Esinye isixazululo sempikiswano (ADR) sesiyisici esibalulekile sezimiso zomthetho zanamuhla, sinikeza abahlangene indlela yokuxazulula izingxabano ngaphandle kwesikhathi, izindleko, nokulawula ukuqulwa kwecala lasenkantolo. I-Mediation kanye nokuthunyelelwa, izindlela ezimbili ezisetshenziswa kakhulu, zinikeza izindlela ezihlukene zokunquma, ngenkambiso yazo, izinzuzo, nokulinganiselwa. Ukuba ungumnini webhizinisi othatha isivumelwano sokuphikisana, umqashi osingatha ingxabano yomsebenzi, noma umuntu ofuna isehlukaniso esinokuthula, ukuqonda lezi zinqubo ezingakunika amandla okwenza izinqumo ezingcono. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuhlelwa kwemikhakhazo, ukuhlola inzuzo, inzuzo, futhi lapho indlela ngayinye ifanelekile, kuyilapho futhi inikeza isiqondiso esiwusizo ekukhetheni indlela yokukhetha indlela yokulunga.

Ukuqonda Ukuxhumana

Ukulungisa kuyinqubo ebambisanayo, esekelwe isithakazelo lapho umlamuleli wesithathu engathathi hlangothi, [1] ufaka khona izigigaba eziphikisanayo ekufinyeleleni isivumelwano esamukelekayo. Ngokungafani nomahluleli noma umkhulumeli, umlamuleli akaphoqeleli isinqumo. Kunalokho, umlamuleli usiza ukukhulumisana, acacise izimpikiswano, futhi asize izigigaba ukuba zihlole izindlela zokuzixazulula. Umgomo uyisinqumo sokuzithandela esigcwalisa izithakazelo eziyinhloko zabo bonke abahilelekile.

Indima Yomxhumanisi

Umsebenzi oyinhloko womlamuleli uwukuqondisa ingxoxo, hhayi ukuhlola ukuthi ubani olungile noma ongalungile. Abalamuleli abaphumelelayo basebenzisa izinqubo eziningi, kuhlanganise nokulalela ngokuzikhandla, izitatimende ezihlanganisa ukuhlanganisa (ukuhlangana ngasese nhlangothi zonke). Ngokugcina ukungathathi hlangothi, umlamuleli ukha isimo esiphephile lapho imibuthano ingaveza khona ukukhathazeka kwayo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukwahlulela noma ukuziphindiselela. Abameli bangase babe abameli, abahluleli abathatha umhlalaphansi, noma ochwepheshe abaqeqeqeshiwe abanolwazi emikhakheni ethile enjengomthetho womkhaya, ukwakha, noma izingxabano zezentengiselwano.

Izinhlobo Zokulungisa

Ukuthumela akuyona inqubo yobukhulu obubodwa. Izitayela ezihlukene zikhona ukuze zifanelane nezidingo ezingafani:

  • ... Mediation - Umlamuleli ugxila enqubweni, asize iziphathi ukuba zixhumane futhi ziveze ukukhetha ngaphandle kokunikeza imibono ngomphumela. Lena indlela evame kakhulu, esetshenziswa ezimpikiswaneni zomkhaya nezemphakathi.
  • I-aluvestivation – Umlamuleli angahlola amandla nobuthakathaka bendaba yohlangothi ngalunye futhi asikisele ukuhlalisana okungase kwenzeke. Lendlela ivamile ezingxabanweni zezentengiselwano nezingamuntu siqu lapho ingokomthetho wesibonelo sibalulekile.
  • Ukuguqula [[FLT] - [FULT]] - Emphasises amandla nokuqaphela, ukuhlose ukuguqula ubuhlobo phakathi kwamaqembu. Kuvame ukusetshenziswa ezimpini zomuntu, njengengxabano emsebenzini noma yomakhelwane.
  • I-Online Mediation - Ngokukhula komsebenzi oqhelile, iziqephu eziningi zokuxhumana manje zenzeka ngokufaka ividiyo, kunikeza izindleko zohambo ezivumelanayo futhi kuncishiswe izindleko zokuhamba ngaphandle kokuphumelela.

Ukufihla Izindaba

Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zokukhipha imibandela imfihlo yayo. Ngaphansi kwemithetho enjenge-Uniform Mediation Act (ebekwe ezifundazweni eziningi zase-U.S.) nezivumelwano eziningi zomthongazweli, zonke izinkulumo ezenziwa phakathi nokukhishwa kwemidiyamu ngokuvamile azinakusetshenziswa enkantolo. Lokhu kuvumela amaqembu ukuba akhulume ngokungagunci, ahlobise amakhambi, futhi avume ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuthi amazwi awo azosetshenziswa kamuva. Nokho, imfihlo inemingcele, isibonelo, ukusongela kobudlova noma isenzo sobugebengu esiqhubekayo kungabikwa.

Izinzuzo Zokusakaza

Imithombo yezindaba inikeza izinzuzo eziningi kunezindaba ezihlukene:

  • Isiphelisi esingcono[ - Ukukhipha izindleko ngokuvamile kubiza ingxenye yomthetho wokuqulwa kwecala. Imali engokomthetho inciphile ngoba ukulungiselela nokuthola kuyancitshiswa. Iziteshi eziningi ziqedwa ezinhlamini ezimbili.
  • Ukubeka isikhathi - Yize amachweba asenkantolo enganwebeka izinyanga noma iminyaka, ukukhipha isigwebo kungahlelwa phakathi namasonto. Isimiso esivamile sokuxhumana sithatha amahora ambalwa kuze kuphele usuku olugcwele, ngezwi lesinqumo elivame ukufinyelelwa lapho.
  • I-Proviation of Relations – Isimo sokubambisana sokuxhumana sisiza ekulondolozeni noma ngisho nasekuthuthukiseni ubuhlobo, ukwenza kube okufanele izingxabano zomkhaya, ubuhlobo bezebhizinisi, kanye nezingxabano emsebenzini.
  • Ingxenyey Control - Ngokungafani necala lapho umahluleli noma ijaji linquma khona umphumela, amaqembu ezokuxhumana ayakwazi ukulawula ngokugcwele. Bangakha izixazululo ezingagunyazi inkantolo, njengokuxolisa obala noma icebo lokukhokha eliguquguqukayo.
  • Ukususa Ukucindezeleka – Ukuhlelwa ngokwethukela nokungabikho kokuhlolwa kweposi kuvame ukunciphisa ukulimala okungokomzwelo kwengxabano.

Ukuhlola Ukumiswa Kwezwe

I-Arbitration iyinqubo engokomthetho kakhulu ye-ADR lapho abahilelekile beveza khona udaba lwabo kumphathi ongathathi hlangothi (noma kumaqembu abaqondisi) onikeza isinqumo esibophekayo, esaziwa njengesipho secala. Nakuba kungeyona inqubo engokomthetho kunenkantolo, ukubotshwa kuhlanganisa izici eziningi ezifanele: izimemezelo zokuvula, ukunikeza ubufakazi, ukuhlola ofakazi, kanye nezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho. U-Arbitrotion ulawulwa ngemithetho enjenge-Federal Arbitation Act (FAA) eUnited States ne-Act e-Arbit eUnited Kingdom, ne-Arbit Actsssss e-omss e-New York.

Indima Yomqondisi

Umsizi usebenza njengomahluleli wasese. Umahluleli uzwa izinhlangothi zombili, ubukeza ubufakazi be-codectism nobufakazi, futhi abhale isinqumo. Ngokungafani nabalamuli, abalaleli banegunya lokunquma umphumela. Abaqondisi ngokuvamile bakhethwa ngenxa yobungcweti babo endabeni yempikiswano.

Izinhlobo Zokumiswa Kwezimo

Ukufakwa kwezakhiwo kungahlelwa ngezindlela eziningana:

  • Ukukhipha izintambo. Non-Biding Arbitration - Ukuxhuma kuveza umklomelo wokugcina, ophoqelelwe onezizathu ezilinganiselwe zokudlulisa. Ukungabopheki kuvumela amalungu ukuba alahle umklomelo futhi aqhubeke ezama uma ethanda, nakuba kungasebenza njengekhambi lokuhlalisa.
  • Ad Hoc Arbitration - Amaqembu ngokwawo aklama imithetho esekelwe kumthetho, ngokuvamile ngosizo lweseluleko. Lokhu kunikeza ukuvumelana okukhulu kodwa kudinga ukuhlelwa ngokucophelela.
  • I-Institutional Arbitution - Lenqubo iqondiswa inhlangano enjenge-American Arbitution Association (AA), JAMS, noma i-International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). Lezinhlangano zinikeza imithetho emisiwe, ukusekela kokuqondisa, kanye ne-roster yabaqondisi abafanelekayo.
  • Ikhonsonter noma i-Arbitration - Kaningi igunyazwe yizivumelwano zangaphambi kwesivumelwano, lezi zinqumo zicushwa ngokukhethekile futhi zibekwe imithetho yokuqondisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ngokulunga kubantu ngabanye.

Izinzuzo Zokumiswa Kwezwe

Ukufakwa kwemali kunikeza izinzuzo eziphawulekayo eziyenza ikhange, ikakhulukazi ezingxabanweni zezentengiselwano neziphakeme:

  • [ Experte - Iparies zingakhetha abaqondisi abanolwazi olukhethekile, olungaholela ezinqumweni ezinolwazi kakhulu kunomahluleli wejaji noma umsizi.
  • ukuphumelela - I-Arbitration ivame ukushesha kune-ligitation ngoba ukutholakala kulinganiselwe, ukuthatha inqubo ye-procedrost kunciphe, futhi isimiso sokuzwa sigxile kakhulu. Izilinganiso eziningi zigqitshwa phakathi nezinyanga eziyisithupha kuya ngonyaka.
  • [ Ukungaguquguquki - IParities zingavumelana inqubo: khetha indawo, misa umngcele wesikhathi, vumelana ngemithetho ecacile, futhi ngisho nokunquma ukuthi ungakuvumela yini ukunxusa.
  • Privtacy – ukuqulwa kwamacala kuyimfihlo, futhi imiklomelo ivame ukuba yimfihlo, ngokungafani nezifabhe zenkantolo ezibhalwe umphakathi.
  • Ukuphoqelelwa – Imiklomelo yokuhlanganisa ingeyesiphelo sokugcina futhi ingaphoqelelwa ezinkantolo emhlabeni wonke ngaphansi kwe-New York Convention, enamazwe asayinwayo angaphezu kuka-170.

Ukulinganiselwa Kokumiswa Kwezwe

Ukubopha kuneziphazamiso. Kusengabiza kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma intela yezezikhungo zenhlangano nembuyiselo yabasizi iphakeme. Ukuhlolwa, nakuba kulinganiselwe, kusenezindleko. Ukuphela kokubopha kusho ukuthi imicimbi kusho izikhalo ezimngcingo ezinkulu zokudlulisa izikhalo (njengenkohliso, inkohlakalo, noma ukungawunaki umthetho). Kubathengi nakuzisebenzi, izimemezelo zokukhokhwa kwemithetho ziye zagxekwa ngokuvimbela ukufinyelela ekwahluleleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phinda abadlali cishe bazuze izinhlangano ezinkulu.

Ukuqhathanisa Ukuvimbela Nokukhipha Igazi

Nakuba zombili lezi zindlela zigwema ukuqulwa kwenkantolo, ngokuyisisekelo ziyahluka endleleni engcono kakhulu yokukhetha, ukulawula, nomphumela.

Umehluko Oyinhloko

AspectMediationArbitration
Decision MakerParties (with mediator’s facilitation)Arbitrator
OutcomeVoluntary, non-binding agreementBinding award (usually)
FormalityLow; no rules of evidenceModerate; structured but flexible
ConfidentialityHigh; discussions protectedHigh; hearings and award often private
TimeframeDays to weeksMonths to a year
CostLow to moderateModerate to high
Appeal OptionsN/A (no decision to appeal)Very limited

Isikhathi Sokukhetha Ikhambi

Ukukhipha imishayo ngokuvamile kungcono uma:

  • Iqembu lifisa ukulondoloza ubuhlobo (isibonelo, amalungu omkhaya, abantu asebenza nabo ebhizinisini, abazali kanye nabazali).
  • Lezi zinkinga ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zidinga amakhambi anengqondo, avumelana nezimo.
  • Abahilelekile bafuna ukugcina ukulawula isinqumo.
  • Ukufihla isifuba kuyinto eza kuqala.
  • Le mpikiswano ihilela ukusebenzelana njalo, njengokulwa emsebenzini noma komphakathi.

Isikhathi Sokukhetha Ukuthatha Isinqumo

Ngokuvamile ukuthatha isigwebo kuyakhetheka uma:

  • Kudingeka isinqumo esiqondile, esiphoqelelwayo.
  • Amaqembu awatholi isizathu esivumelanayo futhi adinga umuntu wesithathu ukuba anqume.
  • Lempikiswano ihilela indaba yobuchwepheshe noma ekhethekile lapho ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha buwusizo khona.
  • Amaqembu afuna ukugwema imibhalo yenkantolo yomphakathi.
  • Isivumelwano kakade sesinemishwana ebophayo.

Izindlela Ezihlambulukile: IMed-Arb Ne - Arb-Med

Ezinye izinqubo ze-ADR zihlanganisa izici zazo zombili izindlela. ku-Marb, abachanayo baqale bazame ukuzama ukukhipha i-media. Uma befinyelela i-active, ukungathathi hlangothi okufanayo (noma enye) kuba umxhumanisi futhi banikeze isinqumo esibophekayo. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukuxoxa okuhle phakathi nenqhinga ngenxa yokuthi amaqembu azi ukuthi kamuva anganquma umphumela. Arb-MED[ uguqula uhlelo: umsizi olalelayo futhi ubeke icala emvipheni egxishiwe. Uma izibalo zihluleka, i-metho ziveza ukubopha okukhiqiniwe. Lezi zinikeza izinzuzo ezihlukene kodwa zidinga inzalo zombili isithakazelo esidinga isithakazelo.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokukhetha Umnikazi We - ADR

Ukukhetha umlamuleli noma umsizi kungenye yezinqumo ezibaluleke kakhulu enqubweni ye-ADR. Nazi izinto ezicatshangelwayo:

  • Uphakamiso noMphetho - Funa ukungathathi hlangothi ngesizinda esiqondene nendaba ethile yempikiswano (umz., ukwakha, impahla yolwazi, umsebenzi). Ukuqeqeshelwa, ukuphamba nokuxazululwa kwengxabano kubalulekile ngokufanayo.
  • Ukuveza nokungathathi-hlangothi - Hlola izikhombo, funda izinkenenezo, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi ongathathi-hlangothi akanazimpi zesithakazelo. Izimo ezihloniphekile njenge- American Arbitration Association[[FL:3] ne[FLT] [FLT]S DAMS zisho njalo ukungathathi kwazo uhlangothi.
  • Indlela yokushoshoshoza - Ukwahlukanisa, nquma ukuthi indlela yokuziphendulela noma yokuhlaziya ivumelana nempikiswano. Ukuququzelela, nquma ukuthi imicimbi yesikhungo noma ye-hoccod iyathandwa yini.
  • Ukukhokha kanye nokukwazi ukukhokha [ – Qhathanisa izindleko nezimiso. Ezinye izikhalo ezingathathi hlangothi ngehora, ezinye ngosuku. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ongathathi-hlangothi angahlanganisa isikhathi samaqembu.
  • Indawo ezungezile - ake ucabange ukuthi indawo ekhethiwe engathathi hlangothi izothinta ukuphoqelelwa. Amaqembu ezizwe zonke aqinisekisa ukuthi isihlalo sokuvala isendaweni eyizwe elidumisa i-New York Convention.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nokusetshenziswa Kwemithetho

Izindawo ezihlala emithonjeni yezindaba ziphoqelelwa njengezivumelwano. Uma isivumelwano se-media sesayiniwe, sibopha njenganoma yisiphi esinye isivumelwano. Uma isinye siphuka, esinye singamangalela ukuphulwa kwesivumelwano. Ezinye izinkantolo zivumela ukuba izindawo zomphakathi zingene njengezahlulelo zemvume, ziqinise ukuphoqelelwa okwengeziwe.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amadinari agunyazwayo ngezindlela zenkantolo. E-United States, i-Federal Arbitration Act inikeza ukuqinisekiswa kwemiklomelo enezizathu ezimngcingo ze-vacatur. I-New York Convention iqinisekisa ukuthi imiklomelo enikezwa kwelinye izwe lokusayina ingaqashelwa futhi iphoqelelwe kwezinye. Lokhu kwenza ukumiswa kwemithetho kuqine kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni zezentengiselwano eziseqenjini. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe, bheka i-webhsayithi ye-'umhlangano ye-New York .

Imibono Evamile Engalungile Nge - ADR

Naphezu kokusetshenziswa kwayo okwandayo, i - ADR izungezwe izinganekwane.

  • Imfucumfucu: Ukuthungatha kungokwezingxabano. Iqiniso: ukubuyisana kusebenza ngisho nasezimweni eziqinile, kuhlanganise nentengo eyinkimbinkimbi yezentengiselwano nezehlukaniso ezibuhlungu. Ikhono lomlamuleli livame ukuqeda ukucindezeleka.
  • Imzundla: Ukuhlanganisa kuhlala kushibhile kunekhasitimende. Iqiniso: I-Arbitrotion ingabiza ngokufanayo uma amalungu ethatha indawo ekutholeni noma ekhetha iziphathi eziphezulu. Nokho, cishe ishesha njalo.
  • Myth: ADR ayibophi futhi ngakho ayisebenzi. Iqiniso: Ukubopha kuphoqelelwa ngokugcwele. Isimo sokubopheka sixhomeke esivumelwaneni samaqembu; izindawo eziningi zokuhlala eziwumlamuleli ziphumela ezivumelwaneni eziphoqelelwe.
  • Myth: Awumdingi ummeli kwi ADR. Iqiniso: Nakuba amaqembu ezimelela wona, abameli batuswa kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni eziyinkimbinkimbi, ikakhulukazi ekubekeni izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho, lapho kusenendaba khona ukuphikisa okungokomthetho nemithetho ecacile.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlanganisa nokulawula kumelela ezinye izindlela ezimbili ezinamandla zenqubo yenkantolo engokwesiko, ngayinye ehlanganiswe nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezingxabano kanye nemigomo yeqembu. Ukuxhumana kuyakhanya lapho ukubambisana, ukugcinwa, nezisombululo zokwakha kuhamba phambili. Ukuhlanganisa kungcono kakhulu uma kuphelela, ubuchwepheshe, nokuphoqelelwa kuyadingeka. Ngokuqonda ukuguquguquka kwazo zombili izinqubo − ukuhlanganiswa kwemifanekiso exubile nezimiso ezingokomthetho, /isigaba ngasinye singakhetha ngendlela engcono kakhulu efeza izithakazelo zabo. Njengoba isidingo sokuphumelela, impikiswano yangasese siqhubeka sikhula, amakhono ebaluleke kakhulu kubameli, abaholi bezebhizinisi, nanoma ubani ohileleke izingxabano. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhetha ukuxoxa ngezindlela ezilula noma ezihlelekile, ukuhoxa ngaphandle kokulalela inkantolo kungaholela ngokushesha, futhi kwanelisa wonke amasu embusweni.