Ukuqonda Izimfundiso Ezingaxhunyiwe Nendima Yazo Ezimpikiswaneni Zomphakathi

I-Political Action Committee (ama-PAC) iyisisekelo sezimali zezezimali zomkhankaso waseMelika. Nakuba i-PAC ixhunyiwe ezinhlanganweni zezisebenzi, noma ezihlangene nezokuhwebelana, ama-PAC asebenza ngaphandle kwanoma iyiphi inhlangano exhasayo. Iphakamisa futhi isebenzise imali ukuze isekele noma imelane nabazodwa, izimiso, nomthetho ngaphandle kokuzihlanganisa ngokuqondile nenhlangano yomzali. Lokhu kuzenzela kuzenza zibe nekhono elikhulu ekulungiseni izimpikiswano zomphakathi ezihlanganisa impikiswano.

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe akhiwa amaqembu abantu ngabanye, izinhlangano zemibono, noma amaqembu anezinqumo ezihlangene nomgomo owodwa wezombangazwe. Ngokungafani nama-PAC, angacela iminikelo ezisebenzini noma amalungu enhlangano yawo exhasayo, ama-PAC angacela imali emphakathini jikelele. Ngokungafani nemithetho ye-Federal Evolution Commission (FEC). Lesi sisekelo esibanzi esihlangeneyo sivumela ukuba baqongelele iminikelo yezisebenzi noma amalungu enhlangano yabo exhasayo, ama-PAC angasenezenga imali emphakathini jikelele.

Ithonya le-PAC elingaxhunyiwe lidlulela ngalé kwemikhankaso yokuzikhankaso yokukhetha. Bafaka izikhangiso, amahholo aphethe amahholo amadolobha, baveza imibiko yokucwaninga, futhi bangenele ekufuneni izimemezelo eziqondile. Ngenxa yokuthi ababukelwanga enkampanini elilodwa noma kunoma yimuphi umkhakha wenyu, le -PAC ingabheka ngokushesha ukuxoxa ngezimpikiswano ezivelayo zemithetho yezimiso zezenkambiso, kusukela ezimisweni zendawo ezungezile kuya ekulungiseni isayensi yezempilo. Ukuqonda omakakheni babo, uhlelo olungokomthetho, kanye nethonya kubalulekile kubafundi, abafundisi, nanoma ubani ohileleke enkulu yezindaba yezombangazwe yaseMelika.

Umlando: Ukwanda Kwezingcezu Ezingaxhunyiwe

Isimiso sanamuhla se-PAC salolongwa yi-Federal EFomment Campaign Act (FECA) ka-1971 kanye nezinguquko zayo ngo-1974, ezakha isakhiwo esingokomthetho se-PACs njengendlela yokuthumela iminikelo yomkhankaso. Ekuqaleni, ama-PAC amaningi ayehlangene nezinhlangano, izinyunyana, noma izinkampani zezohwebo. Nokho, ama-1970 abona ukukhushulwa kwe-PACs, eqhutshwa amaqembu emibono kanye namaqembu azimele.

Isikhathi esiyingqophamlando safika nesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka 1976 Buckley v. Valeo, eyaqinisekisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa imali ukuthonya okhethweni kuwuhlobo lwenkulumo evikelwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lesi sinqumo savula umnyango wezindleko ezizimele . $swo sichithwa ekuxhumaneni kwezombangazwe okungahlangani nothile noma umbutho. I-PACS exhunyiwe ngokushesha yathatha lelithuba, yakha indlela entsha yokuthola ithonya lezombangazwe ngaphandle kwesimiso seqembu elivamile.

Kuwo wonke iminyaka yawo-1980 nangawo-1990, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe anda, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezishisayo ezinjengokukhishwa kwezisu, amalungelo ezibhamu, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, nenkambiso yentela. Izinhlangano ezinjengeNational Rifle Association Political Victory Fund ne-Sierra Club Committee zazama ukuzimela kwawo ukuze zisekele imiphumela ethile yemithetho ethile. I-Bipartisan Champation Reformation ka-200 (McCain-Fineold) zazama ukulinganisela imali ethambile nezokukhangisa, kodwa i-paCs engekho oxhumanisayo yazingeniselanisayo yazimali ezinwini zokuzisebenzela ukusekela izindleko ezizimele neminikelo yemali.

Isinqumo sango-2010 sishintshe kakhulu [i-FEC. Nakuba leso sinqumo sathinta ngokuyinhloko izinhlangano nezinhlangano, saqinisa ikhono lanoma yiliphi iqembu [1] kuhlanganise ne-PACS engaxhunyiwe − ukusebenzisa imali engenamkhawulo ekuxhumaneni okuzimele kwezombangazwe. Lokhu kwaholela ekunyukeni kwamaPC, okuyikhomba uhlobo lwe-PAC engaxhunyiwe enganyusa futhi isebenzise izilinganiso ezingenamkhawulo kubantu ngabanye, ezinhlanganweni, nezinyunyana. I-PACs isebenza kancane ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene kodwa ihlanganyela isici esiyinhloko sokuzimela kweze-yodwa kwezentengiselwano.

Namuhla, ama-PAC (kuhlanganise nama-PAC Aphezulu) aphakathi kwabadlali abakhuthele kakhulu nabanethonya kakhulu kukhetho lukahulumeni nasezimpikiswaneni zenkambiso. I-FEC yabika ukuthi ama-PAC angezona ezingeni elingaphezu kwamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4,5 kumjikelezo wokhetho wonyaka wama-20222 kuphela, abangela ukuba kukhishwe cishe amaphesenti angu-45 awo wonke ama-PAC evoranshishini.

Izinhlobo zamaPacs angaxhunyiwe

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe awayona i-octlith. Aza ngezindlela eziningi, ngayinye ihlotshaniswa nezinjongo ezihlukene ezingokomthetho nezithiya.

I-PACs yendabuko engaxhunyiwe

Lezi yi-PAC ezivamile okumelwe zibhaliswe ne-FEC futhi zigcinwe ngemingcele yomnikelo. Bangamukela ama-dollar angu-5 000 ngonyaka ngamunye ngekhalenda futhi banganikela ku-$5 000 kukhetho lwekomiti kahulumeni. Ama-PAC avamile angazenza futhi izindleko ezizimele, kodwa lawo afanelwe ukuvezwa kwezidingo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa [Service Expointes International Union Political Education and Act Fund [[FLT] (odwa umsebenzi oxhunyiweyo-PAC, ama-prociocial Pacs asebenza ngaphansi kwalemithetho).

I - PPACS Ephakeme (Amakomiti Azimele Okuzimela)

I-Super PACs iyindlela eqanjiwe yamuva kakhulu, esemthethweni ngemva Speech Manje.org v. FEC (2010). Ingaphakamisa futhi isebenzise imali engenamkhawulo kubantu ngabanye, izinhlangano, izinyunyana, namanye amaqembu, uma nje bengaxhumani nomfundi noma umncintiswano. I-PACS kumele ibike abanikeli bayo ku-FEC, nakuba abanye abanikeli besebenzisa iziteshi ezimnyama. I-PAC iye yaba yikhosha kakhulu kumongameli nasemikhankabeni, ixhasa imikhankampane emikhulu, ukuvota, ukuvota, nokucwaninga. Izibonelo ezinkulu zihlanganisa [[FLD:] Izenzo ze-USAP [FF:3]

Ama - pacc Aluhlaza

Futhi yaziwa ngokuthi amakomiti kaCarey, ama-PAC axubile anezici ezivamile ze-PAC ezinganikela ngokuqondile kwabazobhapathizwa kanye nengxenye ye-Super PAC engenza izindleko ezizimele ngokungenamkhawulo. Kumele alondoloze amabhange ahlukene futhi anamathele emithethweni ehlukene yokwembula umfula ngamunye. Ama-Hybrid PaC anikeza inhlanganisela yokusekela okuqondile nokuzimela, kodwa abhekene nezimfuneko zokuphatha eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Imibono Yokuhola

Nakuba i-PAC ihlangene nomphathi ngamunye, i-PraCs ivame ukubhekwa njengengaxhunyiwe ngoba isebenza ngokuzimele kunoma yimuphi umkhankaso wekomiti yomkhankaso. Isetshenziswa izikhulu ezikhethiwe ukusekela abanye abazohlolwa, ukuhambelana nezimali, nokuthuthukisa indlela yazo siqu yezombangazwe. I-Predester Precidenti iphakamisa imali kubantu ngabanye nasemaqenjini enzalo futhi ingenza izindleko ezizimele. Ifinyeza umugqa phakathi kwezimo ezixwene nezingaxhunyiwe, kodwa isetshenziswa kakhulu ukuhlaziya okuzihambela ngokwezinjongo zokubika.

Indlela I - paC Ethonya Ngayo Impikiswano Engokwezimiso

AmaPacco angaxhunyiwe athonya izimpikiswano zezimiso zomphakathi ngezindlela eziningi, ngayinye ihlasela izigaba ezihlukahlukene zenqubo yokwenza izinqubo.

Ithonya Elikhulu

Ithonya elibonakalayo kakhulu lisekukhetheni. Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe achitha imali eningi kubavoti abavumelana nezimiso zabo eziza kuqala. Ngokuxhasa ngemali izikhangiso zokuhlasela, imiyalezo enika imvume, ukukhipha imishini ebhalisayo, nemizamo yokuvota, ahlela ukuhlelwa kweSishaya-mthetho nezindlu zomthetho zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PAC enikezelwe ekuthatheni isinyathelo sesimo sezulu, ingasekela ukuphikisa kwe-procraving ngokumelene nezincwadi zokuvota ezingezinziwayo zezendaba zendawo ezungezile. Le mikhosi ye-votaratorageages ukuba ithathe izikhundla zezindaba zezempikiswano, ifaka impikiswano.

Ukubhekana Nokudla Imali Nokusetshenziswa Kwe - Agenda

I-PACs ikhipha imikhankaso yokukhomba izimali engagunyazi ngokuqondile kodwa iqokomisa izindaba ezithile ezicatshangelweyo. Lezi zikhangiso, ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi “izikhangiso ze-iscou,” zingathunyelwa nganoma isiphi isikhathi, kuhlanganise namafasitela okhetho angaphandle. Ngokufaka izindaba ngendlela ekhethekile, ama-PAC amisa uhlelo lwenkulumo yomphakathi. I-PAC egxile ekuthuthukiseni izikhangiso zentela zingakhangisa ikhodi lamakhokha akhona njengengafanelekile, icindezela abenzi bomthetho ukuba bathathe isinyathelo. Ukukhipha i-advoccoracy kuhlanganisa nokuveza amaphepha amhlophe, ukuhlola, nobufakazi obungochwepheshe bokuthi imithombo yezindaba nezokuxhumana yenkambiso.

Ugwayi Ushaya Indlwabu Futhi Ubamba Isikhumba

Ama-PAC amaningi angaxhunyiwe agcina iziteshi eziqinile zotshani. Ahlela imibuthano, aqhubele izingcingo, asebenzise amathuluzi okuthumela izingcingo ukuze aqoqe abasekeli. Uma kucatshangelwa i-PAC, la ma-PAC angabangela izinkulungwane zezingcingo nama-imeyili emahhovisi e-comistration. Futhi ahlanganyela ekufuneni izimemezelo eziqondile (*) nezishaya umthetho, ukuhlela ulimi lwezishaya umthetho, nokunikeza umthoba wezomthetho. Nakuba ukuhadisisa ngokuyinhloko kuyindawo ye-PADicocycy, izinhlangano ezingaxhunyiwe ngokuvamile zihlangene nama-501(c)(4) avunyelwe ukungenela emaqenjinini angenayo.

Ukuqamba Amanga Nokubusa

Ezinye i-PAC ezingezona ezixhunyiwe zifaka izimali zokumangalela ukubekela inselele noma ukuvikela izimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, i- Inkululeko yomphakathi yase-American Union (ene-PAC ehlobene) ivame ukuvela emacaleni enkululeko yomphakathi. I-PAC ihlanganyela futhi enqubeni yokushaya imithetho, inikeza izinkulumo ezithiywe ezithinta indawo efuna ukukhipha impikiswano. Lokhu kuguqula ukumiswa kwemithetho, ngokuvamile ngendlela eqhubekisela phambili izintando zenqubo ye-PAC.

Izibonelo Zezwe Langempela Zezincwadi Ezingaxhunyiwe Nethonya Lazo

AmaPaC amaningana angaxhunyiwe anezimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi eziye zashintsha emashumini eminyaka amuva.

National Rifle Association Political Victory Fund (NRAPVF)

I-PAC ye-NRA ingomunye wamabutho ezombangazwe anamandla kakhulu. Ichithe amakhulu ezigidi zamaRandi ukusekela abazohlolwa nezibhamu nokunqoba abameleli bokulawula izibhamu. Ithonya lika-PAC lalisemqoka ekuvimbeleni umthetho kahulumeni ekuhlolweni kwesizinda sendawo yonke ngemva kokudubulana kwe-Sandy Hook, futhi iye yasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukuma kwesilinganiso sikahulumeni esiphezulu semithetho esendaweni. Isimiso se-NRA sokubala amamaki kusukela ku-A+ kuya ku-F, futhi i-A+ i-A-accodenting ingavikela izigidi zabantu abasebenzisa imali. Ikhono lika-PAC lokuthumela abanikazi bezibhamu ezibhamu ebhokisini le-balottey igcina impikiswano yezibhamu yemithetho yezombangazwe yaseMelika ephambili.

Ukuthatha Isenzo Esiza Kuqala E - USA

Njenge-PUC eyinhloko esekela abazothatha i-democratic direcial, i-USA Action esebenzise imali engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-R250 emjikelezweni ka-2020. Yagxila ekukhangiseni okuvela kwenye indawo, ukukhangisa ngemishini, ukuvota. Izikhangiso zayo zaqokomisa ukunakekelwa kwempilo, umnotho, ne-COVOVID-19. Ukuphumelela kwe-PAC ekulolongeni umbono womphakathi ngalezo zindaba kwaphoqelela umkhankaso ophikisayo ukuba ushintshe, wathonya ngokuqondile iziphakamiso ezaziphikisana phakathi nokhetho.

Umncintiswano Wokwanda

Le-PAC ePhakeme kakhulu esekela izimiso zezentengiselwano ezingokwezomnotho eziqinile, kuhlanganise nokuthenwa kwentela, ukunqanyulwa kwentela, nokuhweba ngesihle. Ihlose amaRepublic aphambuka kulezizimiso ezisezingeni eliphansi, abajezisa izikhangiso ezingezinhle nabasekeli bezehluleka ukusekela. Lelisu liye laguqula isimiso seRepublican Party esisekelwe ezomnotho eziseceleni kwezezentengiselwano ezisemthethweni, okuthinta izimpikiswano zezentengoniso yentela kanye nezingxoxo zemali.

Qeda Izakhamuzi Zinobunye

I-PAC enikezelwe ekugumbuqeleni , leliqembu elifuna imali esekela umkhankaso wezezimali. Nakuba umgomo walo wenkambiso ucacile − ukuveza ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe − i-PAC ngokwayo ilawula impikiswano: iphoqelela abazothatha izikhundla ezisezimalini zomkhankaso, impikiswano engase ithole ukunakekela okuncane. Ngeminikelo eqondile nezindleko ezizimele, i-End Parace Livement isiza ekudluliseni imithetho yezehlulelo nomthetho wezehlulelo lwezwe ezifundayo ezifundazweni eziningana.

Ukusebenza Ngesimiso Nokubhekana Nezinselele Zokubona Ingaphandle

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe asebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi kahulumeni nombuso. Ngezinga likahulumeni, i-FEC iphoqelela ukubika izimfuneko, imingcele yomnikelo (nge-PACs engokwesiko), kanye nokunqatshelwa kokubambisana nabazohlolwa. Ama-PAC akhulu makabhaliswe njengezindawo zokusebenza kuphela futhi athulule bonke abanikelayo abanikela ngemali engaphezu kwe-R360 ngonyaka. Nokho, izikhala zivumela “imali engalawuleki”: abanikeleyo banganikeza 501(c)(4) izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle, ezibe sezidlulisela imali ku-ProsCs eziphambili ngaphandle kokukhipha umthombo wokuqala.

Lokhu kungabi sobala kuwumcuphe omkhulu. I-FEC iye yalwa nokushaya ngamandla, ngokuvamile ihluleka ukuphoqelela imithetho noma ukucacisa izindawo ezimpunga. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi izikhangiso zezemisebe zihlangene nomkhankaso wombhalisa kodwa zixhaswe yi-PAC engekho xhumanisa okungokomthetho kusaphikiswana. Ikhomishane yesigaba sesithupha senhlangano, ehlukaniswa ngokulinganayo phakathi kwamaqembu, ngokuvamile ibulala izintambo ngezenzo zokuphoqelela.

Imithetho yezinga likahulumeni iyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga ukutshelwa kabanzi ngayo yonke i-PAC, kuyilapho ezinye zingaqondi kahle. Izifunda ezimbalwa zivimbela iminikelo yenkampani eqondile kodwa zivumela ukusetshenziswa okungenamkhawulo kwe-PACs. Lo msebenzi wakhiwe ngepulangwe ongekho mthethweni futhi ungaholela ekumisweni kwe-PAC ekufuneni indawo engcono ezungezile.

Ukugxekwa Nezimpikiswano Ngezincwadi Ezingaxhunyiwe

Indima yama-PAC angaxhunyiwe ezimpikiswaneni zezimiso iyaphikiswa. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi bakhulisa amazwi abantu abacebile kanye nezithakazelo ezikhethekile ngokulahlekelwa izakhamuzi ezivamile. Ikhono lokusebenzisa imali ngokungenamkhawulo − ikakhulukazi ngokusebenzisa i-Super PACs /iveza isimiso lapho imali ithenga khona ithonya, ukusekela kwezimiso eziqondiswe ekuthandeni kwabani abanikelayo. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi abezombangazwe basabela kakhulu emibonweni yezisebenzi ezicebile kunakubantu abavamile, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yemali ye-PAC.

Okunye ukugxeka “uhlanga lwezikhali” lokukhangisa okungakhi. I-PAC engaxhunyiwe ivame ukukhangisa ngokuhlasela okuphazamisa amarekhodi abaphikisi, okuholela ekuncipheni kwenani elihlukene kanye nokugxeka abavoti. Ukungaphenduleli kwezentengiselwano. Njengoba izikhangiso zingaveli ngqo kumfundi [1] kuvumela ama-PAC ukuba acindezele imingcele eqinisweni. I-FEC ayithathi ukukhangisa okungamanga, ishiye abavoti bekhetha iqiniso enganekwaneni.

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe athuthukisa ukuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi ngokuvumela abantu abanezingqondo ezifana nezokuhlanganisa imithombo yemali nokusekela imibono yabo. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukusebenzisa okuzimele kuyinkulumo evikelekile ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sokuqala nokuthi iminikelo inikeza ukubonakala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, baphikisa ngokuthi ama-PAC angahlanganisiwe anikeza izwi emaqenjini angenakho ukungena ezikhungweni zezesiko, njengamaqembu esithathu, imibuthano esekelwe kumagazini, kanye nezinhlangano zotshani.

Le mpikiswano ithinta futhi umehluko phakathi kwe “mali enzima” ne“mali enzima.” I-PACs yasendulo ilinganiselwe eminikelweni, kuyilapho i-PCs ephezulu ingakho. Abanye abashisekeli benguquko bazama ukugumbuqela i-Citizens United[ noma ukudlulisa ushintsho lomthetho-mthetho-mfantu ukuvumela uMkhandlu ukuba ulawule imali echithwayo. Abanye bahlongoza imali ehambelanayo, izimali zomphakathi, noma ukuthuthukisa izimfuneko zokufaka isilinganiso senkundla yokudlala.

Imikhuba Yesikhathi Esizayo Nemicikilisho Exubile

I-PAC engaxhunyiwe cishe iqhubeke iguqula ubuchwepheshe noshintsho lomthetho. Iminikelo ye-Crypturrency, nakuba iseyivelakancane, isisetshenziswa kakade ama-PAC. Ukwanda kokuqukethwe yi-AI-generatery kungenza kube nzima kakhulu ukubona umthombo wezikhangiso zezombangazwe, inselele yemithetho yokudalula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kwe- “mali emnyama” ngo-501 (c)(4) okungazuzisi kusho ukuthi umthombo wangempela weminikelo eminingi ye-PAC uhlala ukhanyisiwe.

Izinselele ezingokomthetho zezimfuneko zokwambula ziyaqhubeka. AmaMelika e-Huerst Foundation v. Bonta (2021], iNkantolo Ephakeme ilinganisela ikhono lamazwe lokufuna inzuzo yokuveza abanikeli. Lesi sinqumo singanciphisa ukubonakala kwemali ehamba ngeminyango engatholi nzuzo. Ngokuhlukile, amanye amazwe asho imithetho eqinile, njengokufuna amadiski ashidiyo ezikhangisweni zemishini nakubika iminikelo emikhulu.

Ukwakheka kwenani labantu nemibono ye-PACs nakho kuyashintsha. Abanikeli abasebasha bathambekele kakhulu ekusekeleni ama-PAC agxile ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, ubulungisa bobuhlanga, nokungalingani kwezomnotho. Lokhu kungabuyisela izimpikiswano zezimiso kulezo zindaba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaPaC angokwesiko ahlobene nezithakazelo zezinhlangano ahlala enamandla, adala ukushukuma okunamandla kwemiqondo yezombangazwe.

Izihluthulelo Zabafundi Nabafundisi

Kulabo abafunda uhulumeni waseMelika, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe abonisa ukuhlangana kwemali, inkulumo, nenkambiso. Zibonisa indlela izithakazelo ezihleliwe ezingaklama ngayo izihlokwana, abameleli abakhethiwe, nomthetho wethonya. Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwama-PAC axhumene nangaxhunyiwe, ukunyuka kwama-PACI, kanye namagebe okuvumela imali amnyama kubaluleke ngayo ekuqondeni imikhankaso yezombangazwe yanamuhla.

Othisha bangasebenzisa ukuhlola kwezendaba njenge NRA, i-Platoal Action, noma i-Club for Growth ukuze bahlole ithonya langempela lezwe. Izimpikiswano zekilasi zingagxila ekutheni i-PACS ithuthukisa idemokrasi noma yonakalise, futhi abafundi bangahlaziya ukwaziswa kokwaziswa okutholakele emithonjeni enjenge ] i-opensectrets[[] ukulandelela ukugeleza kwemali. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo komthetho wezezimali kusuka kusuka ku-FECA kuya ku-[FLT][FLT]][FLT]][3]]

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe awayona nje i-odocuments yezezimali zomkhankaso. Abadlali abakhuthele, abavumelanayo, nabanezimo ezilandelanayo kuyo yonke impikiswano enkulu, kusukela ekunakekeleni impilo kuya ekuthuthweni kwezindawo ezizungezile. Ngokuhlola amasu abo, ukulinganiselwa, nezimpikiswano, sizuza ukuqonda okujulile ngokuthi kungani ezinye izimpikiswano zibusa ingxoxo yesizwe kuyilapho ezinye zibhekene ngokufihlekile.