Yini Ekhethwa Kuqala?

Ukhetho lokuqala luyingqungquthela yokuqala yemincintiswano yezombangazwe lapho amaqembu ezombangazwe nabavoti bawo bekhetha khona umthwali wegumbi elivamile. Kunokuba kube isenzakalo esisodwa sombuso, isimiso esiyinhloko umsebenzi owenziwe ngokunenzuzo wokhetho nomshini wokuvota, ngamunye olawulwa yimithetho yawo eyingqayizivele, izinsuku, nezinqubo. Isimiso esiyinhloko sanamuhla sithathe indawo yegumbi elidala "smoke-gcwaliswe" indlela yomphathi beqembu abakhetha ukuvala izicabha. Izinguquko zeNkalela zasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, zilandelwa yiNcrover-Fraser commentationsformations ku-1970s, ishicishiwe kakhulu emaqenjini abavoti, yenza indlela enkulu yokukhetha e-unistrients eUnited States namuhla.

Nakuba izintambo eziphambili zivame ukuhlanganiswa nokhetho lukamongameli, zibaluleke ngokufanayo emahhovisi ezwe naseRepublican, kuhlanganise ne-gubernonarial, i-countarian, nezinhlanga zikahulumeni. Kunoma imuphi umjikelezo wokhetho, amakhulu emincintiswano eyinhloko anquma ukuthi iziphi izimphi izimphi izimphi izimphikiswano ezizobhekana nazo ngoNovember. Izigxobo ziphakeme: ngoba izifunda eziningi ziphephile kuDemocratic okanye iRepublican, ukukhetha okuyinhloko ngokuvamile kuwumncintiswano owumncintiswano. Ukuqonda ukuhlelwa kokhetho oluyinhloko − ukuhlanganisa nabavota, indlela izihambeli ezikhothozo ezizo ezizo ziyo ziyokwa, nendlela imikhankanti ebaluleke ngayo kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda isimiso sezombangazwe saseMelika.

Izinhlobo Ezihlukile Zemibono Eyinhloko

Ukuvula Imisebenzi

Kusimo esivulekile, abavoti akudingeki ukuba babhaliswe ngeqembu elithile lezombangazwe ukuba bahlanganyele. Kunalokho, ngosuku lokhetho, umvoti angakhetha ukuthi yimuphi umvoti oyinhloko weqembu ozowufaka. Lesimiso siklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthatha iqhaza lokuvota futhi sivumele ukuba kuvotelwe izwi elizimele noma elingangeniwe enqubeni yokukhetha. Amazwe asebenzisa izitembu ezivulekile ahlanganisa i-Alabama, i-Michigan, ne-Texas. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi abavuli bavumela "uvota," lapho amalungu eqembu eliphikisayo angavota umvoti obuthakathaka ngamabomu, nakuba ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi lomkhuba awuvamile kakhulu ekukhetheni. Abaxhasi basekela ukuthi abavula abangeni abathathi ngokudweba, abacupheli kakhulu.

Izinhlamvu Zemali Ezivalekile

Ama-criptary avala ukuthatha isinyathelo kubavoti ababhaliswe amalungu eqembu elithile. AmaDemocrates kuphela angavota eqenjini eliyinhloko le-Democratic, futhi amaRepublican kuphela angavota engxenyeni eyinhloko. Lesimiso sikhona ezizweni ezinjenge New York, Florida, ne Nevada. I-gnute icacile: ummese owenziweyo kufanele akhethwe yilabo abazinikele eqenjini nasesiteji salo, hhayi abantu bangaphandle abangase bantule isigxobo sesikhathi eside empumelelweni yeqembu. Nokho, phawula ukuthi ama-Propolatess avalayo andayo aweqa inani elikhulayo labavoti abazimeleyo (o manje abakhi benzile okwesithathu kwabakhethiweyo) futhi abangabathundeka kakhulu enkantolo ethembekile kakhulu.[8]

Ama - semi - Primicrial Avalekile

Kulesi simiso, amalungu eqembu abhalisiwe angavota kuphela esisekelweni sawo, kodwa abangenazo izivoti ezizimele noma abazimele bavunyelwe ukukhetha ukuthi obani abafuna ukujoyina. Lesimiso sizimisele ukulondoloza ukuthembeka kweqembu kuyilapho kusavunyelwa ukuba ahlanganyele. Amazwe anjengeNyakatho Carolina, iMassachusetts, ne-Utah asebenzisa iziteshi ezivalekile. Indlela ikhuthaza abazobhapathizwa ukuba bakhe imifelandawo ebanzi ekuqaleni komkhankaso, ikhange kubo bobabili abaqotho nabavoti abazimele abavame ukunquma ukukhetha.

Ezinye Izinguquko

Ngalé kokukhanya okuvulekile, kunamanye amafomethi abalulekile afanele ukuphawulwa. Phezulu-iyunithi ezimbili , asetshenziswa eCalifornia naseWashington, abeka bonke abazothatha izibalo kuzo zonke eqenjini elilodwa. Abazovota kakhulu (_angenazivoti) /ukukhetha). Lesimiso sihloselwe ukunciphisa i-drockbock futhi bakhiqize abanqobi abalinganiselwe kakhulu. Abavotiwe-icecrite-injini [, njengalabo abasetshenziswa e-Alaska naseMaine, bavumela ukuba abafuni abambalwa bamukele abambalwa, abancindiwe futhi baphumele kulokhu baphume eziphekweni ezingu-50.

Imishini Yokhetho Oluyinhloko

Ukutholakala Okujabulisayo Nokudla Ibhola

Inqubo eyinhloko iqala ezinyangeni ngaphambi kokuba noma yiliphi amavoti akhandwe. Ama-Candida kumelwe afake isimemezelo sokuthembeka, akhokhe intela, futhi ngokuvamile aqoqe inani elidingekayo lamasimemo kubavoti ababhalisiwe ukuze athole indawo ebhaliswe ebhokisini lokuqala. Izimfuneko zesimemezelo ziyahluka kakhulu: isimemezelo sendlu esisemoni yokuncintisana kungase kudingeke ukusayinwa izinkulungwane eziningana, kuyilapho umuntu ofunda ibhodi lesikole angase adinge inani elimbalwa kuphela. Injongo iwukubonisa izinga eliyisisekelo lokusekela umphakathi nokunqanda ama-Revoractic.

Ukubhikisha Nezimpikiswano

Imikhankaso eyinhloko ihlukile emikhankasweni yokukhetha evamile ngezindlela eziningana ezibalulekile. I-votorate incane, i-volution, futhi ngokuvamile inakekela kakhulu ukuhlanzeka kwemibono. Abathathi-lwazi ngokuvamile bachitha isikhathi esiningi bekhuluma nabashisekeli beqembu, bethatha izigigaba ezilungile, futhi behlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni ezihlelwe amakomiti eqembu lendawo. Eminyakeni yobumongameli, inkathi yokuqala iwumncintiswano wempi, ngamunye unezinto zawo siqu zezokuxhumana kanye nezindaba ezikhathalela. Izimpikiswano ezigxile kakhulu ekwahlukaneni phakathi kweqembu, ukungenela kwezentethelelo, noma ukungenela kwezentethelelo yezeko, noma ukungenela kwezizwe ezingaphandle okubonakala embukisweni yokhetho.

Ukubhukuda Ne - caucuuses

Amaprimende amaningi aqhutshwa ngokuvota kwangasese, kanye nabavoti bemisa amavoti abo endaweni yokuvota noma ngeposi. Nokho, amanye amazwe asasebenzisa i-caucuuses, ikakhulukazi enqubweni yokuqala yomongameli. AmaCaucuuse ayimihlangano esendaweni eseduze lapho abavoti behlangana khona, baxoxe ngabafundi, futhi bafake ivoti yomphakathi (ngokuvamile ngokuma ekhoneni elimisiwe legumbi.) nakuba ama-caucucuuse ekhuthaza ingxoxo eqinile kanye nezimpande zotshani, adinga futhi isikhathi esiphawulekayo sokutshala izindleko (ngokuvamile amahora amabili noma ngaphezulu) futhi angaphumela ekuhlanganyeleni okuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezingamanani avamile. Iowasezibonelweni eziphawulekayo zezimemezelo eziye zasetshenziswa, nakuba amazwe amaningi aye athutha ekuhleleni izitshalo ezisemuva.

Thumela i-Alpha

Emincintiswaneni eminingi eyinhloko, amavoti awahunyushelwa ngokuqondile ekukhetheni. Kunalokho, amavoti anquma ukuthi izihambeli zabelwa kanjani. Kuyi-Democratic Party, izihambeli zinikezwa ngokwesilinganiso: umvoti owina amaphesenti angu-40 evoti wamukela izihambeli ezicishe zibe amashumi amane. Le nqubo ivumela ukuba kukhethwe phakathi kwezindawo ezilinganayo nezithatha indawo ezifanele. Kuwo wonke umsizi othatha isiqu, umvoti omkhulu kakhulu (nanoma ingaphansi kweningi) uthola zonke izihambeli zikahulumeni. Lesi simiso sishesha futhi singaveza ngokushesha ithonya lomuntu osekela indawo yesibili. Ukuqonda izibalo kuyimiphumela ebucayi yokuchaza imiphumela ephambili kanye nengeke ihloselwe abamele abamele ukuphatha abamele ukuphatha izihambeli.

Okwenza Ukukhetha Okuyinhloko Kube Nendaba

Okhetho abayinhloko benza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile yentando yeningi ngaphandle kokukhetha nje abazobhapathizwa. Basebenza njengendlela eyinhloko yokulandisa . Ngenxa yokuthi abavoti abayinhloko bathambekele ekubopheni futhi baziswe kangcono ngezindaba zezombangazwe, bangayala abaduna abaphambukile kakhulu ezimisweni eziyisisekelo zeqembu. Abaningi abaziwayo balahlekelwe izihlalo zabo kukhetho oluyinhloko, kuhlanganise nangaphambili kweyase-U.S. usongo lweNdbenkulu u-Eric Cantor ngo-2014.

Izindlu zamacala zisebenza futhi njengesisekelo sokuhlola imiqondo emisha. Abenzi bemisebenzi ehamba phambili bavame ukuletha iziphakamiso zezimiso ezifakwa kamuva ezibanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, iMedicare ka-Onke, i-Green New Deal, nenzuzo eyisisekelo etholakala kuqala phakathi nezinkulumo - mpikiswano zokuqala ngaphambi kokuba zibe ingxenye yezingxoxo zesizwe ezibanzi. Ngalendlela, uhlelo oluyinhloko lusebenza njengezikhungo zokukhetha eziphambili zenkambiso yezimiso phakathi kwamaqembu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amapringishini andisa ukuthembisana nokuthola imfundo yezombangazwe. Ngenxa yokuthi imincintiswano eyinhloko ivame ukugxiliswa futhi ingabuswa kakhulu yiqembu elihlolwayo kunokhetho oluvamile, abavoti bakhuthazwa ukuba bafunde ngezikhundla ezithile, amarekhodi abo okuvota, nezindlela zabo zokuhola. Lokhu kungaholela ekukhetheni okungokomhlaba wonke. Kubantwana abaningi nasekuqaleni abaqalayo ukuvota, inkathi eyinhloko iwukuba bangene emkhankasweni wezombangazwe, ukwakha imikhuba yabo ehlanganisa abantu abahlala isikhathi eside.

Indlela Ukukhetha Okubaluleke Ngayo Okuthonya Ukhetho Oluvamile

I - momentum Nezindawo Ezitholakala Kuyimithombo Yezindaba

Umbukiso onamandla okhethweni oluyinhloko, ikakhulukazi ezifundazweni zakuqala njenge-Iowa ne-New Hampshire, ubangela ukunaka okukhulu kwemithombo yezindaba kanye namandla ezombangazwe. Umqondo we "ummentum" kokubili ungokoqobo nozifaka phambili. Umphumela ongcono olindelwe uholela ekunikezelweni okukhulu kwemithombo yezindaba, okuthi ngokulandela izibalo eziphezulu zokuhlola nokufaka imali kakhulu. Ngokuphambene, ukuboniswa okungathandeki okungawukhubaza umkhankaso, kuholela ekuphambukeni nasekuhoxesheni kwezisebenzi. Lokhu kunamandla ikakhulukazi kumongameli we-pritan, lapho insimu egcwele abantu abazofuna ukuvota impompo iphelwa ngokushesha ngemiphumela yasekuqaleni.

Ukuthola Imali Nemithombo Yezinto

Ukhetho oluyinhloko luthonya futhi ukuqoqwa kwezimali zokuvota. Abakhokhi ngokuvamile bayaqaphela abaxhasi abaphambili kuze kube yilapho bebonisa ukuphumelela emncintiswaneni oyinhloko. Ukunqoba okugculisayo ngezimpawu eziyinhloko eziwumncintiswano kumakomiti amakhulu asebenza ngezombangazwe ukuthi umvoti uyakwazi ukunqoba kukhetho oluvamile. Lokhu kuthuthwa kwemithombo yemali kungaba yisinqumo esinqumayo somkhankaso wokhetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abazofuna ukumiswa ngokuqine kakhulu ngokuvamile bavela njengabahloli abanamandla kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi kakade sebeye bahlola isigijimi sabo ngokunamandla, bavivinya ukuhlasela, futhi bakha inhlangano eqinile.

Ukubeka Isimiso Sezomthetho Nesakhiwo Esihwebelanayo

Amapulatifomu ezimiso ezithathwa abavoti phakathi nenkathi yokuqala ngokuvamile ayaqhubeka ekukhetheni okuvamile, nakuba engase alinganisele ekunxuseni izilaleli ezibanzi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inqubo eyinhloko ichaza amagama empikiswano [[ yomjikelezo wokukhetha. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umthetho wokufuduka ulawula iRiphabliki ulawula ingxoxo eyinhloko, kokubili i-GOP nonominee ne-DEdemocraticut iyophoqelelwa ukuba ikhulumele impikiswano ehlwini, ngisho noma ingaba yayingeyona indawo yokuqala yokuqala ephambili yesizwe. Ukhetho oluyinhloko lusiza abazokwakha imifelandawo ehlangene ngenzalo enjengemiphakathi, izinhlangano zendawo, noma amalungelo ehlukene ehlukene.

I - “voter Turtout ”

Okhetho oluyinhloko lungasebenza njenge- bellwether ye-volution evamile . Oyinhloko onamavoti aphakeme uphawu olunamandla lwesithakazelo somphakathi namandla, ngokuvamile oluthatha uNovemba. Ngokuphambene, ukujika okuphansi kungabonisa ukungakhathaleli kovoti noma ukunganeliseki, okungacindezela izinombolo zokukhetha ezivamile. Amaqembu ezombangazwe nemikhankaso anikeza ukunakekela kokuguqula ukwaziswa okuyinhloko ukuze ahluze amasu esuntwini okuvota futhi athole ukuthi iziphi izibalo ezidinga ukuhlanganiswa ngokuphumelela kakhulu phambi kokhetho oluvamile.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezinqumo Eziyinhloko

Uhambo Oluphansi Olungamele

Mhlawumbe ukugxekwa okuphikelelayo kokhetho oluyinhloko kuphansi kakhulu umavoti. Ezizweni eziningi, abangaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-20 abavoti ababhalisiwe bahlanganyela emincintiswaneni eyinhloko emahhovisi angewona aphambili. Lokhu kugwetshwa okuphansi kusho ukuthi abavoti abayinhloko bangamavota kakhulu abakhankanyiwe abadala, abamhlophe, abacebile, abanokuvota kakhulu, futhi abeqisa kakhulu ngokwemibono yabo [ kune-votatententente. Ngenxa yalokho, abanqobi abayinhloko bavame ukuphumelela kakhulu kunabavoti abavamile esifundazweni sabo, okunganikela ekuhlahleni nasembonweni kwe-mfunda-mgaqo. Imizamo yokwandisa ukuvota okuzi, njengokubhalisa okuziyo kanye nokubhalisa, kuye kwaphumelela.

Ukuhlanganisa nokuqinisekisa ngecala

Ukhetho oluyinhloko lungabhebhethekisa ukuhlaziywa kwezombangazwe ngenxa yokuthi abavoti ababoshiwe kakhulu kuleloqembu ukuba banqobe. Laba bavoti ngokuvamile balukhuni kakhulu ngokwemibono kunaleyo yokukhetha okubanzi. Lokhu kushukumisa abavoti ukuba bathathe izikhundla eziqinile ezingase zisuse ukuvota kukajenene abazokhetha ngokulinganiselayo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngezinye izikhathi kubizwa ngokuthi "isibambiso semali" .[1] Umqondo wokuthi abajahili be-primgatenti baboshelwe ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu kakhulu zeqembu labo. Nakuba obunye ubufakazi busekela lombono, okunye ukucwaninga kusikisela ukuthi abavoti abangoleki kakhulu kunokhetho oluvamile futhi lezo zicingo, njengomkhankaso wezezimali nowezentengi, ungaba abashayeli abakhulu bezwe engxenyeni yezwe.

Imithetho Eyinkimbinkimbi Neguquguqukayo

Isimo esihloniphekile sesimiso esiyinhloko sase-U.S. sidala ukudideka kwabavoti. Ukubhalisa isikhathi, izinsuku eziyinhloko, izimfuneko ze-ID, nemithetho yokungena ye-vota iyahluka ngokwezwe futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngeqembu phakathi kwesifunda esisodwa. Umvoti osuka eTexas ukuya eNew York angathola ukuthi imithetho yokuthatha isigaba esiyinhloko ishintshile ngokuphelele. Le mithetho ingaguqula ukucindezelwa kwezakhamuzi [[FLT:] phakathi kwezakhamuzi ezimbalwa ezibophezelwe kwezombangazwe futhi ithinte kakhulu abavoti novoti abashayibonaka kakhulu, ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba bathathe amasondo futhi bajwayelene nokhetho oluncane.

Imali Nethonya

Ukhetho oluyinhloko, ikakhulukazi kumahhovisi kahulumeni, luye lwabiza kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokuchithwa ama-PAC amakhulu namanye amaqembu ezimali ezizimele kuye kwakhula ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ngesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-2010 [iNkantolo Ephakeme:0] iCitizens United v. Le mali eningi ingaphazamisa imiphumela eyinhloko ngokunyusela izicelo zabanikeli abacebile kanye nezithakazelo ezikhethekile ngokulahlekelwa yi-voluntel. Abangathathi abathathi kahle abazinikele kakhulu bazama ukukhokhela ukukhangisa ithelevishini nokuqondisa iposi okudingekile ukuze bancintisane emigwaqweni egcweleyo, ukuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuthi inqubo iwumbuso wentando yeningi ngempela yini.

Indima Yemithombo Yezindaba Neyezenhlalo

Izindaba ezikhuluma ngokhetho oluyinhloko zivame ukugxila "kumjaho wamahhashi"", oholayo ekuhloleni, ophakamiseni imali eningi, futhi yiziphi ezimangazayo noma ezidumazayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kungaveza ukuvota ngaphambi kokuba babe nethuba lokuhlola abazohlolwa kulezindaba. Amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana anezela izinga elisha, avumela abazokuhlola ngokuqondile abavoti kodwa futhi basakaza ulwazi olungaqondani nemisebenzi ehlukene. Indima yokugcinwa kwemikhankambi yeze masiko inciphe, enganika kokubili izintambo zotshani zotshani nokwakha amagumbi aphazamisa isayensi yezombangazwe.

Isiphetho

Ukhetho oluyinhloko luyisisekelo, kodwa ngokuvamile olungaqondwa kahle, isici sesimiso sedemokrasi yaseMelika. Banquma ukuthi isiphi isithakazelo esizoncintisana kukhetho oluvamile, sihlele impikiswano yenqubo, futhi banikeze indlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokwenza amaqembu ezombangazwe alandise emalungwini abo. Ukuhlukahlukahluka kwezimiso eziyinhloko (ukuvula, ukuvalwa, ukuvalwa okukancane, okungaphezulu-kabili, okubonisa ubunkimbinkimbini bezwe elisebuzweni lapho amazwe elawula khona kakhulu izinqubo zawo zokukhetha.

Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda inqubo yokhetho oluyinhloko kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukuqonda okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezombangazwe zaseMelika. Izinselele ezibhekene nokuvela kwabangasese, ukuphola, imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi, imali kwezombangazwe, nemithombo yezindaba kuthonya (aziyona into engenakunqotshwa, kodwa zidinga ukuba nesabelo esikhuthele nokuhlanganyela kolwazi. Ngokuhlanganyela enqubweni eyinhloko, abavoti bangasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi abazovelayo bamelela ngempela imiphakathi yabo, hhayi nje kuphela amaqembu amaningi akhulumayo noma agcwele kakhulu. Ngalokhu, ukhetho oluyinhloko alusona isinyathelo nje esiyinhloko sokuthatha isinyathelo sokuthatha isinyathelo; bayithuba lokuqala futhi mhlawumbe elibaluleke kakhulu lokuba izakhamuzi zilalele amazwi azo ngenqubo yentando yentando yeningi.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe ezimisweni zokukhetha nokulungisa, cabangela imithombo ehlolwayo evela ku- Faceral Evotion Commission yomkhankaso wezezimali, i-National Conference of State Legislatures yezinhlobo eziyinhloko zezwe, kanye i-Balpedia [ yemidalo yemidalo nezibonelo eziyinhloko zempikiswano ezweni lonke.