Kuyini Ukukhetha Phakathi Nezikhathi?

Ukhetho lwe-mistment luwukhetho olungokomthetho, lwesifundazwe, nolwendawo oluthatha cishe maphakathi negama likamongameli elihleli cishe unyaka wesine. Nakuba ukhetho lukamongameli luthatha i-createst enkulu kakhulu, izikhawu zifana ne-active. Zinquma ukuthi yimaphi amaqembu alawula i-U.S. Congress – zonke izihlalo ezingu-365 ezise House of Deaders kanye cishe nesinye sekhulu lama-3631 sezihlalo zomgele - futhi ngokuvamile asebenza njenge-arendexum enkulu kakhulu ekusebenzeni nomthetho kamongameli.

Igama elithi “inkathi yokuzalwa” ngokwalo liqokomisa ikhalenda lokhetho: lokhu kukhetha kwenzeka ngemva kweminyaka emibili kukhethwe umongameli futhi eminyakeni emibili ngaphambi kokhetho olulandelayo. Isiko lokuzigcina ngoNovember, ngoLwesibili ngemva koMsombuluko wokuqala, limiswe umthetho kahulumeni futhi liqala ngekhulu le-19. Ngoba iNdlu yabameleli ikhuphukele ngokuphelele ekukhetheni njalo eminyakeni emibili, amaphakathi amelela ithuba elivame kakhulu lokuba abavoti baphinde bavote igatsha lemithetho.

Ngaphezu kwemijaho ye-cononation, izifunda eziningi zenza ukhetho lombusi, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, izimeya, amakhomishane esifundazwe, amalungu ebhodi lesikole, kanye namanye amahhovisi amaningi endawo. Izenzo zebhola kanye nama-astendium – kusukela enkambisweni yentela kuya ekutholeni insangu ngokomthetho kuya ekwamukeleni amalungelo okhetho – futhi kuvela nakumaqembu aphakathi naphakathi. Umphumela owengeziwe walolukhetho ungashintsha ngokuphawulekayo ukuqondisa kwenqubo yomphakathi kuzo zonke izingalo zikahulumeni.

Indlela Ukukhetha Phakathi Nenkathi Okuthinta Ngayo Umthetho

Ithonya elisheshayo lokhetho phakathi nenkathi yokukhetha ukushintshwa kokulawula kweqembu. Umongameli oqembu lakhe lilahlekelwa iNdlu noma iSigele uzobhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu eziqhubekisela phambili uhlelo lwawo lwemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni ohlukene - hlukene - ngxenye - lapho elinye iqembu lilawula khona iWhite House futhi elinye lilawula khona igumbi elilodwa noma zombili izingodo zomthetho – ngokuvamile liholela ekubekeni umthetho, liphoqeleleni noma ekubekeni imibandela ephambili.

Ukulawula iKhongolo kunquma ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezisungulwayo, okuphikiswana ngazo, futhi kuvotelwe. Izihlalo zamakomiti, ezinamandla amakhulu enqubo yokushaya umthetho, zabelwa ngokusekelwe eqenjini elikhulu. Lezi zihlalo zimisa izimiso zokuzwa, zinquma ukuthi yimuphi umthetho oqhubekela phambili, futhi zingavala izikweletu eziphikisayo. ESigele, umholi omkhulu ulawula isimiso futhi angakhetha ukuletha izikweletu zevota noma ukuzibamba phakade.

Umthetho weSigele we-monibbuster, odinga amavoti angu-60 ukuze kuqedwe ukuphikisana ngemithetho eminingi, ungenza kube nzima nakakhulu ukuthonya kokhetho phakathi nenkathi. Iningi - kusho izihlalo ezingu-51 noma 52 – ngokuvamile alinakudlulisa izikweleti ezinkulu ngaphandle kokusekela kwe-bipartisan, okwenza ukuhlelwa kweSigele kube okunzima nakakhulu. Ngokuphambene, uma umuntu ewina iningi, angamisa izinguquko zenqubo enkulu ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-construction, okudinga kuphela amavoti angu-5 okuvota okuhlela imali ukuze kusetshenziswe umthetho ohlangene.

Imiphumela yaphakathi futhi ithonya ikhono likamongameli lokumisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, nokuqinisekisa izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe. ISigele esilawulwa yiqembu eliphikisayo singathatha ijubane noma senqabe ngokuqondile ukuphoqa, sikhiphe inkantolo futhi sikhiphe iziqu zamacala amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Lokhu kubangela ukuba ukukhetha kubhekwe kabanzi njengokushintsha okungokomzuzwana, okuthulile ekulinganiseni amandla.

Umphumela Ekuphileni Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke

Izimiso ezivela eMkhandlwini Wangemva Komkhandlu Zithinta cishe zonke izici zesimiso sakho. Ngezansi kunezici ezibalulekile lapho imiphumela yangemva kwesikhathi ingakushintsha khona ngokuqondile ukuphila kwakho.

Intela Nomthetho Wezomnotho

UKhomishane ubhala imithetho yentela, futhi ukushintshwa kweqembu kungaholela ekunciphiseni intela noma ukwanda kwabantu ngabanye, imikhaya, namabhizinisi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Thekist Cuts ne Jobs Act ka-2017, enciphisa amazinga enkampani nentela yomuntu ngamunye, ingeke idlule ngaphandle kweningi lamagumbi okhetho lwango 2016. Ngokuhlukile, iningi lamaDemocratic lingase lifune intela ephakeme eholweni noma ezinkampanini ukuze lifake izinhlelo zezenhlalo.

Izindleko Zokwelapha Nezokugunyazwa Kwezidakamizwa

Isimiso sokunakekela impilo sishintsha njalo ngemiphumela ephakathi. I-Affordcable Care Act (ACA) yasinda emizamweni eminingi ngenxa yokuthi i-Democrates yahlala izihlalo ezanele phakathi nenkathi yo-2018. Iqembu eliwina iningi lingandisa iMedicaid, izindleko zomshuwalense, noma ukuxoxa ngentengo yemilaliso egunyaziwe yemilaliso yezidakamizwa. Lezi zinqumo zithinta izindleko zakho zempilo, ukuhlanganisa amakhetho, nokungena. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Inflatiodiodiation Reduction Act ka-2022, okuyizindleko ze-insulin yeMedicarecives futhi ivumela ukuba i-Medicarecus ukuba ixoko yemintengo yezidakamizwa, zenza zakwazi ukuhlelwa yi-Didemocratic eningi ekhethwe ku-2020222.

Imfundo Nokumbatha Kwabafundi

Isimiso semfundo kaFederal, kusukela kuPell Grants kuya ekubolekeni kwabafundi, sinqunywa yiKhomishane negatsha eliphethe. Ukhetho lwaphakathi lungashintsha izinto eziza kuqala ekuxhaseni izikole zeK. Uthisha, nemfundo ephakeme. Iqembu elisebuthweni libuye lithinte isimo sokulawula ukuboleka imali yabafundi. Ngokwesibonelo, icebo losizo lomqondisi wezikweletu, lixhomeke ezincazelweni ze-Speciety Education Act, kodwa imiphumela yokukhetha phakathi kwenkathi inganquma ukuthi izenzo ezinjalo zihlangene nomthetho noma zivinjelwe yiKhomishane ephikisayo.

Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile Nomthetho Wesimo Sezulu

Isivikelo sendawo ezungezile sixhomeke kubani olawula i-Congress. I-Democratic eningi ingenwa kakhulu umthetho wesimo sezulu, isebenzise amandla avuselelwe, futhi igcine imithetho ye-EPA ephumayo engeni eliwuhlobo oluphezulu. Iningi labantu baseRiphabliki lingase ligxile ekulawuleni amandla ngogesi ngemishini yamandla avundlile, ukubuyisela isilinganiso semali ephumayo, futhi linciphise ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zamandla ahlanzekile. Lenqubo ithinta umoya ophefumulayo, amanzi owaphuzayo, kanye nezindleko zamandla ekhaya lakho.

Imithetho Yebhizinisi Nemisebenzi

Imithetho yezisebenzi, iholo elilinganiselwe, imithetho ethatha isikhathi eside, nezindinganiso zokuphepha emsebenzini konke kuminyaniswe yiKhomishane negatsha eliphethe. Ukhetho lwe-midter lunganyusa noma lwehlise iholo eliphansi, kwandise noma kulinganise amalungelo esibopho sobunye, futhi kushintshe ukulingana okungaphezulu. Kubaphathi bebhizinisi abancane, izinguquko ezinqunyelwe yinkambiso yentela, izimfuneko zezempilo, nezimfuneko zokuphepha zingathinta ngokuqondile inzuzo nokuqashwa. Isivikelo - ekulondekeni kokudla kuya ekwazini ukwaziswa - futhi kushintshelwa ekulawuleni izinhlangano ezilawulayo.

Amanethi Okuphepha Komphakathi Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi

Izinhlelo ezifana ne-Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, SNAP (izitembu zokudla), kanye nomshuwalense wokungasebenzi ngokuvamile ziyizisulu zenguquko noma ukwanda kuye ngokwemiphumela yaphakathi nenkathi. ISishaya-mthetho esilawulwa omunye singaphoqelela ukuncishiswa kwenzuzo yokunciphisa izindleko, kuyilapho omunye angase aphikise ngezinzuzo ezandisiwe. Imisebenzi yomphakathi enjengezezezezezezomlilo, ezokuthutha umphakathi, kanye nezokugcinwa kwezindawo zisekelwe emalini ebhangelwe ezweni nasezindaweni zomphakathini, ethonywa ababusini nabahleli bemithetho abakhethwe phakathi nezikhathi.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokubuya

Kusukela ekuvotelweni kwama-mistment ngokomlando kuvela ku-criptor ophansi kunokhetho lukamongameli. Ngo-2014, cishe amaphesenti angu-41 kuphela abavoti abafanelekayo afaka i-collat; ngo-2018, ukuvota kwanda kwafinyelela cishe ku-50% – nangaphansi kakhulu kweminyaka engu-66% yobumongameli. Leligebe lisho ukuthi idlanzana elincane, elishukunyiswe lingaba nethonya elingenakulinganiswa emphumeni. Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani abantu bevota (noma benza utho) phakathi kwemiphakathi kuyisihluthulelo sokuqinisa idemokhrasi.

Izithiyo zokuvota zihlanganisa imithetho ye-ID evimbelayo, amahora okuvota, amahora okuvota alinganiselwe, imigqa emide, nokususa amavoti. Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zenza kwaba nzima ukuvota egameni lokhuseleko lokhetho, kuyilapho ezinye ziye zandisa iposi . Umphumela uwukuhlelwa okuncishisiwe kwemithetho engavimbela ukuvota kweminye imiphakathi kuyilapho ithuthukisa eminye. Izinhlangano ezifana neNhlangano yabesifazane Voters and Vote.org zisebenza ekusizeni izakhamuzi ukuba zikhokhele ukubhalisa nokuvota.

Ukuhlanganyela kudlulela ekufakeni amahholo. Ukuya emahholo edolobha, ukuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, ukuzinikela ngokuzithandela emikhankasweni, nokuhlala benolwazi ngezikhundla zabazohlolwa zonke izindlela zokuthonya imiphumela yaphakathi nenkathi. Lapho abavoti befundiswa ngemiphumela yangempela yomhlaba yalolukhetho, ukuvota kuvame ukunyuka. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkathi zaphakathi zika-2018 zabona ukuthatha iqhaza ngokwengxenye ngenxa yemizwa enamandla nge-Affordcable Care Act nenqubo yokuqinisekisa yeNkantolo Ephakeme.

Imibuso Nezinqumo Zendawo: Ithonya Elishayelwe Ngaphandle

Nakuba izinhlanga zikahulumeni zivelele kakhulu ekuhlawulweni kwezindaba, ukhetho lwezwe nolwendawo oluqhutshwa phakathi nezikhathi eziphakathi kuvame ukuba nomphumela osheshayo ekuphileni kwakho kwansuku zonke. Abalawuli balawula uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni, izimpawu zesibonakaliso noma imithetho kahulumeni, futhi bamise amajaji namalungu ekhabethe. Izishaya-mthetho zidweba amabalazwe ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu, banqume izindlela zokuxhasa imali ezikhona ezifundweni zesikole, futhi balawule yonke into kusukela ekubeni nezibhamu kuya ekukhipheni isisu. Imikhandlu yezindawo nezindawo zibeka amazinga entela, imithetho engokomthetho, nezimiso zokuphepha umphakathi.

Izindlela zokuthatha ibhola zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zimise isimiso esiqondile. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi namashumi amabili namashumi amabili nanhlanu, abavoti ezigabeni ezinhlanu bathatha izinyathelo ezivunyelweyo zokwandisa iMedicaid, kuyilapho abavoti kwezinye eziningi banquma amalungelo okukhipha isisu, ukwanda kweholo elilinganiselwe, insangu evunyelwe ngokomthetho. Lezi zinyathelo zidlula ngokuphelele isishaya-mthetho futhi zingadala ushintsho oluphelele ngaphandle kokulinda ukuba uKhongolo-kamente ukuba athathe isinyathelo.

Ngenxa yokuthi izinhlanga zikahulumeni nezindawo azincintisani futhi zithola ukunakwa okuncane kwemithombo yezindaba, inani elincane labavoti abathembisiwe lingathonya umphumela. Lokhu kwenza ukuqonda ivoti eliphelele (hhayi nje izinhlanga eziphambili) kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ofuna ukubona izimiso azikhathalelayo ngokumiswa kwemidlalo.

Umlando Wezingxenye Eziphakathi Nezikhathi

Ukhetho lokuqala phakathi nenkathi emlandweni wase-U.S. lwenzeka ngo-1790, futhi isimo sokulahlekelwa kwezihlalo zomongameli eSihlalweni soMkhandlu siye saba yiqiniso ngo-18 phakathi kwama-20 kusukela eMpini Yombango. Lesisenzakalo, ngokuvamile esibizwa ngokuthi “isijeziso sesikhashana,” kuthiwa yinhlanganisela yezici: ukunganeliseki kwabavoti ngomongameli ohleziyo, ukungathobeki okuphansi kwabasekeli bakamongameli, nokuthambekela okungokwemvelo kweqembu eliphikisayo ukuba libe namandla kakhulu.

Ukhetho oluphawulekayo phakathi nenkathi luhlanganisa u-1994, lapho amaRepublica ezuza ukulawulwa kwawo womabili amakamu eminyakeni engu-40 yokuqala, okwaholela eMhlanganweni weMelika nenhlala - kahle; ngo-2010, lapho igagasi leTa Party linika iRepublicans iNdlu futhi liholela ezimpini ze-sequester; kanye no-20181818, lapho uDemocrat ebuye wathola iNdluyalo phakathi nokuphikisana neTrump.

Umkhankaso Wokuziphilisa Nokusebenzisa Imali

Imikhankaso yaphakathi kwezikhathi zenkathi yesigaba sikamongameli ngokwesilinganiso kanye nokugxila. Ngaphandle kwebhadi lesizwe eliphezulu, abavoti bathembela kakhulu emishinini yeqembu, ezindaweni zendawo, nasemsebenzini kamongameli. Imikhankaso ivame ukugcizelela “ukuhlasela”--ohamba kakhulu ukuyohlangana nabavoti emadolobheni amancane nasezindaweni zasemaphandleni – futhi bathembele kakhulu eposini eqondile, izikhangiso zethelevishini, futhi, ngokwandayo, izisulu zobuchwepheshe.

Izindleko zokhetho phakathi nenkathi yokhetho ziye zanyuka kakhulu. Ngo-2022, ingqikithi yokuchitha imali engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-R2,7, kanye namakhulu ezigidi ageleza evela kuma-PAC amakhulu nasemaqenjini emali amnyama. Lemali ithenga ukukhangisa, imishini, neminikelo ye-vota . Ithonya elikhudlwana lezisebenzi ezicebile nezithakazelo zenkampani liphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi izikhulu ezikhethiwe zinecala ngempela kuziphiwa abaxhasi bazo. Ukuqonda ukuthi lapho imikhankampani ivela khona kuwebhusayithi enjenge-Opensecrets.org iminikelo yemigwaqwele – sisiza uRhovian ukuba ahlole izisusa ezikhundleni zenkambiso zezelo.

Indlela Yokuzilungiselela Ukukhetha Okulandelayo

Ukuhlala uthembisene kudinga okungaphezu nje kokuvela ngoSuku Lokhetho. Nazi izinyathelo ezisebenzayo abavoti abangazithatha:

  • phawula izinga lakho lokubhalisa - Qinisekisa ukubhalisa kwakho cishe izinyanga ezintathu ngaphambi kokhetho (sebenzisa ingosi yokhetho kahulumeni wakho noma iVote.org). Izifundazwe eziningi zivumela ukuhlelwa kokubhaliswa kwe-inthanethi.
  • Yazi i-collet yakho - Ukucwaninga bonke abazobhapathizwa kanye neziphakamiso. Ama-sampula amabhola avame ukufakwa kuyi-intanethi emasontweni amaningi ngaphambi kokhetho. Qaphela okhetho lokwahlulela namahhovisi angaziwa njengenhlabathi kanye nebhodi yokulondoloza amanzi – ngokuvamile ayaphicothwa kodwa anemiphumela yangempela.
  • Funda imithetho yokuvota[-Funa indawo yakho yokuvota, amahora, ne-ID izimfuneko. Uma ukhetha iposi .Covota, cela i-copt yakho ngokushesha futhi landela iziyalezo ngokucophelela ukuze ugweme ukwenqatshwa.
  • [ noma ukunikela - Ukusiza umkhankaso okholelwa ukuthi ukhona ungakhulisa izwi lakho ngalé kwevoti eyodwa. Ibhange locingo, ukuvota ngomnyango, kanye nokushayela abavoti kuyizindlela eziphumelelayo zokuthuthukisa ukuvota.
  • Khuluma nomphakathi wakho - Xoxa ngempikiswano nabangane, umkhaya, nomakhelwane. Ukhetho olugunyaziwe luyitshelo elinamandla kakhulu emandleni angadluliselwe.

Isiphetho

Ukhetho lwe-micter alusona nje isibambiso phakathi kwemincintiswano yomongameli. Luyithuba elivamile, elithandekayo, elingathandeki, futhi elingasetshenziswanga kahle lokuhlela imithetho nezimiso ezilawula ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke. Kusukela entengo yemilaliso oyisebenzisayo kuya entengisweni yesikole sengane yakho kuya ekulondekeni kwamanzi akho okungenayo, ukukhetha okwenziwa phakathi nemijikelezo yaphakathi nendawo kungena kuyo yonke imiphakathi. Ngokuqonda izigxobo, zithatha inqubo, futhi zibonakale ebhokisini le-bolot, ungasiza ekunqumeni indlela yezwe elihamba ngayo — hhayi njalo eminyakeni emine nje, kodwa njalo emibili.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, hlola .gov iziqondiso zokhetho, i-Census Bureau yomvoti we-couver's metam[, futhi ngokuhlola okufingqiwe okuvela ku- Brooking Institution [[.