Ukukhula Okubangela Ukuba Abaphathi Bamanzi Basemadolobheni

Ukuphatha amanzi emadolobheni kuye kwavela njengenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezisebenzayo nezibalulekile kubaphathi bedolobha kulo lonke imbulunga. Njengoba ukukhula kwemiphakathi yamadolobha kushintshashintsha, umsebenzi wokuhambisa amanzi ahlanzekile, abiza imali, nanokwethenjelwa ezigidi zezakhamuzi ukhula ngokuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Imisebenzi yeZizwe Ezihlangene yokuthi ngo-2050, cishe amaphesenti angu-68 abantu emhlabeni ayobe ehlala emadolobheni, ifaka ukucindezeleka okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili ezimisweni zamanzi ngokuvamile ezaziklanyelwe abantu abancane kakhulu nezimo ezilindelekile.

Kubaphathi bedolobha, izigxobo ziphakeme kakhulu. Amanzi awayona nje inzuzo; ayisisekelo sempilo yomphakathi, amandla ezomnotho, ukulondolozwa kwendawo ezungezile, kanye nokungaguquguquki kwezenhlalo. Ukuphazamiseka okukhulu ekutholeni amanzi noma izinga lokulingana kungabangela imiphumela ephazamisayo, kusukela ekungeneni esibhedlela kuya ekuvalekeni kwezentengiselwano zomphakathi. Lokhu kudinga ukuqhubekela phambili, ukusungulwa kokwaziswa, kanye nokusebenzisana ekuqondiseni imithombo yamanzi engaphezulu kakhulu kwendlela yokulungisa imvelo.

Lo mqondisi okhulisiwe uhlola izinselele ezinkulu kakhulu ezibhekene nezimiso zamanzi zasemadolobheni namuhla futhi unikeza amakhambi agcwele asekelwe ekuziphatheni nasekwenzeni okusha. Abaphathi bamadolobheni abaqonda ngokugcwele ukuthi lezi zinkinga zigcwele futhi benze ngokuwujuqu bayokwazi ukuma kangcono ukuze bavikele ikusasa lamanzi emiphakathi yabo.

Izinselele Ezinkulu Ekuqondiseni Amanzi Emadolobheni

Izinselele ezibhekene nezimiso zamanzi zasemadolobheni zihlangene, ngokuvamile ziqinisana ngezindlela ezikhulisa izingozi futhi zibangele ukusabela okunzima.

Ukwanda Kwenani Labantu Nokudlondlobala Kwamadolobha Ngokushesha

Inani labantu basedolobheni liyanda ngokwezinga elidlula izinga lezakhiwo zamanzi ezikhona ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba. Amadolobha emazweni asathuthuka, ikakhulukazi, abhekene nokwanda okukhulu emizini ehlangene namanzi ngokwethukela lapho kunqamuka khona. Ngisho nasezindaweni zasemadolobheni ezivuthiwe, ukwakhiwa ngokukhula okukhulu nemisebenzi yokugcwalisa izindawo ezifunwa kakhulu zeziqu, iziqu zokwelapha, izikhungo zokulondoloza imithombo ekhudlwana ezikhudlwana. Lokhu kungalingani okuphakathi kwenani lempahla nesidingo samandla adingekayo kudala umfutho olungapheli ezimisweni, kuholela ekunciphiseni izinga lenkonzo, nasekunciphekeni kwezindleko ezisebenzayo.

Ngaphandle komthamo omkhulu, ukwanda kwenani labantu nakho kushintsha izindlela zokusebenzisa amanzi angcolile. Ukuhamba kwamanzi aphezulu aphilayo kugxilisa amanzi angcolile, kushintsha inkathi ephezulu edinga izindleko, futhi kwakha izinto ezintsha ezihlanganisa amagciwane ngemisebenzi eminingi yasekhaya neyezentengiselwano. Abaphathi bedolobha kumelwe babikezele lezi zinguquko ngokunemba okunengqondo, ngokuvamile besebenzisa izilinganiso ezibonisa ukuzalana kwamazwe kanye namasu okusebenzisa indawo, ukuze benze izinqumo zokutshala imali ngolwazi.

Ukuguga Nezakhiwo Ezingathandeki

Emadolobheni amaningi amisiwe, umgogodla wamanzi (imibhobho, amaphampu, izikhungo zokwelapha, nezindawo zokugcina izimoto) wafakwa phakathi nekhulu lama-20 futhi manje usondela noma udlula indlela eklanywe ngayo. INhlangano yaseMelika ye-Civil Enginegers ilandela amamaki okuphuza amanzi njalo e-United States esilinganisweni sika-C noma D+, ilinganisela ukuthi amakhulu ezigidi zezigidi zamaRandi ezikusetshenziswa emalini. Imigqa yenkonzo yomthofutho, ifaka imfucumfucu yezinga eliphambili, futhi ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha obuphelelwe isikhathi buveza izingozi ezingathi sína neyo.

Ukubuyisela izindleko zempahla engaphansi komhlaba kulinganiswa ngeminyaka engamashumi amaningi, futhi izindleko ziyashaqisa. Abaphathi bemizi kumelwe bancintisane nezimali ezilinganiselwe nezinye izidingo eziphuthumayo ezinjengokuhamba, ukuphepha komphakathi, nezindlu zokuhlala ezibizayo. Nokho, ukudayiswa komjikelezo kuphela kwezakhi zezindleko ezithatha isikhathi eside. Ukuvuza okuncane namuhla namuhla kuba ikhefu elikhulu, ukuphazamisa izimoto, ukulimaza impahla, nokuchitha izigidi zamali amanzi awelaphayo. Inselele ayikho nje ngemali kodwa futhi isikhulu: ukunquma ukuthi yiziphi izinto okufanele zithathe indawo, lapho, futhi kulandelana ukuthi kudinga izinhlelo eziphambili zokuphatha nokubeka izingozi eziphambili.

Ukungcola Kwamanzi Nomthombo Wokubola

Izikhungo zamanzi ezisedolobheni zithola izinto ezingcolisayo ezivela ezindaweni eziningi: izimboni, ukubhoboka kwezentengiselwano, amanzi eziphepho athwele usawoti wasemgwaqweni nezinsimbi ezisindayo, izinsalela zemithi ezivela ezindlini, kanye nezifo ezibangelwa ukuchitheka kwendle ehlangene. Lezizinto ezingcolisayo zenza kube nzima kakhulu ukunikeza izinqubo zokwelapha, zikhuthaze impilo, futhi kwezinye izimo zenza imithombo yamanzi ingancishiseki ngaphandle kokwelashwa okuthuthukile nokubizayo.

Izinto ezixubanayo njengePFAS (izinto ezijikijelwayo kanye nepolyfluoralkyl), imicroplastics, kanye nokuhlikihla kwamakhemikhali e-endocrine kuseyizinselele ezintsha. Amapulani okuqondisa asathatha indawo, ashiya abaphathi bedolobha befuna izimpawu ezingaqinisekile zomthetho nokukhathazeka komphakathi. Ukuvikela amanzi ngemishini eshintshwayo, ugesi olawula indawo, kanye nezinhlelo zokuvimbela ukungcola ngokuvamile kubiza kakhulu kunezindleko zokuwezakha amanzi angcolile, kodwa kudinga ukusebenzelana nezinhlangano eziningi nabagcini bezikhungo abangaphandle komuzi abaqondisi begunya eliqondile.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nokushintshashintsha Kwamanzi

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kushintsha umjikelezo wamanzi, kubangele isomiso esikhulu, izikhukhula, neziphepho. Izifunda eziye zajabulela imvula ethembekile iminyaka eminingi manje zibhekene nesomiso esiqeda imithombo yamanzi namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ezinye izindawo zibhekana nezenzakalo zemvula ezinkulu ezikhuphula isimiso sokukhipha amanzi futhi zibangele ukuba indle engalaphelisiwe iphumele emanzini.

Kubaphathi bamadolobha, ukungazifiki kuyinselele kakhulu. Ukuhlelwa kokwaziswa okungokomlando okuklanyweyo kungase kungasanele izimo zesikhathi esizayo. Ukwenyuka kolwandle kusongela izitshalo zasemanzini aselunxwemeni kanye namadlelo angena amanzi agudle amanzi. Amazinga okushisa aphakeme akhulayo emithonjeni yamanzi futhi anyusa isidingo samanzi sokunisela nokuphola. Ukwakha isimo sezulu esiqinile sidinga ukuklanywa okuguquguqukayo, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zokuthutha amanzi, namasu anele asheshayo.

Amanzi Nesimiso Okungangeni Endinganisweni

Emadolobheni amaningi, isilinganiso esikhulu samanzi awelaphayo asifiki kubathengi abakhokhelwayo. Lokhu kulahlekelwa okungaziwa njengamanzi angenasithukuthuku (NRW), kuhlanganisa ukuvuza okungokomzimba emapayipini, ukweba noma ukuxhumana okungemthetho, nokungahambisani nomthetho. Emhlabeni wonke, i-NRW isilinganiso esicishe sibe amaphesenti angu-30, kodwa kwamanye amadolobha, kungadlula amaphesenti angu-50. Lokhu akusho ukuthi kulahlwa amanzi kuphela kodwa futhi kulahlekelwa amandla, amakhemikhali, kanye nokuthengwa kwemali ebhilishisiwe.

Ukunciphisa i-NRW kungomunye wezindlela ezibiza kakhulu idolobha elingathatha ukuze lithuthukise ukutholakala kwamanzi nokulondolozwa kwezimali. Kudinga ukuthungatha okuhlelekayo ngokusebenzisa izinzwa zomsindo, umfanekiso wesatellite, nezindawo ezinemitha, kuhlangene nokulawula umfutho, ukubuyisela amapayipi, nokuphoqelela ukumelana nokuxhumana okungekhona okugunyaziwe. Kubaphathi abaningi bamadolobha, inselele ayikona ubuchwepheshe kodwa isikhungo: ukwakha amandla okusekela uhlelo oluvuzayo ngesikhathi nokuvikela izombangazwe ukusingatha izindaba ezigxilile njengenkohlakalo noma ukuthunyelwa kwamanzi ngokwethungagunyaziwe.

Amakhambi Aphumelelayo Okulawula Amanzi Aphumelelayo

Nakuba izinselele zinzima, ithuluzi elikhulayo lobuchwepheshe, imikhuba, kanye nemishini elawulayo linikeza abaphathi bedolobha izindlela ezingokoqobo zokuthuthukisa. Izinqubo eziphumelela kakhulu ezihlanganisa amakhambi amaningi avumelana nezimo zendawo.

Izindlela Zokwelapha Amanzi Ezithuthukile

Ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha banamuhla busiza amadolobha ukuba akhiqize amanzi alinganayo asuka emithonjeni enzima kakhulu yamanzi. I-membrane bioctericctors ihlanganisa ukwelashwa kwamagciwane ne-microfiltant noma ukufakwa kwe-olectrofiltation, yenza i-flactive efanelekile ukusebenzisa kabusha izinhlelo ezingasebenziseki njengenkampane, ukupholisa izimboni, nokukhipha indle yangasese. I-Ultraviolective diviefective ne-oidration ethuthukisiwe ngokuphumelelayo i-athogen kanye nokuvela kwemicrometics eziyingozi ngaphandle kokwakhiwa kwemificie eyingozi ehlangene ne-chlonetic.

Kusetshenziswa i-osmosis nokuhlanganisa i-nanofiltive ukuze kunyathiselwe ukwelapha amanzi angaphansi namanzi olwandle angaphansi komhlaba, kukhuphule amathuba okuthola amadolobha asogwini abhekene nokuntula amanzi angenasawoti. Nakuba intuthuko yezinto zolwelwesi nemishini yokuvuselela amandla incishisiwe kancane kancane. Abaphathi bedolobha abahlola le sayensi akumelwe babheke inhloko yemali nezindleko ezisebenzayo kodwa futhi babheke ukulahlwa kwamanzi angenayo, ukwamukelwa komphakathi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwemibhosholo yokusebenzisa amanzi.

Izinhlayiya Zamanzi Ahlakaniphile Nezinyane Zamanani

Ukuhlangana kwezinzwa, imishini yokuxhumana, kanye nokwaziswa kuguqula ukusebenza kwesimiso samanzi. Imishini yamanzi ehlakaniphile isebenzisa izinzwa zomfutho, amamitha, izimboni zamanzi, nemishini yokuvuza enqamula imishini yokusakaza, ukugcwalisa ukwaziswa okuthatha isikhathi sangempela ngamapulatifomu abekwe ngaphakathi. Lezi zimiso zingabona ukuvuza phakathi nemizuzu embalwa, zikwazi ukupompa izimiso zokunciphisa amandla, zibike ihluleka kwemibhobho, zingakathi zingakwazi ukuphuma, futhi zikwazi ukunciphisa ukucindezela kokulahlekelwa yizinto ezincithaka.

Amawele afana ngemishini ye-inthanethi .Imidwebo yamanzi angokoqobo .Imisebe ye-minuber ihlanganisa ukwaziswa okungokoqobo kwemishini esebenza ngemishini esebenza ngemishini, ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bafanise izimo ezihlukene, amasu okulawula, nezisebenzi zesitimela ngaphandle kokuphazamisa imisebenzi engokoqobo. Kubaphathi bedolobha, amawele amanani anikeza ithuluzi lokusekela inqubo yokuhlela izakhiwo, izimo zezulu, noma izimiso zokulawula imishini efuna ijubane elingenakulinganiswa nakancane.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamanzi Ngokusha, Ukusetshenziswa Futhi Nezimiso Zokuncibilikisa Amanzi

Ukusebenzisa amanzi angcolile entweni elungele ukuwasebenzisa futhi ezuzisayo kungenye yezindlela ezithembisa kakhulu zokwandisa amanzi asedolobheni. Ukuwasebenzisa futhi okungagudlulwayo, lapho amanzi angcolile abuyiselwa khona ngokuqondile esimisweni samanzi aphuzwayo noma asetshenziselwa ukubuyisela amanzi angaphansi kwamanzi acwebile, kuye kwasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo emadolobheni anjengeSingapore, Windhoek, ne Orange County, California. Ukusetshenziswa kokungangenisi amanzi okungasetshenziswa ekuniseleni ngenkasa, izinqubo zezenzeke, nokugoboloza indlu yangasese, kudinga ukwelashwa okuncane futhi kwamukelwa kalula umphakathi.

Izimiso zamanzi ezincishisiwe noma ezisakazwayo ziphelelisa isisekelo sesisekelo esiphakathi ngokulungisa nokusebenzisa amanzi esakhiweni noma endaweni ezungezile. Izimiso zamanzi agegxobhiyo zithatha amanzi emithini, eshaweni, nasezokuwasha futhi zisebenziseke endaweni yokunisela noma ekugudleni indlu yangasese. Ukugawulwa kwamanzi emvula kunikeza imithombo engeziwe yokusetshenziswa ngaphandle futhi kunganciphisa ukugeleza kwamanzi avuthuzayo. Lezindlela zinciphisa ukuswela kwezisekelo ezisezingeni eliphezulu, zinciphisa ukutshala izimali eziyinhloko ekukhuphukeni, futhi zinikeza amandla okumelana nokuvinjelwa kwemigqashulwa kwemigqa.

Ukulawula Isidingo Nokulondolozwa Kwemvelo

Ukunciphisa amanzi asetshenziswa umuntu ngamunye ngokuvamile kuyindlela esheshayo neshibhile kakhulu yokulinganisa ukutholakala nokufunwa kwamanzi. Izinhlelo zokulondoloza amanzi zasedolobheni ziye zabonisa ukuthi ukunciphisa okukhulu kungafinyelelwa ngenhlanganisela yemisebenzi esebenzayo, ushintsho lwesimilo, nezimpawu zokusebenza kweprime. Izimiso zanamuhla zamapayipi ezidinga izindlu zangasese ezihamba kancane, izihlambi, ne-faucet ziye zanciphisa ukudliwa kwamanzi ezifundeni eziningi ngamaphesenti angu-20 kuya kwangu - 30 uma ziqhathaniswa nezingakudala.

I-primpting iyithuluzi elinamandla kodwa elizwela kwezombangazwe. Ukunyuka kweziqobo, lapho inani lenani linyuka khona ngokusetshenziswa, kunganqanda ukusetshenziswa kabi kokusetshenziswa kuyilapho kugcinwa amanzi etholakala ngezidingo ezibalulekile. I-Drought surnations neprincing ithumela izimpawu zenani ezibonisa ukuntuleka. Abaphathi bomuzi kumelwe baxhumane necebo lokulondolozwa kwezindawo ezicacile futhi baqinisekise ukuthi imikhaya ethola imali ephansi ivikelwe ngezinhlelo zosizo noma amazinga asindisa ukuphila. INhlangano ye-American Water Works Association inikeza imithombo emikhulu yezentengiselwano yezinga lokulondoloza.

Izakhiwo Eziluhlaza Nesimiso Sokuphatha Kwamanzi Ayisiphepho

Izindawo ezihlala amadolobha zithatha indawo ebanzi ngezindlu, imigwaqo, ibangela inqwaba enkulu yamanzi athwala izinto ezingcolisayo futhi anganqoba izimiso zokukhipha amanzi. Izakhiwo zemvelo zemvelo noma ezishintshwayo zisebenzisa izimiso zemvelo ukuze zibambe, zingene, futhi zilungise amanzi esiphepho eduze komthombo wazo. Izingadi zemvula, i-bioswales, izakhiwo ezivulekile, uphahla oluluhlaza, kanye nokutshala izihlahla zasemadolobheni kunciphe, kunciphisa ukugeleza kwegeleza, futhi kuthuthukise izinga lamanzi.

Ngaphandle kokulawulwa kwamanzi esiphepho, izakhiwo eziluhlaza zinikeza izakhiwo eziningi ezinama-eceanfact: ukunciphisa ukushisa kwesiqhingi sasedolobheni, ukuthuthukisa izinga lomoya, ukuthuthukisa indawo yomphakathi, nokwakha indawo yokuhlala yezilwane zasendle. Abaphathi bedolobha bangahlanganisa izakhiwo eziluhlaza ngokuhlanganisa imisebenzi eyinhloko njengemiklamo ebomvu yasemgwaqweni, ukuvuselelwa kwezindawo zokuhlala, nezimfuneko ezintsha zokuthuthukisa. U.S. i-Agency Protection [[[FLM:1]

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemithetho, Ukuvuselelwa, Nenguquko Yezinhlangano

Ubuchwepheshe bubodwa abukwazi ukuxazulula izinselele zamanzi asedolobheni; ukubusa okuphumelelayo kubalulekile ngokufanayo. Abaphathi bamadolobha badinga izimiso ezisekelayo, izindlela ezanele zokusekela imali, nekhono lokuthuthukisa nokusekela intuthuko.

Ukuphathwa Kwamanzi Asemadolobheni Okucekelwe Phansi

Ukuphatha amanzi amanzi aphuzwayo, amanzi angcolile, kanye neziphepho kusebenzisa izinqubo ezihlukene. Ukulawulwa kwamanzi asemadolobheni kuqeda lesilos, kubheka wonke amanzi njengengxenye yesimiso esisodwa sosizo. Lokhu kwenza amadolobha akwazi ukuphelelisa wonke umjikelezo wamanzi, ahambelane nomthamo wamanzi olinganayo ukuze asebenzise, athathe imithombo yamanzi angcolile, futhi alawule amanzi asesiphelweni kunokuba awehlise.

Ukuhlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kwezindawo kudinga ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlangano eziseminyangweni, ezinhlanganweni, nasemazingeni kahulumeni. Amanye amadolobha aye akha izinto ezisebenza ndawonye ezilawula umjikelezo wonke. Amanye asungule amakomiti ahlanganisanayo, izinqubo zokuhlela, noma izikhombo ezihambisanayo. Abaphathi bomuzi abazama ukuhlanganisa izakhiwo kumelwe bakulungele ukusebenzisa i-intertrasi ehlangeneyo kanye nemithetho ephikisanayo lapho bekha umbono ohlangene ngokusekela nokuzinza.

Ukusekela Nokusekela Imisebenzi

Izinga lokutshala amanzi adingekayo emfundweni wasemadolobheni lidlula kakhulu inani lemali esetshenziswa emadolobheni amaningi. Imithombo enikeza izimali emisha ibalulekile. Izindlela zakudala zihlanganisa amazinga amanzi, izindleko zokuxhumana, kanye nezintela zezimali ezivamile. Ngokwandayo, amadolobha ahlola izibopho eziluhlaza, izimali ezidingwa nguhulumeni, ukubambisana komphakathi, kanye nokulimaza izimoto zokutshala imali ukuze kuxhaswe imisebenzi emikhulu.

Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lokuphuza i- i-Proving State Revoiling Fund e-United States inikeza imali ebolekwayo ephansi kakhulu yesimiso samanzi okuphuza, kuyilapho i-Ater Infraformation Memorial and Innovation Act lunikeza usizo lokuthenga ngesikweleti emikhakheni emikhulu. Amadolobha futhi angakhokha izibopho zemali ezikhokhelwayo ezisekelwe yimali ekhokhwanywayo, nakuba lokhu kudinga ukukhokhwama okunekayo okungokwezimali nokungalawuleki. Izikhulu zasedolobheni kumelwe zithuthukise amasuntrala emali edinga inzuzo ebhilishi, izinganiso, izikweleti, nezikweleti.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokushintsha Kokuziphatha

Ukuphatha amanzi alondolozwayo kuxhomeke ekuqondeni komphakathi nasekusebenzeni. Izinhlelo zokubopha izakhamuzi zinganciphisa ukufunwa, zithuthukise ukuvikelwa kwamanzi, zandise ukwamukelwa kwemisebenzi yokuzivuselela, futhi zisekele ukunyuka kwesilinganiso. Ukuthembisana okuphumelelayo kudlulela ngalé kokukhulumisana okuqotho, kuhlanganisa izimo ezihlukene futhi kukhulumela ngokucace.

Ukungenela kokuziphatha kuye kwabonakala kuphumelela ekunciphiseni ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi. Izimiso zezenhlala- kahle zenza kube nokuthungatha kwemidanti. Izimiso zezemfundo zezemfundo zenza imikhaya ikwazi ukuqhathanisa indlela esetshenziswa ngayo nomakhelwane − iye yafinyelela ukwehla kwamaphesenti amathathu kuya kwamahlanu ekuhlolweni okulawulwayo. Izinhlelo ze-Rebate zemishini ephumelelayo, imigqomo yemvula, kanye nokubuyisela i-turf ephakathi kwesenzo ngasinye. Izinhlelo zemfundo yesikole zakha imikhuba yokulondoloza isikhathi eside. Omphathi bedolobha kufanele bafake izimali ezinkontini ezingosini zomphakathi ezikhokhelwayo futhi bahlole ukuphumelela kwezinhlelo zabo ukuze zithuthuke njalo.

Ukwakha: Indlela Ephambili Yabaphathi Bamadolobha

Izinselele zokuphatha amanzi asemadolobheni zinzima, kodwa azizona ezingenakunqotshwa. Amadolobha emhlabeni wonke abonisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obusha, isimiso somsindo, nobuholi obuthembekile bungaveza izimiso zamanzi ezilondekile, ezinokwethenjelwa, nezingalondolozwa ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezinzima. Isihluthulelo siwukwenza ngokulandelana: ukutshala izimali okusha okusekelwe ezingozini nasenzuzoni, ukwakha amandla okuzivumelanisa nazo zonke izinqumo, futhi uhlanganisa imiphakathi njengabathengi abangenzi lutho.

Abaphathi bemizi abanombono ofana nowamadolobha, abahlanganisa amanzi nokuhlela indawo ehlala ikhona kanye nogesi, futhi bathuthukise isiko lokuthuthukisa intuthuko eqhubekayo, bahlonyiselwe kangcono kakhulu ukudlula phambili. Izinselele zamanzi zekhulu lama-21 zifuna ushintsho oluyisisekelo endleleni amadolobha abaluleke ngayo, alawule futhi alawule ngayo imithombo yawo yamanzi. Ngokuxubana okulungile namathuluzi, abantu abasebenza nabo, kanye nokubona, lolu shintsho lungalungiseka.

Ekugcineni, ukulawulwa kwamanzi asedolobheni akubangelwa nje amapayipi namaphampu. Kuphathelene nempilo yomphakathi, amathuba ezomnotho, ukulingana kwezenhlalo, nendawo ezungezile. Zonke izinqumo zemenenja yedolobha ezenzayo mayelana nezakhiwo zamanzi, ipringi, inqubo, noma ukubopha isibopho zilolonga izinga lokuphila kwezigidi zabantu. Ngokubhekana nalezi zinselele ngokwethembeka nangokuphishekela amakhambi, abaphathi bedolobha bangaqinisekisa ukuthi imiphakathi yabo ithola amanzi adingeka ukuba aphumelele izizukulwane ezizayo.