Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akusona nje isimiso esingabonakali ezincwadini zomphakathi, kodwa yipulani evimbela uhulumeni wase-United States ukuba ususe ukuhlelwa kwemithetho ye-autocracy. Ngokusakaza igunya phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu alinganayo, uMthetho-sisekelo wenza amandla lapho igatsha ngalinye lihlola izinhloso zamanye. Lesi simiso sivikela ngokuqondile amalungelo ezakhamuzi zonke, siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu ongabhala, ophoqelela, futhi achaze imithetho ngendlela elula. Ukuqonda indlela lesimiso esisebenza ngayo, kusukela ezimpandeni zaso zomlando kuya ezinkingeni zaso zosuku lwanamuhla, kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukubuyiselwa kwentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Amagatsha Amathathu Aningiliziwe

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uhlukanisa uhulumeni kahulumeni wamazwe ube ngamagatsha amathathu ahlukene: uLegislative (Conrer), uBushine (uMongameli nezinhlangano zikahulumeni), neJaji (izinkantolo zikahulumeni). Igatsha ngalinye linemibuso nemithwalo yalo ehlukene, umklamo ohloselwe ukwakha uhulumeni wemithetho, hhayi wabantu. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuqiniswa iqiniso lokuthi izimiso zokukhetha igatsha ngalinye zihlukane, i-Conferne ikhethwe ngokuqondile abantu, uMongameli ukhethwa nge-Electal College, futhi amajaji kahulumeni ahlolwayo agunyazwe futhi aqinisekisiwe ukuphila kwabantu abayishumi.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Umenzi Womthetho

ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo sifaka wonke amagunya omthetho eSishayamthetho eSishaya - mthetho, esihlanganisa iSigele neNdlu yabameleli. Indlu, enamalungu angu-435 abenenani labantu, yaklanyelwe ukuba isondele kakhulu kubantu, namagama athatha iminyaka emibili aqinisekisa ukulandisa. ISigele, sinamalungu ayikhulu (kumbuso ngamunye), sasihloselwe ukuba sibe yindikimba engcono kakhulu, enamagama athatha iminyaka eyisithupha kanye nendima yemvume yezivumelwano nemithetho yesivumelwano phezu kwezivumelwano kanye nokumiswa komongameli.

Umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko womthetho womthetho, kodwa amandla awo adwetshwayo adlulela ngalé kwemithetho engokomthetho. I-levy, iboleka imali, ilawula intengo yezentengiselwano yezwe nelamanye amazwe, imemezela impi, iphakamisa futhi isekela, inikeza i-costal, futhi imisa izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezingaphansi kweNkantolo Ephakeme. I-Linity and Sed Clause (I-Precial I, Ingxenye 8, u-Clause 18) inikeza iSishaya-Mvumelwano sokumisa imithetho “eyimfuneko nefanelekile” yokusebenzisa imibuso yayo ebekwe ngokwezigaba, futhi ilungiselelo eliye laba umthombo wencazelo ebanzi yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSishaya-Hulumente, kuhlanganise namandla okuhlola, izincwadi ezingaphansi kwe-poena kanye nofakazi benhlangano yezimali.

Igatsha Eliphethe: I - Erthoster

ISiphakamiso II simisa iGatya Eliphetheyo, eliholwa nguMongameli wase-United States. UMongameli uyinhloko kahulumeni futhi uyinhloko kahulumeni, ukhonza njengoMphathi-Sikhulu wamabutho ahlomile, umphathi omkhulu oxoxa ngezivumelwano (othobela iSigele sokulwa), kanye nomphoqeleli oyinhloko wemithetho kahulumeni. UMongameli futhi unamandla okuthethelela, umisa izikhulu zikahulumeni (kuhlanganise abahluleli nonobhala bamakhathekhathi, ngokuqinisekisa kweSishaya - mthetho), futhi ukhipha iziyalezo eziqondisa ukusebenza kukahulumeni wombuso.

Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa iminyango engu-15 (njengezwe, i-Defense, Justice, ne-Disch) kanye namakhulu amanxusa azimele namanxusa. La mazwe asebenzisa futhi asebenzise imithetho edluliswa yi-Congress, engaphansi kwesiqondiso sikaMongameli. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubukhulu nesilinganiso segatsha eliphethe siye sakhula ngokuphawulekayo, kuphakamisa imibuzo eqhubekayo ngokulinganisela kombuso. UMongameli ukhethwa njalo eminyakeni emine, futhi kusukela eSichibiyelweni samashumi amabili nambili, akekho umuntu ongakhethwa ehhovisi ngaphezu kwezikhathi ezimbili.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Isiphetho

ISiphakamiso III sakha inkantolo yejaji kahulumeni, eneNkantolo ePhakeme njengenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu nezinkantolo eziphansi njengeSishaya-mthetho. Abahluleli bamaFederal bamiswa ukuze baphile, baziphathe kahle, ezibavikela ekucindezelekeni kwezombangazwe. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wegatsha lokwahlulela uwukuchaza imithetho noMthetho-sisekelo, ukuwenza usebenze emacaleni ahlukene nakwiimpikiswano. Ithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu enkantolo zikahulumeni liyimpindabuko yokwahlulela ngendima yegatsha elizimele yokukhipha umthetho noma isenzo sokulawula. Lobuzwilayelwe okokuqala yiNkantolo Ephakeme .[1810].[FLT] [18]], icala elivelele elisekela indima yegatsha elilinganayo.

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sisikhulu: Izinkantolo zeSigodi (izinkantolo zokwahlulela) zisingatha amacala amaningi kahulumeni; izinkantolo zezokudlulisa amacala (izinkantolo zezikhalo) zizwa izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda; futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme ihlola izikhalo ngokuqapha, ngokuyisisekelo ikhetha amacala aphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho. Ngenxa yokuthi amajaji angokomthetho asebenza ukuphila konke, angenza izinqumo ezivikela amalungelo abantu ngisho nalapho izinqumo zingathandeki eziningi noma kubaholi bezombangazwe.

Isimiso Samasheke Nokulinganisela

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso bekungaba yize ngaphandle kwenqubo yokukuphoqelela. Abakhi be-flamers abakhiwe ngochungechunge lwamandla angenanayo nasebenzana avumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba linciphise amanye − lokho uJames Madison akubiza ngokuthi “izinyathelo zokuphepha ezisizayo” ku- Fiterast No. 51. Lesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sivimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekuqongeleleni igunya elingavinjelwe futhi sidale izisusa zokubambisana nokuhlehla.

Umthetho Uhlola Isikhulu

UKhomishane unamathuluzi amaningana anamandla okuvimbela uMongameli negatsha eliphethe. Okokuqala, umthetho kumelwe udlulise kokubili amagumbi futhi udluliselwe kuMongameli; uma uMongameli ekhipha umthetho, uMkhandlu ungawulawula ngevoti engu-3-3 endlini ngayinye, kodwa hhayi umnyango onzima. Okwesibili, iSigele kumelwe siqinisekise ukumiswa okukhulu komongameli, kuhlanganise namalungu ekhathebe likahulumeni, amajaji ombuso, amanxusa. I-Lingresskorkhence inamandla esikhwameni: ingenqaba ukuthatha izimali ezifanele zezikhulu, isithibe impumelelo ekufezeni umsebenzi wempathilo. Okwesine, iSishaya i-Prince ingaqondisa ukuzwa, izikhulu zezikhulu, futhi iqhube ubufakazi. Okokugcina, indlu ingangamgembuliswa uMongameli wesikhulu, ukufumbathisa, noma okunye ukuphaza ubugebengu obuphakeme, futhi ikhiphe igedemu yecala.

Ukuqondisa Isimiso Sezomthetho Kuhlola Imithetho

Ukuhlolwa okuqondile kakhulu kukaMongameli kuKhongolo kungumthetho owenqabela uMongameli ukuba enqabe umthetho. Nakuba usongo lungawuqeda umthetho, usongo lulodwa luvame ukuphoqelela abenzi bomthetho ukuba baxoxise noma balungise izikweleti ukuze bagweme i-veto. UMongameli futhi unamandla okuKhokela iziKhongolo ezikhethekile futhi angakhuluma noKhongolo ngqo (Umbuso we-Union uyimfuneko engokomthetho). Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengenhloko yegatsha eliphethe, uMongameli angakhipha isigwebo somthetho, okunganqoba ngokuphumelelayo izinqumo zegatsha. UMongameli futhi unethonya elikhulu ezimisweni zomthetho ngemithetho, ephethe amandla omthetho kodwa abekwe ekwahlulelwe futhi eqenjini.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Zombili Izigatsha

I-jadiary ihlola ngokuyinhloko amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela. ($]). Kusukela lapho, iNkantolo ithathe amakhulu emithetho edluliswa yisiKhomishane noma izenzo ezithathwa nguMongameli owephula umthetho. Lamandla awachazwanga ngokucacile eSigqeni III kodwa amiswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme . [[FLT:]] Madison[FLT]] v. [54] [izinqumo], ezaphela ukuhlukanisa izinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi, [FLT] kanye nezindlela zokuphatha.[FOLT], ifaka [FUFULT] izimpawu ze-oct:[5] ezibekwe ngemposo, futhi ezibekwe yi-Spointercencesssss (inkulu]) ezindaweni ezikhona phakathi komthetho wombuso wazomthetho wombuso, nakuba zimiswe futhi, izinqunyuko zeze izinqumo zeze iziphangamendo ezinguqu zawo ezinguqu zawo ezingu ze-10.

Ukuphindaphinda

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela asisona esiqinile; sivivinywa njalo yizimpi zezombangazwe nezimo ezishintshayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokuba uMongameli u-Obama ekhiphe uchungechunge lwezenzo zokuqondisa ekuthutheleni kwabantu ngo-2014, iNdlu yecala e-Texas, futhi inkantolo kahulumeni yakhipha umthetho, isinqumo esisekelwa ekugcineni yiNkantolo Ephakeme ehlukene. Ngokufanayo, ukuvinjelwa kohambo lukaMongameli uTrump kwabekelwa inselele ezinkantolo eziningi, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme ekugcineni isekela inguqulo ebukeziwe. Lezi zibonisa indlela amagatsha asebenza ngayo ngesikhathi sangempela, ngejadiary ekhonza njengenhlalo lapho elinye igatsha libonakala lilahlekelwa igunya laso.

Umsuka Ongokomlando Nobuhlakani

Umqondo wokuhlukanisa amagunya kahulumeni uqala ngaphambi koMthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Isazi sefilosofi saseFrance uBaron de Montesquieu, emsebenzini wakhe ka 1748 Umoya woMthetho , waphikisa ngokuthi inkululeko ilondolozwe kangcono uma i-propatiogrance, isikhulu, nemibuso yokwahlulela ihlukaniswa futhi ihlola enye. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ukugxilisa wonke amandla amathathu kumuntu oyedwa noma umzimba kungaholela ekucindezeleni. Abasunguli baseMelika babethonywe kakhulu yimibono ka-Montesquieu, kanye nesibonelo sikaJohn Locke kahulumeni neso ngokomthetho weBrithe, okwakuyenze yaqala ukuhlukanisa imisebenzi ethile.

Lapho izihambeli zihlangana eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo ngo-1787, zazizazi kahle izingozi zamandla akhethekile. Ukuhluleka kweZihloko zeConfederation (ezakha uhulumeni obuthakathaka ophakathi ongenagunya noma ikomiti) kanye nokungabi namthetho oweqisa kwamanye ama-patrolic angonyaka ka-1780 zawaqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni wesizwe onamandla kakhulu udingekile, kodwa futhi ukuthi kumelwe uhloselwe ngokucophelela ukuze uvimbele ukuxhashazwa. UJames Madison, ngokuvamile wabiza u-"uMninikazi wemithetho ephakeme yokuhlukanisa imibuso nezimiso. Kuyi-Federan Nos. 4751, wachaza indlela u-Provismsm ohlolelekile ayezovimbela ngayo noma igatsha ukuba lingene kwabanye.

UMthetho - sisekelo owavela emibusoni ehlukene phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu futhi wakha nesimiso sikahulumeni esinegunya phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nezwe. Lobububusi obubili bunezela olunye ungwengwengwezi lwesivikelo samalungelo omuntu ngamunye, njengoba izakhamuzi zinganxusa noma yiliphi izinga likahulumeni lokulungisa.

Ithonya Elungelweni Lomuntu Ngamunye

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuvikela ngokuqondile amalungelo amaMelika ngezindlela eziningi eziqinile. Ngenxa yokuthi uMkhandlu kumelwe udlulise imithetho, uMongameli kumelwe ayisebenzise, futhi izinkantolo kumelwe ziyichaze, noma yimuphi umdlali oyedwa unamandla okuphula amalungelo alinganiselwe. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho ovimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma kumelwe udluliswe yizo zombili izindlu zoMkhandlu, ezisayinwe nguMongameli (noma udlulise phezu kwe-veto), bese usinda enselele yokwahlulela. Lenqubo ethatha izinyathelo eziningi inciphisa isinyathelo sikahulumeni futhi yakha ngokuhlela nangokulandisa.

Igatsha lokwahlulela, ikakhulukazi, lisebenza njengomgcini wamalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ngokulawula, izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho ephula umthetho weSikhathi samalungelo noma ezinye izivikelo zomthetho-mthetho. Icala lokuphawula njenge Gideon v. Icala elifana no-Gileon. [ilungelo lokunikeza icebo], [i-[FLT:] [ilungelo] ukungenela icebo], [i-[FLT]] [i-Mirav v.[FLT] v] [inkulu] (ilungelo lokuthula), kanye ne-[FLT] v.[FLT] v.[FLT] [ig:5] [ilungile] ukushada ngokomthetho ezinhlangani] konke kuhilela ukungenela inkululeko ngokumelene nomthetho noma ngokulawula., ukuhlanganisa nokuzimela kwe-jajikidiyo (ithe), futhi namajajijini awe-10).

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuthuthukisa futhi ukubonakala nokulandisa. Ngenxa yokuthi igatsha ngalinye lingahlola amanye (njengalapho uMkhandlu uzwa izindlebe ngezenzo zegatsha eliphethe), izakhamuzi zisengozini enkulu yokufunda ngenqubo yokuxhashazwa okungase kwenzeke. Inqubo yokungagunyazi, nakuba ingasetshenziswa njalo, isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ngokuphelele ngokungabi namthetho. Ngalendlela, isimiso sikhuthaza isiko lokucindezelwa okungokomthetho okuzuzisa isakhamuzi ngasinye.

Izinselele Ezikhona Enkathini Yanamuhla

Nakuba ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuye kwabonakala kuhlala isikhathi eside ngokuphawulekayo, kubhekene nokucindezeleka okukhulu ekhulwini lama-20 lokuqala. Ukukhula kwezombangazwe, ukukhula kwezwe lokuphatha, nokusetshenziswa okwandayo kwesenzo sokuphatha sobuphathi obungahlangani kuye kwavivinya ukulinganisela komthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni impilo yentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Ukuvela Kwezimiso Zokuqondisa

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, abaphathi bazo zombili izikhundla baye baphendukela kakhulu eziqondisweni zobuphathi ukuze bafinyelele izinqubo zesimiso ngaphandle komthetho omusha. Kusukela kuMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt iziyalezo zikaMongameli ezidala ukufakwa kwemithetho yamaJapane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II eziya enqubeni yeziqondiso zamuva kakhulu zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, nokulawulwa kwezibhamu, iziqondiso zezikhulu zivumela amongameli ukuba ashiye iSishaya - Congress. Nakuba iNkantolo ephakeme iye yasekela amandla amakhulu omongameli okuqondisa igatsha eliphethe, abagxeki abaphikisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa ngokweqile iziyalezo zezikhulu kululaza inqubo yemithetho yezenzwe futhi kugxilise amandla egatsheni elilodwa. Izishaya-Akolo zeze ngokomthetho zezeze-'inquluntreance'irl'irgion'iedensiend'ir'ir'iede .[Foctal Resertion]

I - Gridlock Yase - Congress Nokumiswa Kwayo

ISishaya-mthetho sanamuhla sizithola singakwazi ukumisa umthetho omkhulu ezindabeni eziphikisanayo, oholela ekuthunyelweni kweziphathimandla eziphethe. UMongameli, ngalezi zikhundla, anganikeza izimiso ezinamandla omthetho. Nakuba lokhu kungekona ngempela ukuphikisana nemithetho. INkantolo ePhakamileyo iye yavumela ukuthunywa okukhulu uma nje kusekhona “isimiso esingaqondakali” esiqondisa izinhlangano phakathi kwemisebenzi yomthetho ne-custom. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-oplock iye yenza inqubo yokuqinisekiswa kwezikhulu nezokumisa komthetho, inciphisa ukusebenza kwezikhulu zikahulumeni nokuncika kakhulu. Usosayensi wezezombangazwe nezazi ezingokomthetho baye babhala kakhulu ngemiphumela ye-[FFLD [F:] esemthethweni.[1]

Ukuthatha Icala Ngokwahlulela Kumelene Nemingcele

Ijaji ngokwalo aligonyiwe ekugxekweni. Izimpikiswano ngo “izenzo zomthetho zokulwa” kanye“ nokunqanda ukuqulwa kwecala” zibonisa ukungavumelani okukhulu ngendima efanele yezinkantolo eqenjini lentando yeningi. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi amajaji kufanele athathe amagatsha akhethe futhi ahlule imithetho kuphela lapho ephula umthetho ngokusobala; abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ijaji kumelwe livikele amalungelo amancane futhi lisebenzise izimiso zomthetho-mthetho ezibanzi. Izinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo ephakeme ngokuphathelene nokukhishwa kwezisu, izimali zomkhankanka, namandla esikhulu ziye zaqinisa lenqubo yokuqinisekisa izikhulu zeNkantolo zezomthetho ePhakakhulu ziye zaba impi yezombangazwe, kanye neqembu ngalinye elifuna ukumisa abahluleli abavumelana nemibono yayo, ukuphakamisa imibuzo ngezimiso zenkululeko zomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kungaphezu kwelukuluku elingokomlando − iyisimiso esiphilayo esiqhubeka sihlela amalungelo nenkululeko yawo wonke umuntu waseMelika. Ngokufuna ukuba ukwenza umthetho, ukugcinwa komthetho, nokuchazwa komthetho kwenziwe ngezinhlangano ezihlukene ezinamagunya alinganayo, uMthetho-sisekelo wenza amandla avikelayo ekubushiqelani nasekuthuthukiseni ukulandisa. Izakhamuzi eziqonda lesi simiso zihlonyiswe kangcono ukuqaphela uma ukulinganisela kusongelwa futhi zifuna ukuba abameleli bazo basekele izimiso zomthetho-mthetho. Njengoba izinselele zenkathi yanamuhla zivivinya ukuvuselelwa kwalezi zakhiwo, ukuhlakanipha okuhlala njalo kuka-Madison kanye nezintambo kuhlala kuseyisiqondiso esibalulekile. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akusona nje isicingi senkululeko yaseMelika; kumane kuyi-rock of American.