenkululeko oyisebenzisayo.

Indlela Okusebenza Ngayo Nokulinganisela Esikhathini Sanamuhla

Nakuba ukwakheka komthetho-sisekelo kungakashintshi kakhulu, ukusebenza okusebenzayo kokuhlola nokulinganisela kuye kwashintsha ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ekhulwini le-18. Ukukhula kukahulumeni, ukukhula kwezinhlangano zokuphatha, kanye nokunqwabelana kwezindaba zembulunga yonke konke kuye kwadala amathuba amasha okulwa nokubambisana phakathi kwegatsha ngalinye. Nakhu ukuwohloka kwendlela igatsha ngalinye elihlola ngayo elinye ekubuseni kwamanje.

Umthetho Uhlola Isikhulu

UKhomishane uphethe amathuluzi amaningana anamandla okuqondisa nokucindezela igatsha eliphethe. Okubonakalayo kakhulu amandla esikhwama semali: iKhomishane kuphela egunyaza ukuchitha imali, futhi ingayenqaba ukusekela izivumelwano zomongameli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSigele sinamandla okuqinisekisa noma ukwenqaba ukumiswa komongameli enkantolo, i-patratted, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Amakomiti e-Congregational aqhuba uphenyo kanye nokukhipha ama-passena ukuze aphoqe ufakazi noma amadokhumende avela kubaphathi abakhulu. Ezehlakalweni ezidlulele, iNdlu ingamkelela noma isikhulu sikamongameli, futhi iSigele singawakhipha ehhovisi. Izibonelo zamuva nje zihlanganisa nezingagunyaza ezimbili zikaMongameli uDonald Crump nomthetho oqhubekayo wokuhlola amagatsha.

Ukuqondisa Isimiso Sezomthetho Kuhlola Imithetho

Ukuhlolwa okuqondile kakhulu kukamongameli kuKhongolose i-veto. Nakuba ivetoes ingangagqwala, usongo lwe-vetos ngokuvamile luphoqelela uKhongolose ukuba lushintshe umthetho ukuze kuqinisekiswe isigqebhezana sikamongameli. Umongameli futhi unamandla ohlelo lwesikhulu, oluwavumela ukuba aqondise amanxusa kahulumeni ukuba athathe izinyathelo ezithile ngaphandle kokulindela umthetho omusha. Nokho, iziqondiso zezikhulu zingabekelwa inselele enkantolo noma zishintshwe umongameli olandelayo. Okunye ukuhlola okucashile kodwa okunamandla yindima kamongameli njenge "pulpulpulty"" [1] Ukusebenzisa imithombo nezinkulumo zasobala ukuze athathe isinyathelo sokucindezela amaBhungane.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Icala Nombuso

Igatsha lokwahlulela, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, lisho okokugcina ngomthetho-mthetho wemithetho nezenzo eziphetheyo. Ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, iNkantolo ingamisa umthetho owephula umthetho. Ingakhipha iziyalo zokuvimbela izenzo zokuphatha ezilindele ukuqulwa kwecala eliphelele. INkantolo ngokwayo ihlolwa ngeqiniso lokuthi amalungu ayo anqunywe ngumongameli futhi aqinisekiswe yiSigele, futhi iSishaya-mthetho singashintsha ubukhulu beNkanto (nakuba lokhu akuvamile) noma isikisele izinqumo ezingokomthetho zokugumbuqela ukugumbuqela inkantolo. Izibonelo zamuva nje zihlanganisa izinqumo zeNkantolo yeAffordcare Act, amalungelo okukhipha isisu, nenkambiso yokuthutha.

Amasheke Egatsheni Lokwahlulela

Ijaji alizimele ngokuphelele. ISishaya-mthetho singamisa imithetho eshintsha ukubusa kwenkantolo kahulumeni, futhi ingaqeda ngisho nezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umongameli noKhongolose balawula inqubo yokumisa. Ukugunyaza kusebenza kumajaji kahulumeni kanye naku-8] amaningana aye asuswa ebhentshini ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi. Igatsha eliphethe lingaphoqelela ukuba kumiswe imithetho yenkantolo; uma umongameli enqaba ukuphoqelela isinqumo, ijaji linamandla alinganiselwe okuphoqelela ukuthobela (nakuba ukudelwa okunjalo kuyivelakancane futhi kuphikisana).

Imiphumela Yangempela Yomhlaba Ekuphileni Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela singase sibonakale singenakubonwa, kodwa siveza imiphumela eqinisekile ethinta wena nsuku zonke.

Isivikelo Nokulondeka Kwezentengiselwano

Lapho uthenga imoto, ithoyi, noma ibhodlela lokwelapha, uyazuza kulokhu kulandelana okude kokuhlola nokulinganisela. Umkhandlu unikeza imithetho enjengethi Consmer Product Safety Act ne [[FLT:] Isiphuzo, isidakamizwa, neCosmotic Act. Igatsha eliphethe, ngezimiso zokuvikela [[FLT:]] i-CPUNUM FREFUM Provect Sutect Commission (CC)[FL:] ne-[FLT] ne-DROUM [FLT] ne-D [FLT] Administ [FFF:6] [FFM] [FFM]], isekela lezo zimiso zokuphepha, nokuhlola imikhiqizo, nokubukeza, ukubukeza, noma izinhlelo zomthetho zezehlulele, ngaphandle kwenqubo yeze, noma inqubo yezenqathe, noma ingekho, noma ingekho, noma inqubo engathi

Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo Nezindleko

Umshuwalense wakho wezempilo nokunakekela kwezempilo kuthonywe kakhulu amasheke namaza. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho wokunakekela okungalawuleki [FFFfordhable Create (ACA) wadluliswa yi-Congress, wasayinwa ngumongameli, futhi wabe usubekelwe inselele ngokushesha enkantolo. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela umthetho omningi ngo-2012 (Inhlangano ye-Izwelonke yebhizinisi v. Sebelius) kodwa yalinganisela ukwandiswa kwe-Médicaid. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, amongameli balandela bakhipha iziyalezo zesikhulu se-ofisi noma izivumelwano ezinwe noma izivumelwano, kuyilapho izinkantolo ziqhubeke zibusa ezilungiselelweni ngokukhethekile. Lokhu kuqhubeke kusetshenziswa emuva-kuhle-kanye phakathi kwamagatsha kusho ukuthi inkambiso yempilo yakho ingashintsha kakhulu kuye ngokuthi ubani.

Ukukhululeka Kwezakhamuzi Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Ezinye zezici eziseduze kakhulu zokuphila kwakho . PUTIOT [ilungelo lakho lokushada], ukubusa umzimba wakho siqu, kuvikelwe yimishini nezimiso. Uma izinhlangano eziphethe noma ukuqashwa komthetho ziphaphazanyiswa, izinkantolo zingena. PURITTT Act , [igunya], lidlule ngemva kwengu 9/11], kodwa ukumangalelwa nokuhlelwa okulandelayo (njengemizamo [[FLT:]]] USHAWULA UMBULULET [[[FL:3]]]) ku- 2015) kuvuse kubekwe iNkakhulu lemithetho. Muva nje, iNkakhulu yabusa [FLD] KernkT] [2] [inhlangano yezempilo] [2] [2] [2][22] Inhlangano yeze i-Constitution kuveza imvume yokukhishwa kwecala, yombili, ecacile, futhi i-iethe, yeNkakhulu.

Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile

Umoya owuphefumulayo kanye namanzi owaphuzayo ulawulwa ngokudlala amagatsha ayinkimbinkimbi. UKhomishane udlulisa imithetho elawula indawo ezungezile enjenge uMthetho womoya ohlanzekile kanye no-[FLT] Act Wamanzi ahlanzekile [[. Igatsha eliphethe, nge- i-ENT] i-ENTER quement Agement ([FLT]] I-ENTERNTY)[[FLT], iziqondiso ezicingisiwe. Amaqembu ama-ICTP] futhi asholo ukuthi i-EPA, isholova ukuthi i-EPA idlula igunya layo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zishaya phansi noma zilungisa lezo zimiso zendawo ezizungezile. [FL:6] I-v [FLT] [FL7] [iK: [2] [2], [22], i-ENSP], i-Epaget mandla aphakeme e

Ukugunyaza Amalungelo Nobuqotho Obuyintandokazi

Ikhono lakho lokuvota libunjwa ukuphoqelelwa njalo nokudonsa phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza amandla okumisa izinqubo zokukhetha, kodwa imithetho kahulumeni enjenge- uVotting Rights Act ka-1965 (idluliswe yiSivumelwano futhi yasayinwa ngumongameli) ubeka imingcele emikhubeni yokuvimbela ukuphatha umthetho. UMnyango Wezomthetho (ohlukanisa amagatsha) uqinisa lemithetho, kuyilapho izinkantolo zimisa izimpikiswano. [[FLT:] Shelby County v. Haker [2013]) [2013] Inkantolo ephakeme yakhipha isihluthulelo sokukhipha i-Rekhodioctive Act, ikhulula ngokuphumelelayo ngezimo zomlando ezidinga ukuvota okusemthethweni. [[FLT] Imithetho ehoxiwe imvume yokubuyisela imvume yokuvola amagalelo amasha, futhi ibuye ikhiphe imvume yokubuyisa.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Izibonelo Eziwuphawu Zokuhlola Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Ukuze uqonde ngempela ukuthi izinto ezihlolayo nezilinganiselayo ziwuthinta kanjani umhlaba, kuyasiza ukuhlola izikhathi ezithile ezingokomlando lapho isimiso savivinywa futhi sachazwa khona.

United States v. Nixon (1974)

Phakathi nehlazo laseWatergate, uMongameli uRichard Nixon waveza ilungelo lokuvala amakhasethi aqoshiwe ezingxoxo zeWhite House. INkantolo Ephakeme yavumelana ngokuthi uNixon kumelwe avule amakhasethi, esho ukuthi umongameli akawudluli umthetho. UNixon wavuma futhi washiya ngemva nje kwalokho. Lelicala lisalokhu liyisibonelo esinamandla segatsha elihlola umphathi, futhi laholela ngokuqondile ezinguqukweni zezezimali nokukhanya kukahulumeni (kuhlanganise nokwakhiwa kwe-Probactement Ethiccs ).

Clinton v. City of New York (1998)

Ngo-1996, uKhongolo lwagunyaza i-Line Inter Veto Act, unika umongameli amandla okusula izinto ezithile ezichithwayo ezikweletini zokukhipha izikweletu. UMongameli uBill Clinton wasebenzisa leligunya elisha kaningi. Kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme yawulahla umthetho njengongagunyazi, inquma ukuthi yaphula umthetho kaCelasmente woMthetho-sisekelo ngokuvumela umongameli ukuba aphumele umthetho. Lelicala libonisa ihlola legatsha lezenyuko lomthetho: Ingqungquthela inganikeza imibuso eyengeziwe, kodwa inkantolo iqinisekisa ukuthi labo abakhokhi abaphanga ukulinganisela komthetho. Isinqumo esigciniwe sendima eyinhloko ye-Creastimula intela sinquma ukuthi umongameli uyisebenzisa kanjani.

Umthetho Wokunakekela Ongantengantengi Nokubukeza Kokwahlulela

[[FLT: 0] INational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2020)], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela eziningi zemisebenzi yempindo engathiba kodwa yalinganisela ukwandiswa kwe-Medicaid. [ Inkosi. Burwell [2020]], iNkantolo iqinisekisa ukuthi inselele ukuthi inzuzo yezwe ingasetshenziselwa amasuntrakthi empilo athengiwe kuzo zombili izifunda zezwe nezimiso ze-onke izivumelwano zezentengiselwano. Le mithetho ibonisa indlela ezihlolwa ngayo ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi ezinhlangothini eziphambili zempilo. [[FLT] Kalidnub v.[FLD][FLD][5], ilahla inselo efuna ukugumbusa umthetho wonke. Le mithetho elandelanayo, i-ASCevinces ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho eziqinileyo, ngisho nezikanyanyanyanisayo.

Ukuphatha Kwemithetho: I - Iran-Contra Affir

Ngonyaka ka-1980, abaphathi beReagan bathengisa izikhali ngasese e-Iran futhi basebenzisa lemali ukuze baxhase abavukeli baseContra eNicaragua, bephula umthetho oqondile wokuvinjelwa kwenhlangano (iSichibiyelo seBoland). Lapho ihlazo sehla, uMkhandlu wavala izindlebe, wamisa umshushisi okhethekile, futhi ekugcineni waphoqelela izikhulu eziningana ukuba zishiye noma zimangalelwe. Lendaba yabonisa ukuthi ngisho negatsha elikhulu elineqhawe lingaseshwa ngokuphenyelwa okuphelele kwemithetho yezenkolo kanye nokucusumbula imithombo yezindaba.

Indima Yezakhamuzi Ekulondolozeni Iziphethu Nokulinganisela

Uma abantu beqonda ukuthi amandla anikezwa kanjani, bangabheka abameleli babo njengabameleli babo ukuba baphendule izinguquko lapho kuphakama ukungalingani.

Ukubukeka Njengenhloli Eyinhloko

Ngokulindelekile, ukukhetha kuyi-check eqondile yezakhamuzi ezinayo kuhulumeni. Ngokuvota, ungathatha indawo yezikhulu ezisebenzisa kabi amandla noma ezihluleka ukusekela uMthetho-sisekelo. Ukhetho lwama-Midters, ikakhulukazi, lungasusa ngokuphawulekayo ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kobupresidenti no-Congress. Uma abavoti besusa iqembu ekulawuleni indlu noma iSishaya-mthetho, bafaka isheke ngokuphumelela ebhukwini lomthetho kamongameli.

Ukuhlanganyela Enkulumweni Yezindaba Neyeningi

Iphephandaba elikhululekile nelizimele lisebenza njengendlela ebalulekile yokuhlola kuwo womathathu amathathu. Izintatheli zihlola ukuxhashazwa okungase kwenzeke, zitshela umphakathi, futhi zibangela izimpikiswano eziphoqelelayo zokuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni. Izakhamuzi ezisebenzisa izindaba ngokunenzuzo, zihlanganyela ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa, futhi zisekela ukuxhumana okuzimele ziyasiza ekusekeleni lokhu kuhlola. Kunyaka wezokuxhumana, imithombo yezenhlalakahle iye yaba futhi isikhungo sokugcina izikhulu zinecala, nakuba zivela ngezingozi zokudukiswa.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekuphenduleni Kweningi Nasemacaleni Enkantolo

Izinhlangano ze-Federal zivame ukufuna ukufakwa komphakathi ngaphambi kokunikeza imithetho. Izakhamuzi zingafaka amafayili amahemuhemu, zize zingene emacaleni, noma ngisho zimangalele uhulumeni lapho zikholelwa ukuthi umthetho noma isimiso siphule amalungelo azo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukumangalela kweqembu lokusabela kuye kwaphoqelela ushintsho kuyo yonke into kusukela emikhubeni ebolekisa abathengi ekuhlanzeni indawo ezungezile. Indima yegatsha lokwahlulela njengesehlo ixhomeke ekuzimiseleni ukuqhubekisela phambili amacala.

Ukusekela Izinguquko Zokwakha

Ngezinye izikhathi imishini namasheke nezimiso ngokwazo zidinga ukulungiswa. Izakhamuzi zingasekela izinguquko ezinjengemingcele yegama, inguquko yezezimali, noma ukwandisa iNkantolo Ephakeme. Nakuba kunzima ukufinyelela izinguquko ezinjalo, kuye kwaxoxwa ngazo kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. i-American Civil Liberesties Union (ACLU) ne Consance Imbangela ye-CMALIT] ayizibonelo zezinhlangano ezisebenza ekuqiniseni icala lentando yeningi nokukhanya.

Isiphetho

Amasesha nezimiso zingaphezulu kakhulu komqondo ogcwele ibhuqu ovela esigabeni semfundo yabezemfundo ephakeme. Ziyizakhiwo eziphilayo zomphakathi wentando yeningi, ezihlolwa njalo futhi zicwengisiwe ngezenzo zamongameli, abamisi-mthetho, abahluleli, nabahluleli, nezakhamuzi ezivamile. Ezindinganisweni zokuphepha ezivikela umkhaya wakho ezikuvumela ukuba ukhulume ngenkululeko, lesi simiso sithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Ngokuhlala ufundile, uvota, futhi uhlanganyela nenqubo yezombangazwe, usiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amandla ahlala eqinile futhi uhulumeni ukhonza abantu, hhayi enye indlela ekhona. Ngesikhathi esilandelayo ubona indaba ngesinqumo seNkanto ephakeme noma ukuphenyanisa, khumbula ukuthi isimiso sihlolwa njengengxenye yakho.