INkantolo ePhakeme yaseUnited States ingumhumushi womthetho-sisekelo ophelele, isebenzisa amandla angavamile ukumisa umthetho nenhlangano. Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme ibeka imithetho empikiswanoni yomthetho-sisekelo, ukuthi isinqumo sisokugcina; izinqumo zayo zingashintshwa kuphela ngenqubo engavamile esetshenziswayo yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo noma ngesinqumo esisha seNkantolo ngokwayo. Ukuqonda indlela amaqhinga aqonda ngayo ukuchazwa komthetho ngokomthetho kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda isimiso somthetho-mthetho-mthetho waseMelika nendlela izinqumo ezifinyelelwa ngayo.

Amandla eNkantolo okwahlulela awaqinisekiswanga kwaze kwaba ngo-1803, lapho uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall eMarbury v. Madison. Kulesi sinqumo, uMahluleli Omkhulu wagomela ukuthi umthwalo weNkantolo Ephakeme wokwaphula umthetho ongekho ngokomthetho wemithetho engokomthetho wawuwumphumela odingekile wesibopho sayo esifungelwe sokusekela uMthetho-sisekelo. Lelicala lesisekelo lamisa iNkantolo Ephakeme njengomsunguli wokugcina wencazelo yemithetho-mthetho, indima eyaqhubeka ilawula ukubusa kwentando yeningi yaseMelika namuhla.

Isisekelo Sokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Abaningi boFata Abasunguliwe babelindele ukuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ithathe lendima ngokuphathelene noMthetho-sisekelo; ngokwesibonelo, uAlexander Hamilton noJames Madison, babenokubaluleka kokubukeza kokwahlulela kumaFederali Papers, ayekhuthaza ukuthathwa koMthetho-sisekelo. Hamilton wayebhale ukuthi ngomkhuba wokubukeza iNkantolo yahlulelo yaqinisekisa ukuthi intando yabo bonke abantu, njengoba iboniswe eMthethweni - sisekelo wabo, yayiyoba ephakeme kakhulu kunentando yentando yendlu yomthetho, emithetho yayo ingaveza kuphela intando yesikhashana yabantu.

Madison wayebhale ukuthi incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo kumelwe ishiyelwe ekwahlulelweni okunengqondo kwabahluleli abazimele, kunokuba ibangele isiyaluyalu nengxabano yenqubo yezombangazwe. Uma yonke impikiswano yomthetho-sisekelo ibinganqunywa ngokuphikisana komphakathi kwezombangazwe, uMadison waphikisa ngokuthi, uMthetho-sisekelo wawuzoncishiselwa ekubeni inkundla yempi yamaqembu aphikisanayo, inkanuko yezombangazwe nomoya wokuzibusa. Lombono wejaji elizimele uhlala usemqoka osekelwe emthethweni wemithetho-mthetho waseMelika.

UMthetho-sisekelo ulinganisela iNkantolo ekusingatheni "Amacala" no "Izigebengu" iNkantolo ayinikezi imibono ephikisayo; kunalokho, umsebenzi wayo ulinganiselwe ekunqumeni amacala athile kuphela. AmaJaji kumelwe asebenzise ukucubungula okukhulu ekunqumeni ukuthi yimaphi amacala okumelwe ezwe, njengoba kubekwa amacala acishe abe ngu 5 000 000 000-7 000 eNkantolo Ephakeme namacala obugebengu unyaka ngamunye evela enkantolo ehlukene yombuso nakuhulumeni. Le nqubo ekhethayo isho ukuthi imibuzo ebaluleke kakhulu yemithetho yezomthetho ifinyelela enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu yesizwe.

Ukuqonda Izindlela Zokuchaza Umthetho - sisekelo

Lapho isebenzisa amandla ayo okubukeza ukufaneleka komthetho-mthetho wesenzo sikahulumeni, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yathembela ekuchazeni okuqinisekile "ama-method" noma "ama-demode" okuchaza − okusho ukuthi, izindlela zokuveza incazelo ethile yelungiselelo ngaphakathi koMthetho-sisekelo. Lezizindlela zokuchaza akuzona nje inqubo yemfundo; ngokuyisisekelo zihlela indlela amahluleli asondela ngayo emacaleni futhi afinyelele ngayo izinqumo ezithinta izigidi zabantu baseMelika.

Imibono yobulungisa (ikhululekile noma ibambelele kakhulu) iboniswa njalo njengezimpawu eziphawulekayo zamavoti akhe eNkantolo. Nakuba amajaji enemibono yawo ethandayo, anezindlela zawo siqu eziyingqayizivele zokuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqonda lezizindlela kunikeza ukuqonda ngendlela ifilosofi yokwahlulela ehlangene ngayo nohlelo lomthetho-sisekelo.

Ukubhala Ngemibhalo: Indlela Ecacile Yokufinyelela Incazelo

I-Tracyism iyindlela yokuchaza egxile encazelweni ecacile yombhalo wencwadi engokomthetho. Ukubhala kuvame ukugcizelela indlela amagama asemthethweni aqondwa ngayo ngabantu ngesikhathi begunyazwa, kanye nomongo lawo magama avela ngawo. Lendlela igcizelela amagama angokoqobo oMthetho-sisekelo ngaphezu kwemithombo yangaphandle noma izincazelo ezichazayo.

I-textalism iyinkolelo yokuthi kufanele sichaze imibhalo engokomthetho, kuhlanganise noMthetho-sisekelo, esekelwe kwincazelo evamile yombhalo. Umlobi wemibhalo ushaye indiva izici ngaphandle kombhalo, njengenkinga umthetho okhuluma ngayo noma lokho okungenzeka abadwebi bomthetho babekuhlosile. Abadwebi bemibhalo bakholelwa ukuthi lendlela inikeza ukuvumelana nesinqumo sokwahlulela.

UMahluleli weNkantolo Ephakeme oyisadla ngoludala u - Antonin Scalia wayengumlobi wemibhalo, ekholelwa ukuthi umuntu kufanele abheke nje kuphela umbhalo welungiselelo elifanele lapho esebenzisa uMthetho - sisekelo ecaleni elithile.

I-textalism ngokuyinhloko ichaza umthetho osekelwe kwincazelo evamile yombhalo ongokomthetho. Isibonelo esihle sokuthatha izindlela eziningi zokubhala sivela eBostock v. Clayton County lapho kokubili umbono nokwehluka kombhalo kwathatha khona indlela yokubhala; okuwukuphela komehluko wawuwu "ukuthi i-alpistism Court ifanele isebenzise ." Lelicala libonisa ukuthi ngisho naphakathi kwemibhalo, abahluleli bangaphikisana ekusetshenzisweni kwayo.

Ukuqala: Ukuqonda umthetho-sisekelo wabaHluleli

UbuSredist buyinkolelo-mbono yokuchazwa kwemibhalo engokomthetho, kuhlanganise nombhalo womthetho-sisekelo. Abakholelwa ekudalweni kwakuqala bakholelwa ukuthi umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo kufanele unikezwe incazelo yasekuqaleni yomphakathi ukuthi wawuyoba khona ngesikhathi uqala ukuba umthetho. Lendlela ifuna ukusekela ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo ekuqondeni okungokomlando kunezindinganiso zanamuhla.

Izitayela ezintathu eziyinhloko zabasunguli bamagama ezichazwayo ziwukuhlomela kwasekuqaleni, ukubhala, nokuqinisa izinto. Nakuba lezi zinqubo zivumelana, ziyahluka endleleni ezizosetshenziswa ngayo nemithombo yazo.

Inhloso yokuqala incike kulokho abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo ababehlose ukusho lokho lapho bebhala lencwadi. Nokho, lendlela iye yabhekana nokugxekwa ngenxa yobunzima bokunquma inhloso eyodwa, ebumbene phakathi kweqembu labantu abahlukahlukene ababutha futhi bagunyaza uMthetho-sisekelo.

Incazelo yokuqala yemibhalo yomthetho-sisekelo ingaqondwa ngezichazamazwi, izincwadi zolimi, nakweminye imibhalo engokomthetho okungaboleka kuyo lo mbhalo. Ingathathwa futhi ezingxabanweni zomthetho eziyisisekelo nasempikiswaneni yomphakathi eyabangela ilungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo. Abadali baqala basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokucwaninga ezingokomlando ukuze bavuselele ukuqondwa kwamalungiselelo omthetho ngesikhathi sokutholwa kwabo.

Phakathi nenkathi kaMahluleli uAntonin Scalia eneminyaka engamashumi amathathu ebekwe eNkantolo Ephakeme, yena nezazi eziningana ezivelele bachaza ukuthi, njengabafundi bokuqala, babezimisele ukuzama ukuqonda incazelo yomphakathi yasekuqaleni yoMthetho-sisekelo. Indlela yokuqala yomphakathi yokuqonda uMthetho-sisekelo ayisekelwe kuphela embhalweni, kodwa, kunalokho, iveza incazelo yasobala yombhalo njengesiqondiso esikhulu sokuchaza. UMahluleli Scaliary uveza umbono womphakathi eSifundeni saseColumbia v. UHeller uveza ukusetshenziswa kwencazelo yokuqala yomthetho womthetho.

UMthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo: Uvumelana Nezikhathi Zanamuhla

Imfundiso yokuqala ivame ukuhlukaniswa njengenkolelo - mbono yokuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo nencwadi ephilayo yoMthetho - sisekelo. Izazi zomthetho sisekelo eziphilayo zikholelwa ukuthi incazelo yombhalo womthetho - sisekelo iyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba isimo sengqondo sezenhlalo sishintsha, ngisho noma kungavunyelwa ukuguqulwa komthetho - sisekelo okungokomthetho kuyiSiphakamiso V soMthetho - sisekelo. Lendlela igcizelela ukuvumelana nezimo nokuzivumelanisa nezimo zanamuhla.

Abasekeli bomthetho-sisekelo baphikisa ngokuthi incazelo yombhalo womthetho-sisekelo imisiwe futhi kufanele ibophe abadlali bomthetho - sisekelo.

IJaji elingasekho uRuth Bader Ginsburg laphikisa ngokuthi izincazelo zoMthetho-sisekelo kufanele zivumelane nenguquko ye-United States. IJaji uGinsburg nabanye abasekeli boMthetho-sisekelo ophilayo bakholelwa ukuthi izimiso ezibanzi zalencwadi kumelwe zisetshenziswe ezimweni abaFramers abangeke bazilindele, kusukela ekusithekeni kwezemishini kuya kobuchwepheshe bokuzala banamuhla.

Indlela ephilayo yoMthetho-sisekelo ivumela izinkantolo ukuba zikhulume ngezindaba zamanje ezazingekho ngesikhathi kubhalwa uMthetho-sisekelo. Abasekeli baphikisa lokhu kuvumelana kudingekile ukuze uMthetho-sisekelo uhlale ufanelekile futhi uphumelela ekulawuleni umphakathi wanamuhla, ohlukene. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lendlela yenza amajaji abe nokuhlakanipha okukhulu futhi ibavumela ukuba babeke izindinganiso zabo siqu esikhundleni sokuwuchaza ngokwethembeka uMthetho-sisekelo.

Ezinye Izindlela Zokuhumusha

Ukwakhiwa kwemithetho kuyindlela abahluleli abayisebenzisa ngayo ngokufuna incazelo yesimiso esithile somthetho-sisekelo kuphela ngokuthi “basifunde ngokumelene nencwadi enkulu yomthetho-sisekelo noma umongo. ” Abahluleli bazama ukuqonda ukuthi umthetho othile uvumelana kanjani nohlelo olukhudlwana lwawo wonke umthetho-sisekelo. Lendlela igcizelela uMthetho-sisekelo njengowonke uwonke kunokuba uqoqwe iqoqo lamalungiselelo ahlukene.

Iqhinga abahluleli banquma icala ngokubheka esinqumweni secala elandulelayo nelifanayo ngokwesimiso somthetho sokubuka udecisis, ngokuthola umthetho noma isimiso esimweni sangaphambili sokuqondisa ukwahlulela kwabo ecaleni lamanje. Imfundiso yokubuka ideciss ithuthukisa ukungaguquguquki nokubikezela emthethweni, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi abahluleli begumbuqela izenzakalo abakholelwa ukuthi zazinqunywe ngokungalungile.

Ukulinganisela kwenzeka lapho amajaji elinganisela iqoqo elilodwa lezithakazelo noma amalungelo ngokumelene nesimiso esiphikisanayo, ngokuvamile esisetshenziselwa ukukhipha izinqumo emacaleni eSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Ngokwesibonelo, amacala ahilela inkululeko yokukhuluma ngezinye izikhathi adinga ukwahlulela okungahlukanisa phakathi kwenkulumo evunyelwe ngokomthetho nenkulumo engavinjelwa, kusho ukuthi, izizathu zokuphepha, futhi umsebenzi owenziwa abahluleli ukuvumelanisa lamacala aphikisanayo.

Intuthuko Engokomlando Yezimfundiso Zanamuhla Zokuchaza

Umbhali wezomthetho-sisekelo uRobert Bork ubizwa ngokuthi uveza imfundiso yokuqala yanamuhla yobuStatust esihlokweni sakhe somthetho sango-1971, uNeuthal Principles neZiphithi Ezithile Zokuqala zeSichibiyelo, esakhishwa kuyi-The Yale Law Journal. Waphawula ukuthi ngaphandle kokuchazwa embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo, abahluleli bakhululekile ukufaka izindinganiso zabo siqu lapho bechaza umthetho-sisekelo. uBork wasikisela indlela eyodwa esekelwe ngokomthetho ukuze agweme lokhu: ngoba abahluleli bathathe ku-"izindinganiso eziqondile zemibhalo noma umlando okubonisa ukuthi abahleli be-fule ukuba bahloselwe futhi bangakwazi ukuhunyuselwa emithethweni yezimiso ezinezimiso."""

Naphezu kokubusa kwayo kwamanje eNkantolo Ephakeme, iyinkolelo - mbono yamuva kakhulu yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo. Izimiso zayo zokuhlela zabekwa okokuqala ngo-1970 nango-1980 izazi ezamelana nesinqumo seNkantolo eBrown v. i-Board yezemfundo kanye nezinye izinqumo eziqhubekayo zeNkantolo yaseWarren. Ijaji nesazi uRobert Bork kunconywa ukuthi yiyo yokuqala echaza izimiso zobuProstomscle esihlokweni sakhe sango-1977, i-Neutral Principles kanye neZingqina Ezithile Zokuqala.

Ubuqanjili buyinkolelo-mbono ehloniphekile yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo okwaqala emlandweni okwalitshalwa kakhulu phakathi nekhulu lama-20. Ukuvuselelwa kobuOristism ngo-1980 kwakuyisenzweni semfundiso ye-"Constitution". Impikiswano phakathi kwalezi zinqubo eziphikisanayo iye yaguqula ukuqamba kweNkantolo Ephakeme, ukuqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala, nezinqumo zokwahlulela amashumi eminyaka.

Isikhashana esiyisihluthulelo senzeka ngo1982, eminyakeni emihlanu ngaphambi kokuhluleka kokubekwa kweBork enation, ngokusungulwa kweFederalist Society for Law and Public Policy Studies. INhlangano, njengoba ibizwa kanjalo, iyinhlangano ephambili engokwesiko eyasungulwa ukuze ikhuthaze izincazelo zomthetho-sisekelo wokuqala. Lenhlangano iye yafeza indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni abahluleli bokuqala nabahluleli.

Izici Eziyinhloko Ezigunyaza Izinqumo Zenkantolo Ephakeme

Ukuqonda la mathonya kunikeza umbono ophelele wendlela umthetho ongokomthetho oqala ngayo noshintsha ngayo.

Indima Yeziqu Zangaphambili Ezingokomthetho

Isibonelo esingokomthetho, noma ukuqapha, sifeza indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme. Lemfundiso ithi izinkantolo kufanele zilandele izinqumo zangaphambili lapho zibhekene nezindaba ezingokomthetho ezifanayo. Izehlakalo zikhuthaza ukuzinza, ukubikezela, nokungaguquguquki emthethweni, zivumela izakhamuzi nezinkantolo eziphansi ukuba ziqonde futhi zithembele ezimisweni ezingokomthetho ezimisiwe.

Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme ayiboshelwa ngokuphelele yizehlakalo zayo siqu. Amajaji angagumbuqela izinqumo zangaphambili lapho bekholelwa ukuthi lezo mithetho zanqunywa ngokungalungile noma ziye zahluleka ukusebenza. Isinqumo sokugumbuqela inqubo sibalulekile futhi sidida impikiswano, njengoba ingawaguqula ngokuphawulekayo amalungelo amisiwe nezimiso zomthetho. Izibonelo zamuva zihlanganisa ukugumbuqelwa kwezenzakalo zesikhathi eside ezindaweni ezinjengokukhishwa kwezisu nomthetho wezezimali.

Izindlela zokuchaza umbono ezingafani ngokwehlukile. Abaqondisi bezokuqala bangazimisele kakhulu ukugumbuqela izenzakalo abakholelwa ukuthi ziyaphikisana nencazelo yokuqala yomthetho-sisekelo, kuyilapho labo abasekela ukunqanda ukwahlulela ngokuvame ukunikeza isilinganiso esikhulu kumthetho omisiwe kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bayavumelana yini nesinqumo sokuqala.

Umbhalo Womthetho - sisekelo Nezakhiwo

Amagama angokoqobo oMthetho-sisekelo alokhu eyisiqalo sazo zonke izindlela zokuchaza. Ngisho nabahluleli abangavumelani ngezindlela zohlelo ngokuvamile baqala ukuhlaziya ngombhalo womthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo. Isimo soMthetho-sisekelo () indlela amalungiselelo awo ahlukahlukene ahlobene ngayo futhi nencwadi njengenke.

Amanye amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo acacile futhi acacile, njengaleyo eyimfuneko yokuba uMongameli abe neminyaka engu-35 okungenani. Amanye amalungiselelo asebenzisa ulimi olubanzi oludinga ukuchazwa, "inqubo yokubekwa komthetho," "isivikelo esilinganayo" noma "ukuphenya okungenangqondo nokuquleka". Lemisho esobala iye yadala impikiswano enkulu nezincazelo ezihlukene kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika.

Isakhiwo soMthetho-sisekelo `Igunya lokuhlanganisa phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni nohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni − futhi bazisa ukuchazwa. Amajaji acabangela indlela izinqumo zawo ezithinta ngayo ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwesimiso somthetho-sisekelo nokuthi alondoloza noma aguqula isakhiwo esiyisisekelo samaFramers asungulwe.

Izindinganiso Zomphakathi Nendawo Ezungezile

UMthetho-sisekelo awunazo izimiso zokuchaza kwawo. Lezi kumele zitholakale kwenye indawo, futhi amajaji nezazi ziyaphikisana ngenqubo. Lokhu kungabikho kwesiqondiso esicacile kuye kwaholela ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo ngendima efanele yezindinganiso zanamuhla ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo.

Abahleli bomthetho-sisekelo bamukela ngokucacile indima yokususa izindinganiso zomphakathi ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo. Baphikisa ngokuthi izimiso ezibanzi zoMthetho-sisekelo kumelwe zisetshenziswe ngenxa yezidingo zamanje zokuqonda nezokusebenza. Lendlela yenza ukuba uMthetho-sisekelo ukwazi ukusingatha izindaba zanamuhla ezinjengobumfihlo bemishini, ubuchwepheshe bokuzala, nezinye izenzakalo ezingenakuzilindele.

Izazi zomthetho wezomthetho ngokuvamile ziyawenqaba umqondo wokuthi ukushintsha izindinganiso zomphakathi kufanele kushintshe incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Baphikisa ngokuthi uma umphakathi ufisa ukushintsha izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, kufanele ushintshe ngenqubo engokomthetho kunokuchaza kabusha ngokwahlulela. Nokho, ngisho nabasunguli kumelwe balwe nokusebenzisa izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezingokomlando ezimweni zanamuhla.

Ifilosofi Yokwahlulela Nemibono Ephambene

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela eNkantolo Ephakeme, ngokwayo, kungahilela amajaji angakhethwanga ukuba agumbuqele intando yegatsha elikhethwe ngentando yeningi likahulumeni kahulumeni noma izikhulu zikahulumeni ezikhethwe ngokwentando yeningi.

Impikiswano phakathi kwabashisekeli bokwahlulela nabavikeli bemithetho ngokuyinhloko iyimpikiswano yokuthi iNkantolo kufanele ichaze nini, noma kangaki, ukuthi kufanele ichaze uMthetho - sisekelo. Amajaji nawo ahlukene ngokuthi umsebenzi kufanele wenziwe kanjani.

Izahlulelo ngazinye ziletha amafilosofi azo okwahlulela, okuhlangenwe nakho nokuphila nezindinganiso emsebenzini wazo.

Ukumiswa Kwenkantolo

Ukubunjwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme kuthinta kakhulu ukuchazwa komthetho-mthetho. Abameli abathatha izigwebo ezihlanganyela ifilosofi yabo yokwahlulela, nenqubo yokuqinisekisa yeSigele ihlola izindlela zokuchaza. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinguquko ezihlelwa yiNkantolo zingaholela ekushintsheni emfundisweni yomthetho-mthetho.

Lamazwi abonisa iqiniso eliye laphawulwa kaningi abahlaziyi ngeNkantolo Ephakeme: ubuShonast buyinqubo evelele yokuchaza esetshenziswa amaJaji eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States. Iningi leNkantolo yamanje elithatha imingcele eqinile liye laholela ekugcizelelweni kakhulu kwezindlela zokuqala nezokubhala, ezithinta izinqumo ezimayelana namalungelo ezibhamu kuya emthethweni wokuphatha.

Ukwakhiwa kweNkantolo nakho kuthinta amacala esinqumo sokulalela futhi ukuthi iphishekele kangakanani ushintsho lwemfundiso. Inkantolo enemibono eqinile ingazimisele kakhulu ukugumbuqela izenzakalo zomthetho-mthetho futhi iphinde iguqule umthetho womthetho-sisekelo, kuyilapho iNkantolo ehlukene kakhulu ingase iqhubeke ngokuqapha okukhulu.

Izimpawu Eziwuphawu Ezibonisa Indlela Yokuchaza

Ukuhlola izinqumo ezithile zeNkantolo Ephakeme kuyasiza ekuboniseni indlela ehlukene yokuchaza esebenzayo. Lamacala aphawulekayo abonisa ukuthi ukuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo ngomthetho - sisekelo kwaseMelika kanye nomphakathi kuthinta ithonya langempela.

Isigodi sase-Columbia v. Heller: I-Extraryism iyasebenza

Icala lika-2009 i-Fourcent of Columbia v. Heller linikeza isibonelo esicacile sencazelo yabasunguli bezincwadi. Icala elibhekiswe ku-Second Remputer livikela ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye ukuba nezikhali noma ilungelo elihlangene kuphela elihlobene nenkonzo yobuphoqelela. Umbono kaMahluleli uScalia wasebenzisa ukucubungula okukhulu komsunguli, ukuhlola umbhalo weSikhawulo seSichibiyeli, imithombo engokomlando, nokuqondwa kwelungelo lokuphatha izikhali ngesikhathi sokuFunyaniswa kwe-Roding.

Umbono wahlaziya incazelo yamabinzana afana "nokugcina nokuphatha izikhali" no "amabutho aphethe kahle" njengoba zaziyoqondwa ngekhulu le-18. IJaji uScalia wahlola izichazamazwi, amaphuzu angokomthetho, nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo zenkathi yokuFunyaniswa kweNguqulo Yesibili. Le ndlela ibonisa indlela abaqali bezinto ababesebenzisa ngayo ukucwaninga okungokomlando ukuchaza amalungiselelo omthetho ngokomthetho.

Brown v. Board of Education: Constitutional Evolution

Isinqumo sango-1954 kuBrown v. Board of Education, eyamemezela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi ngaphandle kwemithetho esemthethweni, sibonisa ukungezwani phakathi kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza. Abahleli bomthetho-sisekelo bakholelwa ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga kwakungokomthetho-sisekelo kusukela ngo-1877 kuya ku-1945, ngoba umbono womphakathi wawukuvumela, futhi kwaba yisinqumo esingavumelani nemithetho kuphela ngenxa yesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme eBrown v. iBrown no-Brown. Ngokungafani, abaqondisikholi bacabanga ukuthi iSiphendulo samashumi Amane eMinyaka yonke sasikwenqabela isigaba sohlanga (kutholwa kwayo ngo-1868, kuya ku-1868, ku-isinqumo esiyiphutha seNkakhulu yeNkakhulu ePelson v.[5669]), esithathwe esinqumlweni saseBrown ngo-19549, kuze kube manje.

Lelicala libonisa indlela isinqumo esifanayo esingalunga ngayo ngaphansi kwezimiso ezihlukene. Abaqondisi bomthetho-mthetho abaphilayo babheka uBrown njengeNkantolo evumelanisa izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nokuqonda ukulingana. Abaqondisi bezomthetho-sisekelo baphikisa ngokuthi uBrown wachaza ngokunembile incazelo yokuqala yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, leyo izinkantolo zangaphambili ezazingayiqonda kahle.

Obergefell v. Hodges: Amalungelo anamuhla nencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo

Isinqumo sango-2015 sokuqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lomshado ofanayo wobulili e-Obergefell v. uHodges wadala impikiswano enkulu mayelana nezindlela zokuchaza. Umbono wabaningi, owabhalwa nguMahluleli uKennedy, wagcizelela ukuvikelwa koMthetho-sisekelo kwamalungelo ayisisekelo nokuqondwa okungaguquguquki komshado nokulingana. Lendlela ibonisa izimiso eziphila ngokomthetho-mfantu, usebenzise iziqinisekiso ezibanzi zomthetho-sisekelo ezisezimweni zanamuhla.

Abahluleli abangasifuni isinqumo bagxeka isinqumo ngokuthi umbangi wokwahlulela, bephikisa ngokuthi incazelo yokuqala yoMthetho-sisekelo ayihlanganisanga umshado oxubile nokuthi izinguquko ezinjalo zezenhlalo kufanele zivele ngezinqubo zentando yeningi kunemithetho yokwahlulela. Lendaba ibonisa ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwamafilosofi ahlukahlukene achazayo nemiphumela yawo esebenzayo ngamalungelo omuntu.

Impikiswano Ngezindlela Zokuchaza

Ukukhetha indlela yokuchaza akuyona nje imfundo kuphela, kodwa kuthinta kakhulu umthetho womthetho - sisekelo kanye nomphakathi waseMelika. Indlela ngayinye inamandla nobuthakathaka, futhi impikiswano ngokuchaza okufanelekile isalokhu ihlela inkulumo engokomthetho.

Amampikiswano Enkolelo Yokuqala

Abasekeli bobuProtostism baphikisa ngokuthi inikeza ukuvumelana futhi inqandelwe ekwenzeni izinqumo zokwahlulela. Ngokumisa ukuchazwa kwencazelo engokomlando, ubukhomanisi buthi buvimbela amajaji ekubekeni izindinganiso zawo siqu ngaphansi kwencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Abaxhasi boqobo baphikisa ngokuthi uma incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ingashintsha ngaphandle kokulungisa okungokomthetho, iyeka ukuba yisici esinenjongo emandleni kahulumeni.

Ubuqaba bukhuthaza ukufaneleka kwentando yeningi. UMthetho-sisekelo wagunyazwa ngenqubo yentando yeningi, futhi abasekeli bokuqala baphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo kufanele ziqikelele ukuthi abantu abamukele incazelo esikhundleni sezahlulelo zabo siqu. Uma umphakathi ufisa ukushintsha izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, abasekeli bokuqala basekela, kufanele wenze kanjalo ngenqubo yeSiphakamiso V sokulungisa kunokuba kuchazwe kabusha kokwahlulela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukholelwa ekudalweni komthetho - sisekelo kunikeza ukuzinza nokubikezela. Uma incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ilungiswa, izakhamuzi nezikhulu zikahulumeni zingawaqonda kangcono amalungelo nezibopho zazo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthuthukisa umthetho futhi kuvimbela ukwenza izinqumo zokwahlulela ezizimele.

Ukugxekwa Kokuqamba Iziqu

UJaji weNkantolo Ephakeme uWilliam J. Brennan Jr. wachaza ubuSulumane njengo "ukuzenzisa okuthobeke" phakathi nenkulumo ka-1985 eGeorgetown University. Kulenkulumo, wabuye wathi: “Kuyazikhukhumeza ukushaya sengathi sisendaweni yethu singayihlola ngokunembile inhloso yabafaki-zincwadi, nokuthi abezombangazwe abathi benza kanjalo bashukunyiswa yizizathu zezombangazwe kuphela.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuthola incazelo yakuqala akunakwenzeka noma ukungaqondi. Imithombo yezomlando ingaba engaphelele, ephikisanayo, noma engasho lutho ngezindaba eziyinhloko. AmaFramers ngokwawo awavumelananga nemibuzo eminingi yomthetho-sisekelo, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlukanisa incazelo eyodwa "yakuqala". Abagxeki futhi bayakungabaza ukuthi amajaji angawubekela eceleni ngempela yini umbono wawo lapho echaza imithombo yomlando.

Okunye ukugxeka ukuthi ubuKhomanisi bokuqala bungaqamba incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo ekhulwini le - 18 noma le - 19 leminyaka, okwenza uMthetho-sisekelo ungakwazi ukuxazulula izinselele zanamuhla. Abadansi babengeke balindele ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-Internet, izikhali zanamuhla, noma ukwelapha ngokuzala.

Izimpikiswano Zobumthetho Obuphilayo

Abasekeli boMthetho-sisekelo ophilayo bagcizelela ukuvumelana kwawo nokuvumelana nezimo. Baphikisa ngokuthi izimiso ezibanzi zoMthetho-sisekelo kumelwe zisetshenziswe ezimweni abangakaze bazicabange. UMthetho-sisekelo ophilayo ungavikela imfihlo enkathini yobuchwepheshe, uqinisekise ukulingana kwamaqembu akhishwayo, futhi ubhekane nezinselele zanamuhla kuyilapho uhlala uthembekile ezindinganisweni eziyisisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo.

Izazi zomthetho - sisekelo eziphila nazo zithi indlela eziyisebenzisa ngayo iveza indlela umthetho - sisekelo oye waqala ngayo ngempela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abasekeli boMthetho-sisekelo ophilayo baphikisa ngokuthi indlela ephilayo yokuthatha i-Constitution ivumela lencwadi ukuba ifeze imisebenzi yayo ebalulekile ezweni elishintshayo. UMthetho-sisekelo kumelwe ulawule umphakathi wanamuhla ohlukene kakhulu nezwe le-18 lamaFramers. Ukungaguquguquki ekuchazeni kuqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uyaqhubeka usebenza futhi uphumelela.

Ukugxekwa Kobumthetho Obuphilayo

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuphila ngomthetho - sisekelo kunikeza amajaji ukwahlulela ngokuqondisisa futhi kubavumela ukuba baphoqelele izindinganiso zabo siqu. Ngaphandle kokucindezelwa kwencazelo emisiwe, abahluleli bangasebenzisa umthetho ukuze bafinyelele imiphumela efiselekayo.

Abasekeli bomthetho - sisekelo baphikisa futhi ngokuthi ukuphila ngomthetho - sisekelo kwenza umthetho womthetho - sisekelo ube ongaqondakali futhi ungaguquguquki. Uma izincazelo zomthetho - sisekelo zishintsha futhi zishintsha izindinganiso ezishintshayo, izakhamuzi azikwazi ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ufunani noma uvikela. Lokhu kungaqiniseki kululaza umthetho futhi kwenza amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo ancike ekwakhekeni kweNkantolo kunokuba kuncike ezimisweni ezihlala njalo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abagxeki bayangabaza ukuthi izindinganiso zobani okufanele ziqondise ukuziphendukela kwemvelo komthetho - sisekelo.

Iqiniso Elingokoqobo Lokuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Izejwayezi, izahlulelo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zivame ukusebenzisa izindlela eziningi zokuchaza, ngisho naphakathi kombono owodwa. Zimbalwa izahlulelo ezinamathela ngokuqinile endleleni eyodwa, futhi eziningi zicabangela izici ezihlukahlukene lapho zinquma amacala. Umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo, umongo wawo ongokomlando, isiqalo, imiphumela esebenzayo, nezindinganiso zamanje zonke zingadlala indima ekwenzeni izahlulelo zokwahlulela.

I-textalism iyisigqebhezana esingaphansi sobuProfethi bokuqala futhi yasungulwa ukuze igweme ezinye zezici eziphazamisayo zobuProthesm bokuqala njengoba kwakuchazwe okokuqala. Lobubuhlobo phakathi kwezindlela zokuchaza bubonisa indlela ifilosofi yokwahlulela eguquka futhi ivumelane ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngisho nabahluleli ababonana nezinqubo ezithile bangase bazisebenzise ngokuhlukile noma bazihlanganise nezinye izinto.

Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ngokuvamile zibonisa ukuvumelana nokuxoxisana phakathi kwamajaji namafilosofi ahlukene achazayo. Ukwakha imifelandawonye eminingi, izahlulelo zingalinganisela izikhundla zabo noma zisebenzise ukucabanga okukhangayo kozakwabo abanezinqubo ezingafani. Lokhu okusebenzayo kusho ukuthi imibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme ingase ingayivezi ngokuphelele noma iyiphi inkolelo echazayo.

Umphumela Wokuchaza Ukuphila KwaseMelika

Incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ayiyona nje indlela ecatshangelwayo engokomthetho, kodwa ithinta ukuphila kwawo wonke amaMelika. Abaqondisi bezokwahlulela abasebenzisa amajaji banquma izinga lamalungelo omuntu ngamunye, ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni, kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni.

Izinqumo eziphathelene nokuchaza umthetho - sisekelo zithinta izindaba ezisukela kumalungelo okukhipha isisu nokulawula izibhamu kuya ekukhululeni ukukhuluma nenkululeko engokwenkolo. Zinquma ukuthi imithetho evikela amalungelo omphakathi, ukuqondisa umnotho, noma ukusingatha izinselele zendawo ezungezile iwumthetho ngokomthetho. Izindlela zokuchaza ezisetshenziswayo zingandisa noma zivume izivumelwano, zigunyaze noma zihlele uhulumeni olawulayo, futhi zihlele ukuqondisa komphakathi waseMelika.

Ukuqonda incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihileleke ngokuphumelelayo ezimpikiswaneni ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe. Uma ukuphikisana kweNkantolo Ephakeme kudala impikiswano, impikiswano enkulu igxile kuyifilosofi echazayo yomuntu. Izakhamuzi eziqonda lezi zinqubo zingazihlola kangcono izimemezelo futhi ziqonde ukuthi zingazinquma kanjani izimpikiswano zesikhathi esizayo.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Ekuchazeni Umthetho - sisekelo

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla noshintsho lwezenhlalo luletha izinselele ezintsha zencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Izindaba ezifana nezimfihlo zemishini, ukuhlakanipha kokuzenzela, ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo nezokuxhumana zazingekho lapho kubhalwa uMthetho - sisekelo. Amajaji kumelwe anqume ukuthi izimiso zomthetho sisekelo zisebenza kanjani kulezi zimo ezintsha.

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine sokuhlola okungacabangeki nokuquleka, ngokwesibonelo, kumelwe sisetshenziswe ekwazisweni kocingo, ukuxhumana nge-imeyili, nobuchwepheshe bokuqapha ubuso. Isichibiyeli sokuqala sikhuluma ukukhuluma kumelwe sibhekane namaqophane ezokuxhumana, ukuhlanganisa ukwaziswa okunemithetho esemthethweni, kanye nokuhlasela nge-inthanethi. Lezi zinselele zivivinya zonke izindlela zokuchaza futhi zidinga amajaji ukuze kulinganiswe ukwethembeka ezimisweni zomthetho-mthetho kanye nokusebenza okusebenzayo ezimweni zanamuhla.

Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuveza izinselele. Ingabe umthetho wezizwe zonke noma izinqumo zenkantolo zakwamanye amazwe kufanele zithonye ukuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo waseMelika? Abasekeli bezomthetho bavamile bayawenqaba amathonya anjalo, kuyilapho abanye abahluleli bebheka umthetho - sisekelo njengesici esisodwa ekuhlaziyweni kwabo. Le mpikiswano iveza imibuzo ebanzi mayelana nomthetho - sisekelo waseMelika nendima yezimiso zomhlaba wonke.

Ikusasa Lokuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Impikiswano ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo izoqhubeka ilawula umthetho waseMelika nezombangazwe. Njengoba amajaji amasha ejoyina iNkantolo Ephakeme, ukulinganisela phakathi kwezinqubo ezihlukene zokuchaza kungashintsha. Izinguquko ekwakheni kweNkantolo zingaholela ekuphendukeleni kwemfundiso noma ekuguqukeni, njengoba iziqu ezintsha ziphinde zihlola izenzakalo ezimisiwe.

Izikole zomthetho ziqeqesha abameli namajaji besikhathi esizayo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza, futhi izimpikiswano zezemfundo zihlela indlela ochwepheshe bezomthetho abawuqonda ngayo umthetho - sisekelo. Izinhlangano ezinjengeNhlangano Yezikhungo Ezizimele zithuthukisa amafilosofi achazayo ngokukhethekile, zithinta ukuqamba iziqu nempucuko engokomthetho.

Ukuqonda umphakathi nokuvumelana nezindaba zomthetho - sisekelo kanye nezindaba. Izakhamuzi ezinolwazi zingahlaziya kangcono ohulumeni, ziqonde izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, futhi zihlanganyele ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo. Njengoba izindaba zomthetho - sisekelo ziba ezivelele kakhulu enkulumweni yezombangazwe, ukufunda komphakathi ngezindlela zokuchaza.

Imithombo Yokuqonda Okwengeziwe

Kulabo abafuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, kunemithombo eminingi. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni yeNkantolo Ephakeme e e-upremecourt.gov inikeza ukutholakala kwemibono, izimpikiswano zomlomo, nezincwadi ezifundisayo ngomsebenzi weNkantolo. Ukufunda imibono yangempela yeNkantolo Ephakeme kunikeza ukuqonda indlela abahluleli abasebenzisa ngayo izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza emacaleni angokoqobo.

Izinhlangano zomthetho zinikeza imithombo yemfundo esemthethweni engokomthetho. INational Constitution Center e inikeza izinto zokufundisa ezingangeni ndawo ngoMthetho-sisekelo kanye nencazelo yawo. Amawebhusayithi emfundo avame ukuveza imfundo yezemfundo yezemfundo nezifundo zomphakathi ngezihloko zomthetho-mthetho.

Izitatimende ezingokomthetho namaphephabhuku anyathelisa izihloko zezazi eziphikisana ngezindlela zokuchaza nokuhlaziya izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme. Ukulandela amacala eNkantolo Ephakeme njengoba eqhubeka ngezimpikiswano zomlomo kuya ezinqumweni zokugcina kusiza ekuboniseni indlela izindlela zokuchaza ezisebenza ngayo. Abahlaziyi abaningi bezomthetho nezintatheli banikeza ukuhlaziywa okulula kwezindaba ezivamile zomthetho - sisekelo.

Isiphetho

Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho igxile ekusekelweni komthetho wase-Melika nasekubuseni. Izindlela ezisetshenziswa amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme ukuchaza ububanzi bamalungelo abantu, isimo sikahulumeni, nesiqondiso somphakathi waseMelika. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo ezichazayo kususela ekuchazeni imibhalo kanye nasekuthatheni umthetho-mthethweni kuya ekuphileni komthetho-sisekelo nezinye izindlela kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme isebenza kanjani nokuthi umthetho womthetho-mthetho-siseko uqala kanjani.

Nakuba amajaji nezazi bengavumelani ngendlela efanele yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo, lezizimpikiswano ziveza imibuzo ejulile mayelana nentando yeningi, amandla okwahlulela, kanye nohlobo lomthetho ngokwawo. Ayikho indlela yokuchaza ephelele, futhi ngayinye ihilela ukuhweba phakathi kwezindinganiso eziphikisanayo njengokuzinza nokuvumelana nezimo, ukucindezelwa nokuhlakanipha, ukwethembeka komlando nokubaluleka kwamanje.

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sinezimiphumela emikhulu kubo bonke abantu baseMelika. Kusukela ezinqumweni eziphawulweyo eziphathelene namalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuya emacaleni athinta izindaba zomthetho zansuku zonke, ukuchaza komthetho-mthetho kuhlela indlela esemthethweni esihlala ngayo. Ngokuqonda indlela izahlulelo ezisingatha ngayo imibuzo engokomthetho-mthetho, izakhamuzi zingahileleka kangcono ezimpikiswaneni ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe, zihlole izimemezelo ezizimele, futhi zihlanganyele ekwakheni okuqhubekayo komthetho olawulayo.

Njengoba umphakathi waseMelika uqhubeka uguqula futhi ubhekane nezinselele ezintsha, ukuchazwa komthetho-mthetho kuzakuhlala kuyisici esibalulekile nesiphikiswana sesimiso sethu somthetho-mthetho. Ukukhuthazela koMthetho-sisekelo kuxhomeke ekhonweni lawo lokuxazulula izindaba zamanje kuyilapho ukulondoloza ukwethembeka ezimisweni eziyisisekelo. Indlela izahlulelo ezilinganisela ngayo lezi zimfuno ezincintisanayo ngokukhetha kwazo okuchazayo ziyoqhubeka zibumba umthetho nokuphila kwaseMelika nasezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

Amakhiye Okuthatha Izindawo

  • Kunezindlela zokuchaza: Amajaji aseNkantolo aPhakeme asebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa ukubhalwa kwemibhalo, uqobo, umthetho-sisekelo ophilayo, ukwakhiwa, nokucabanga okusekelwe kungokokuqala
  • Izindaba zokuthuthukisa: Imibono yanamuhla echazayo ivele muva nje, futhi i-ronalism ithola ukuvelela kuma 1970 nawo 1980 njengempendulo ezinqumweni zeNkantolo yaseWarren
  • Ukufakwa kwecala kuthinta ukuphila kwangempela: Izindlela zokuchaza zinquma izinga lamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nemibuso kahulumeni, kuthinta izindaba kusukela ekusithekeni kuya ekulinganani
  • Akukho indlela eyodwa ebusayo ngokuphelele: Nakuba uqobo lunethonya manje eNkantolweni Ephakeme, abahluleli bavame ukusebenzisa izindlela eziningi futhi bacabangele izici ezihlukahlukene ezinqumweni zabo
  • Impikiswano iyaqhubeka: Ukungavumelani ngencazelo efanelekile yomthetho-sisekelo kuphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nentando yeningi, amandla okwahlulela, kanye nohlobo lomthetho ongaphenduliwe
  • i-textual nohlelo: Isakhiwo seNkantolo, izindinganiso zesizwe, isibonelo somthetho, nemiphumela esebenzayo yonke ithonya indlela amahluleli achaza ngayo uMthetho-sisekelo
  • incazelo eqondakalayo yenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuchaza izindlela: ulwazi lwendlela zokwahlulela lusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole okwahlulela, ziqonde izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, futhi zihileleke ngokunenjongo ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho-sisekelo