Idemokrasi, eyisisekelo sayo, iyisimiso sokubusa lapho amandla ehlala khona nabantu. Nokho, indlela amandla asetshenziswa ngayo iyahlukahluka kakhulu phakathi kwabantu ababili abayinhloko: ukuqondisa ngentando yeningi nokumelela idemokrasi. Lesihloko sinikeza izakhamuzi amandla okuvota ngokuqondile emithethweni nasemithethweni, kuyilapho izikhulu ezimelela ubudemokhrasi zikhetha ukwenza izinqumo kubantu. Isimiso ngasinye sinezinzuzo ezihlukile nezingasizi eziklanyela ukubopha kwezombangazwe, izinga lesimiso sezimiso, kanye nokuzinza kwezenhlalo. Lesihloko sinikeza ukuqhathaniswa okujule ekujuleni kokubusa kwentando yeningi nemelela, ukuhlola imisuka yazo engokomlando, izinhlelo zanamuhla, amandla, nobuthakathaka bokunquma ukuthi isiphi isimiso esingaba esifanelekayo ngenxa yokubusa kwamanje.

Ukuqonda Intando Yeningi Eqondile

Intando yeningi eqondile iwuhlobo lokubusa lapho izakhamuzi zihlanganyela khona ngokuqondile ekwenzeni izinqumo, kunokuba ziphathise abameleli. Lesi sibonelo sisekela umsuka waso e-Athene yasendulo, lapho izakhamuzi zabesilisa zibuthene khona eMhlanganweni ukuze zixoxe futhi zivote ngomthetho, izindaba zempi, nezinqumo zokwahlulela. Ezweni lanamuhla, ukubusa ngentando yeningi kusetshenziswa kakhulu ngokuthatha izinyathelo zobudemo-ningi, ukuthatha izivumelwano zezakhamuzi, nokukhumbula okhethweni, ukuvumela abavoti ukuba bavume noma balahle imithetho ethile.

ISwitzerland iyisibonelo esivelele kakhulu samanje sentando yeningi engaqondile. Isimiso sayo sombuso sihlanganisa abameleli abakhethwe njalo ngokwesizwe nangokwezinketho ze-cantonal ezisemishuwaleni yomthetho-sisekelo, izivumelwano, nomthetho omkhulu. Izakhamuzi zase-Switzerland zingaqala futhi izinyathelo ezithandwayo zokusungula imithetho emisha noma izinguquko, uma nje ziqoqa inani elanele lokusayinwa. Lendlela exubile ibonisa ukuthi idemokhrasi ingasebenza ngokuqondile ngakunye nezinhlangano ezimelelayo. Amanye amazwe, njenge-Italy kanye nezindawo ezithile ze-U.S.

Kuyidemokrasi eqondile, uvota unquma ngokuqondile umba ngamunye. Lokhu kudinga izinga eliphakeme lokuhlanganyela komphakathi, ngokuvamile kuhilela iziteshi zokuvota ngomshini noma amabhokisi angokoqobo. Ukwanda kobuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe kuye kwavuselela isithakazelo sentando yeningi eqondile, okwenza ukuba kukwazi ukuthatha isinyathelo esibanzi ngezimiso zokuhlela i-intanethi kanye nokuvota. Nokho, ukusebenzisa idemokrati eqondile ngokwesilinganiso sezwe akuvamile ngenxa yezinselele nezinselele ezisebenzayo.

Isisekelo Somlando Nesefilosofi

Imvelaphi yefilosofi yentando yeningi eqondile isekelwe emqondweni wobukhosi obuthandwayo, lapho igunya elingokomthetho lisuka enzweni sokuthanda kwabantu bonke. Abacabangi abanjengoJean-Jacques Rousseau baphikisa ngokuthi inkululeko yeqiniso ifuna izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuqondile ekuhlohleni umthetho, njengoba ukumelelwa okungenakugwenywa kulula ukubusa kukajenene. Emsebenzini wakhe i-Social Contract, Rousseau waphikisa ngokuthi imithetho kumelwe imiswe abantu ngokwabo ukuze balondoloze inkululeko futhi bavimbele ukonakala. Lomgomo uye washukumisela izinhlangano zokubusa ngokwehlukana phakathi komlando, kusukela emihlanganweni yedolobha lanamuhla ukuya ezinhlahleni.

Izinzuzo Zentando Yeningi Eqondile

Intando yeningi eqondile inikeza izinzuzo eziningana eziphoqelelayo ezingathuthukisa ukufaneleka kwezombangazwe nezakhamuzi ezithembisana ukuhlangana.

  • Isivumelwano seSintu esiKhungezelwe:[ Lapho abantu besho ngokuqondile ezinqumweni zesimiso, basengozini kakhulu ukuhlala benolwazi ngezindaba zezombangazwe futhi bahlanganyele ekuphileni komphakathi. Ukuhileleka ngokuqondile kungaguqula izihloko ezingenzi lutho zibe izakhamuzi ezikhuthele, kuthuthukise isiko eliqinile lentando yeningi.
  • Ukuthatha i-Immente Responsive: ivumela ohulumeni ukuba bathathe isinyathelo ngokushesha ekusabeleni embonweni womphakathi. Ezindabeni eziphuthumayo ezinjengokulungisa komthetho-sisekelo noma ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano, ama-astendum angadlula izinqubo zemithetho futhi abonise intando yamanje yabantu.
  • Umthetho nobungahluleli: [ Ngenxa yokuthi izakhamuzi zibona kahle ukuthi yini evotelwayo nokuthi kwenziwa kanjani izinqumo, ukubusa ngentando yeningi okuqondile kunganciphisa amathuba emisebenzi yegumbi lokusebenza nenkohlakalo. Ivoti ngayinye iwumlando ocacile womphakathi, ikwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuguqula imiphumela.
  • Ukulawula kweMithonje: Nakuba ngokuvamile kugxekwa ngomthetho omkhulu, idemokrasi eqondile inganika futhi idlanzana lezisebenzi ezincane lapho zisetshenziswa ekudaleni. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-apendum asendaweni anganikeza imiphakathi i-veto inzuzo ngemisebenzi engazilimaza ngokungenakuqhathaniswa, njengezingozi zendawo ezungezile noma ushintsho olusetshenziswa ezweni.

Izingozi Zombuso Wentando Yeningi Oqondile

Naphezu kwalezinzuzo, ukubusa ngentando yeningi ngokuqondile nakho kuveza izithiyo eziphawulekayo ezingalulaza ukubusa okuphumelelayo.

  • Ukulandelana nobunzima bezobuchwepheshe: Izimiso eziningi − njengokuguqula intela, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, noma umthetho wendawo ezungezile ngokwezimali. Izakhamuzi ezingase zintule ulwazi olukhethekile. Isilinganiso singase singakwazi ukuhlaziya iziphakamiso eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuholela ezinqumweni ezisekelwe ngokungafanele noma ekuphathweni ngemikhankaso ekhohlisayo.
  • Isibukiso se-Majority Tyranny: idemokrati eqondile ingaguqula “inqaba yeningi,” lapho amavoti avamile okuphoqa khona intando yayo kubantu abambalwa. Ngaphandle kwezivikeli zezinhlangano, ama-astendium angaphumela ekusebenziseni imithetho yokuzibusa amaqembu asengozini.
  • Ukukhathala okunevoti nokuncishiswayo: njalo ngezindaba eziningi kunganqoba izakhamuzi, kuholele ekudumazekeni nasekuvoteni okuphansi. Uma abavoti bethatha itoti eliphansi, bangagxuma amabhola aqinile noma bathembele kuma-heurism, belulaza izinga lokwenza izinqumo.
  • Izinselele zekhokhathi nologistical:[ Ukuhlela izimpawu kanye nokuthatha isinyathelo kudinga imithombo yezokwengamela ephawulekayo, kuhlanganise nezincwadi zokunyathelisa, ukumisa iziteshi zokuhlola, nokwaziswa okusakaza. Kumazwe amakhulu, lezindleko zingavimbela.
  • I-Populism ne Myoyo wokwenza: idemokrati eqondile ingandisa ubuciko bobupopulist, njengoba ukunxusa okungokomzwelo kungase kushukumise abavoti ezindabeni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi imikhankaso yokubhekisa phambili ngokuvamile ixhomeke ekuhlonishweni ngokweqile nasekwesabeni, kuholele ezinqumweni eziphikisana nesithakazelo somphakathi esidala.

Ukuqonda Intando Yeningi Yabameleli

Idemokrasi emelelayo iyisibonelo esivelele ezweni lanamuhla, lapho izakhamuzi zikhetha izikhulu ukuba zenze izinqumo ezingokomthetho ngenxa yazo. Lesimiso savela enkathini yokukhanyiselwa njengekhambi elisebenzayo lokulawula imiphakathi emikhulu, ehlukahlukeneyo. Esikhundleni sokuvota kwesakhamuzi ngasinye kuyindaba ngayinye, abameleli bakhethwa ukuba benze ngamabomu, ngempikiswano, nangomthetho wobungcweti, ngokuvamile ngaphakathi kwesimiso somthetho-sisekelo kanye nokulinganisela. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-United States, i-United Kingdom, i-Jalimane, i-India, kanye nezinye imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi yentando yeningi.

Kuyidemokrase eyinxusa, ukhetho lusebenza njengendlela eyinhloko yokulandisa. Izakhamuzi zivotela abazobhapathizwa ngokusekelwe kumapulatifomu eqembu, ebuqothweni bomuntu siqu, nasezikhundleni zesimiso. Lapho bekhethwa, abameleli kulindeleke ukuba balinganisele izithakazelo zezindawo zabo kanye nezinzuzo zomphakathi ezibanzi. Izinguquko zikhona, njengezimiso zephalamende (lapho umphathi ephuma khona esimisweni somthetho) nezimiso zobumongameli (lapho umphathi ekhethwe ngokuhlukile).

Intuthuko Engokomlando

Umqondo kahulumeni omelelayo ususususelwa mandulo emihlanganweni yamaRoma nasezindaweni zephalamende zenkathi ephakathi, kodwa wachazwa ngokugcwele phakathi nekhulu le-17 nele-18. Abacabangi abanjengoJohn Locke noMontesquieu basekela ukwahlukana kwemibuso nokwentando yeningi ukuze bavimbele ubushiqela futhi balawule ubunkimbinkimbinkimbi bomphakathi wanamuhla. IZinguquko zaseMelika nezaseFrance ezimelelwe ukubusa ngentando yeningi, kanye nezishaya - mthetho ezikhethwe zikhonza njengezwi labantu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinhlangano zentando yeningi zanda, nakuba ukumelela kulokhu kuyinto engcono.

Izinzuzo Zombuso Wentando Yeningi Ongummeleli

Intando yeningi emelela abameleli inikeza amandla amaningana ayenza ifanelekele imiphakathi emikhulu, eyinkimbinkimbi.

  • [ Izikhulu ezinganakiwe zivame ukuba nolwazi olukhethekile, ukusekela, nokuthola ubufakazi obungochwepheshe. Zingahlanganyela ekucabangiseni ngokucabangela, ekuhloleni ubufakazi nokwephula, okunzima ngomphakathi jikelele ukwenza noma iziphi izindaba.
  • Ukuhleleka nokuncitshiswa: Ohulumeni abameleli banikeza ukuzinza kwenhlangano ngezindlela ezimisiwe, izinqubo ezimisiwe, nezinkonzo zomphakathi ezikhokhelwayo. Lokhu kuqhubekela phambili kuvumela ukuhlela isikhathi eside nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso ngaphandle kwe-86 yamavoti aqondile.
  • Isivikelo samalungelo amancane: Abameleli bangasekela amaqembu amancane angashaywa indiva ekuvotelweni ngokuqondile. Isivikelo somthetho-mthetho, njengentela yamalungelo nokuhlolwa kokwahlulela, sihlanganiswa kalula kakhulu ezimisweni zabameleli, sivikela ekuxhashazweni kweqembu elikhulu.
  • ukwaneliseka nokungalawuleki: izilinganiso zokumelela ukubusa ngentando yeningi ngokuphumelelayo kubantu abaningi. Esikhundleni sokufuna ukuba bonke isakhamuzi sivote ezimpikiswaneni ezingamakhulu, abameleli basingatha umsebenzi omkhulu wemithetho, bakhulule izakhamuzi ukuba zigxile ezinqumweni ezibanzi zezombangazwe.
  • Ubufakazi ngenkokhelo: ukhetho oluvamile luvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zisuse abameleli abangasebenzi noma abonakele. Nakuba ingaphelele, lendlela inikeza ukuhlola ngezikhathi ezithile ngamandla futhi ikhuthaza ukusabela embonweni womphakathi.

Izingozi Zombuso Wentando Yeningi Omelelayo

Naphezu kokungalingani kwayo, intando yeningi emelela abameleli ibhekene nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezingaqeda ukwethembana nokuphumelela.

  • Ukuxhumelana phakathi kwabameleli nezakhamuzi: Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izikhulu ezikhethiwe zingavikeleka ezinkathazweni zeqembu, ukuthembeka kwangaphambi, ukufisa, noma ukunikela ngenzuzo yomphakathi. Lokhu kufaka ipeni elikhiphayo kubangela ukuphambana kwe-popultics futhi kufuna izindlela eziqonde ngokwengeziwe zokuhlanganyela.
  • Inzuzo yeLobbing neZithakazelo Ezikhethekile: Amaqembu anezithakazelo angenza ithonya elingalinganiyo ekwakheni umthetho ngokunxusa, iminikelo, nemikhuba ejikelezayo. Lokhu kululaza isimiso sokumelelwa okulinganayo futhi kungaholela ezimisweni ezizuzisa abambalwa ngokulahlekelwa abaningi.
  • Ukunganaki nokungathathi mandla: Lapho izakhamuzi zinomuzwa wokuthi ukuvota kwazo akuthathi mehluko, noma ukuthi zonke izimvotelwa ziyafana, zingadina. Uvoti ophansi unciphisa ilungelo lohulumeni abakhethiwe futhi angakumelela ngokungenamthetho abacebile, abavoti abashukunyiswa kakhulu.
  • Isimiso sokumela i-Gridlock kanye ne-Partisan Polassiation: Izimiso zokumelelela, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinezici eziningi zeveto enjenge-U.S. Congress, zingagula ngokugogeka kwemithetho. Ukuhamba kwezindawo ezibandayo ngokuvamile kuvimbela ukuhlehliswa, kushiye izinkinga ezibalulekile zingaxazululeki.
  • Ukubekwa komthwalo wemfanelo:[ Abameleli abanganaki bangaholela esikweni lokungalawuleki, lapho izakhamuzi zishiya icala lokubusa futhi zithathe ingxenye njalo eminyakeni embalwa. Lokhu kungaqeda ikhono lomphakathi futhi kwenza imiphakathi ibe yizisulu zokudelela izikhulu.

Ukuqhathanisa: Intando yeningi eqondisiwe

Ukuqhathanisa lezizimiso ezimbili kwembula ukudayiswa kwezici eziningana eziyisihluthulelo.

Ukwenza ijubane lesinqumo

Idemokrasi eqondile ingaveza izinqumo ezisheshayo ezindabeni ezithile, njengoba kuboniswa kuma-Swiss angakwazi ukuphetha amasonto ambalwa. Nokho, isidingo sokuhlela amavoti nokwazisa abavoti singanciphisa futhi izinto uma indaba iyinkimbinkimbi. Intando yeningi yommeleli ihlanganisa ukuqulwa kwamakomiti, izimpikiswano zaphansi, nokuziphindisela, okunganqikaza. Nokho, leyo nqubo yokususa iklanyelwe ukuveza imiphumela ecatshangelwa ngokucophelela kakhulu.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwasobala

Idemokrasi eqondile ithambekele ekuthuthukiseni amazinga aphakeme okuthembisana okuqhubekayo kwezombangazwe. Izakhamuzi zihileleka ngentshiseko ekucwaningeni izindaba, ukuphikisana, nokuvota. Ngokuphambene, idemokrati emelela ukubuswa kwentando yeningi ingakhuthaza ukuba nesabelo esiphansi kakhulu, ngokuthembisana kuphela nokhetho kanye nokuthatha isinyathelo ngezikhathi ezithile. Nokho, amathuluzi anamuhla (umz., ukusebenzisa i-electums, uhlelo lokuhlela i-panetics) afiphaza lendlela ngokuvumela izici zokuhlanganyela ngokuqondile phakathi kwemikhakha ye-omkha.

Ikhasi lokulandisa

Kuyidemokrasi emelela idemokrasi, ukulandisa kubhekiswa kunoma ubani ngokhetho. Abavoli bangahlulela ngokucuphayo okusekelwe emlandweni wabo wonke, kodwa kungaba nzima ukuveza ukuhluleka kwezimiso okuqondile. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi eliqondile, ukulandisa kushesha: uma i-athomendu iveza umphumela omubi, izakhamuzi ngokwazo zinecala, okungase kunciphise ukubekwa icala.

Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungelo

Idemokrasi emelelayo, kanye neziphetho zayo zobuphekula, ukubukeza kokwahlulela, kanye nomthetho-sisekelo, ngokuvamile kunikeza izisekelo eziqinile zamalungelo amancane. Idemokrati eqondile, engenazo lezi mishini, ithambekele kakhulu ebushineni obuningi. Nokho, ezinye izimiso ezixubile zidinga izikhundla ezinkulu kakhulu zezinye iziphetho, zinikeza ungwengwele lwesivikelo.

Ukushelela

Isilinganiso sedemokrasi yokumelela i-demokrasi ngokuphumelelayo kubantu abaningi, abahlukene. Ukubusa ngentando yeningi okuqondiswe ngqo kuba yinselele enkulu njengoba inani labavoti nezimpikiswano likhula. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe bunciphisa lemingcele kancane kancane, okwenza izwe lonke likwazi ukuvota futhi liqhubeke lihlola.

Izifanekiso Ezisahwaqadi: Ukuxuba Intando Yeningi Neyommeleli

Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi yanamuhla ihlanganisa izingxenye zombili izinhlelo ukuze ithathe amandla azo zombili lapho ilawula ubuthakathaka. Umfanekiso weSwitzerland usungulwe kakhulu, unomthetho kahulumeni osebenza ngokulandelana kwesimiso somhlangano kuyilapho iziteshi ze-arhente zinikeza ukufakwa okuqondile kwezakhamuzi ezindabeni ezinkulu. Ngokufanayo, i-United States isebenzisa uhulumeni omelelayo ezingeni likahulumeni kodwa ivumela izifundazwe nomasipala ukuba zibambe iziteshi kanye nezindlela zokuthatha imithetho yendawo.

Ukuhlanganyela ekuhleleni imali kuwumkhuba oxubile, oqale waqala ePorto Alegre, eBrazil, futhi manje osetshenziswa ezinkulungwaneni zamadolobha emhlabeni wonke. Izakhamuzi zivota ngokuqondile ukuthi zingayabela kanjani ingxenye yemali kamasipala, zihlanganisa ukuqondisa abameleli nokwenza izinqumo eziqondile. Lomfanekiso uye wandisa ukubonakala, ukuncipha kwenkohlakalo, nokuphinde wahlanganisa imiphakathi elinganiselwe. Ukufunda okwengeziwe ngezindlela zokuhlela ukuhlukanisa imali ekhona embulukeni yonke.

Ama-cropt amanani anjenge efuna ukubuswa ngentando yeningi [ inikeza enye indlela exubile, lapho izakhamuzi zingavota khona ngokuqondile ezindabeni noma zithumele amavoti azo kochwepheshe noma ontanga abathenjwayo. Lokhu kuvumelana kuvumela ukungenela okuqondile kuyilapho zilondoloza izinzuzo zokumelelwa. Amaqembu amaningana ezombangazwe, njengeSigungu sePirate eJalimane nase-Icelandrand Party, aye azama ukuvota ngokuqondile idemocracy ukuze enze izinqumo zangaphakathi.

Ama-referendum ngokwawo avame ukusetshenziswa phakathi kwezimiso zabameleli. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United Kingdom, ama-parenderum esizwe aye anquma ukuba amalungu e-European Union noshintsho esimisweni sokukhetha. Nakuba la mavoti engaxazulula izimpikiswano eziphikisanayo, futhi asengozini yokwahlukanisa i-vhoti futhi athonywe yizici ezimfushane. [FLT: 0] Encyclopædia Britannica ukungeniswa kwe-endex [ inikeza isizinda esiqhubekayo ekusetshenzisweni kwawo nasekwenziweni kwayo.

Isiphetho: Iyiphi Engcono?

Indaba yokuthi idemokrasi eqondile noma emelelwayo ingcono noma ingcono ayinakuphendulwa ngokuqiniseka kuyo yonke imongo. Intando yeningi eqondile ingcono kakhulu emiphakathini emincane, egcwele izakhamuzi lapho zinesikhathi nesithakazelo sokuhlanganyela ngokujulile empikiswaneni ngayinye. Ikhuthaza ukuhlanganyela okukhulu, ukuba sobala, nokusabela. Ngokungafani, idemokrasi yentando yeningi, ifaneleke kangcono imiphakathi emikhulu, eyinkimbinkimbi lapho ubuchwepheshe, ukuzinza, nesivikelo esincane sibalulekile. Ivumela ukubusa okungochwepheshe nokuqhubekela phambili kwezinhlangano.

Uma kucatshangelwa amandla nobuthakathaka besimiso ngasinye, indlela exubile ehlanganisa izici zombili ngokuvamile iyikhambi eliwusizo kakhulu. Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla bunikeza amathuba amasha okuhlanganisa ukuhlanganyela ngokuqondile nezakhiwo ezimele, ukuhlanganisa umphakathi kungakhula ngaphandle kokwephula impumelelo noma ukuvikela amalungelo. Ngokwesibonelo, okuhlangenwe nakho kweSwitzerland kusikisela ukuthi ama-rependium avamile, asayinwe kahle angahlala ndawonye nezimiso eziqinile zokumelela. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlukanisa imali kanye nentando yeningi kubonisa imiphumela ethembisayo ekuthuthukiseni ukuhlelwa kwesinqumo esiphelele.

Ekugcineni, uhlobo lwentando yeningi olungcono kakhulu "kuyi-” luxhomeke ebunini bomphakathi, ukuhlukahluka, impucuko yezombangazwe, nesisekelo sezobuchwepheshe. Abaholi nezakhamuzi kufanele bacabangele ukuhlola izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuze bathole ukulinganisela okulungile kwezimo zabo ezithile. Impikiswano phakathi kwentando yeningi eqondile nemeleleyo ayisona isimemo esibili kodwa ukumenywa kokuklama ukubusa okukodwa okungasiza futhi okuphumelelayo.