Ukulingana kuyinto engcono kakhulu esungulwe ngentando yeningi yanamuhla, kodwa ukuhunyushelwa kwayo enkambisweni kusaphikiswa kakhulu. Zimbalwa izimiso ezibonisa lokhu kucindezeleka ngokucace kakhulu kunokuvuma isenzo − − izinhlelo eziklanyelwe ukusingatha ukucwasana esikhathini esidlule ngokukhuphula amathuba angokongamele amaqembu ahlukene ngokwezimo zezulu. Izimpi ezingokomthetho ezihlobene nokuvuma nokuqasha azizange zilolonge nje kuphela kodwa futhi zishintshe ukuqonda okubanzi kwalokho okufunwa yisilinganiso. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimiso ezingokomthetho ezilawula ukuvuma kwezenzo eUnited States nakwamanye amazwe, zikhuphula izimpikiswano ezinkulu zezimiso namelene nezimiso ezinjalo, futhi zihlola izindlela ezikhona kanye neziqondiso zesikhathi esizayo.

Isisekelo Somlando Sokulingana

Imisuka yefilosofi yemiqondo yanamuhla yokulingana ibuyela emuva ekuKhanyisweni. Abacabangi abanjengoJohn Locke balwela amalungelo emvelo azuzwe yibo bonke abantu, kuyilapho uJean-Jacques Rousseau aphikisa ngokuthi ukungalingani komphakathi kungalunga kuphela uma bezuzisa wonke umuntu. ISimemezelo saseMelika seSivumelo sokuzimela samemezela ukuthi "wonke amadoda adalwe ngokulinganayo," kodwa abalobi bencwadi bakhipha kakhulu abesifazane nabantu abagqilaziwe kuleso sithembiso. Kwathatha amakhulu eminyaka okulwa komzabalazo, izikhundla zabesifazane, izinhlangano zezisebenzi, kanye namalungelo omphakathi andisa incazelo engokomthetho yomuntu ofanele ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo.

Phakathi kwekhulu lama-620 leminyaka kwaphawulwa ukukhishwa kwecala. Brown v. ibhodi lemfundo (1954) yaqeda ukuhlukaniswa kwesikole, yalahla "ukuhlukaniswa kodwa ilingana" nemfundiso. UMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1946 wokucwasa okungavunyelwe ezindaweni zomphakathi, umsebenzi, nezinhlelo ezixhaswa nguhulumeni. Isihloko VII sesenzile isenzo esinqabela ukucwasana ngemisebenzi ngenxa yohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma ubuzwe. Kodwa ngokushesha kwacaca ukuthi ukuqeda nje ubandlululo akunele ukuqeda imingcele emfuthwalweni yezimiso. UMongameli uLydon B. Johnson wathatha lokhu ukuqonda e- 1965 Howardward University ikheli, echaza ukuthi "awuthathanga muntu, oye iminyaka eminingi, oye wabanjwa ngemigede futhi wakhululwa, wamletha emgceni wokuqalisa kwe-mncinti, futhi wabe uyavuma ngokulunga bonke abanye, futhi wakholelwa ngokuphelele ukuthi ukholelwa ngokuphelele ekutheni kwezombangazwe."

Ukuziphendukela Kwesenzo Sokuqinisa E - United States

Igama "isenzo sokuqinisekisa" lavela okokuqala ku-Grouptive Order 11246, eyasayinwa nguMongameli Johnson ngo-1964. Lomyalo wafuna ukuba abakhi bakahulumeni "bathathe isinyathelo sokwenqaba" ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abafaki bezicelo nezisebenzi baphathwa ngaphandle kohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma imvelaphi yobuzwe. Amandla e-Enthorcement abelwa eHhovisi le-Federal Contract Compliance Programs. Emashumini amashumi alandelayo, ukuvuma ukunwetshwa kwezenzo zemfundo ephakeme, ukuncintisana kweminyeko yemikhakhakha.

Ngenxa yokuthi ukuhlelwa kwemithetho engokomthetho kubangela ukuba i - Aumelt Protection Claus eSichibiyelweni Se - 14th kuhlolwe kakhulu i - Aumelt Claus, ukuvuma izinhlelo zikahulumeni kumelwe kube isithakazelo esishukumisayo futhi kuhloselwe ukufinyelela lesosithakazelo.

Izinqumo Eziyinhloko Zenkantolo Ephakeme

Amacala amaningana aphawulekayo aye achaza izinga elivumelekile lokwamukela isenzo e - United States:

  • I-Regents yeYunivesithi yaseCalifornia v. Bakke [788]. Esinqumweni esihlukene, iNkantolo yathi izibalo zezinhlanga zazingavumelani nemithetho kodwa ukuthi uhlanga lungabhekwa njengesici esisodwa phakathi kwabaningi abangenisi. Umbono kaJustice Lewis Powell waveza izinzuzo zemfundo zezinto ezihlukahlukene njengesithakazelo esishukumisayo.
  • United Selelwork v. Weber (1979): INkantolo yasekela icebo lokuzithandela lokuvuma izikhundla zokuqeqesha ezingochwepheshe, ithola ukuthi iSihloko VII asizange sivimbele ubandlululo lwesikhathi esidlule lapho icebo liyisikhashana futhi asizange silinganisele ngokungadingekile amalungelo ezisebenzi ezimhlophe.
  • Dolobha laseRichmond v.J.A. Croson Co. (1998): INkantolo yabulala uhlelo lukamasipala olubekwe eceleni kwezindawo zokwakha eziyingcosana, isebenzisa ukuhlolwa okuqinile nobufuna ubufakazi bekhethelo lwesikhathi esidlule ngaphambi kokuba amakhambi ohlanga olungazi lutho asetshenziswe.
  • I-Grillinger v. Bollinger [2003]): Inkantolo yaqinisekisa ukuthi ukwahlukahluka kuyisithakazelo esishukumisayo emfundweni ephakeme. Yasekela ukuvuma kwemidaba yeMichigan Law School (eyayibheka uhlanga njenge "plugint face" ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amaqoqo − uma ihlangana nezimfuneko ezimcaba.
  • Gratz v. Bollinger [2003]): yanquma usuku olufanayo nolo umlomo, iNkantolo yabulala isimiso semidanti yeMichigan, eyabela ngokuzenzakalela amaphuzu ezikhankasini ezisuka emaqenjini ezinhlanga ezikhona ngaphansi kwe-imfantu. Isimiso esiqinile, semishini asizange silungiswe ngokucutha.
  • Fisher v. IYunivesithi yaseTexas (2013, 2016): INkantolo yokuqala yathi izinkantolo eziphansi azizange zisebenzise izibalo eziqinile ngokwaneleyo. Ngo-Remand, iNqaba yesihlanu yasekela icebo le-University of Texas, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisekisa ukuthi izinzuzo zezinhlobonhlobo zingathethelela ukuvuma kohlanga ngaphandle kolwazi (* uma iyunivesithi ingabonisa ukuthi akukho zindlela zomjaho wokusebenza.[9]
  • Izifundiso ze-Fair Adgistracts v. Harvard & UNC (2023): Esinqumweni esaguqula indawo ngokuyisisekelo, iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi ukusekela kwesigaba ukuvuma emakholiji kusekela ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuvuma okusemthethweni kuphikisana ne-Concial Protection Claus. Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi izinhlelo zokungena eHarvard naseYunivesithi yaseNorth Carolina zazingenayo ngokwaneleyo futhi zigxile, zasebenzisa uhlanga njengesici esiphambene kwezinye izimo, futhi zandisa imibono yobuhlanga. Isinqumo sigcina ngokuphumelelayo iminyaka ecishe engama-50 yesibonelo esivumela amayunivesithi ukuba acabangele uhlanga njengesiciso esisodwa esikhona.

Lamacala abonisa ukuhlola kweNkantolo okushintshayo kwezinqubo zohlanga zokwenza izinto ezingazi lutho, ngesinqumo sika - 2023 esiphawula ukuguqukela okukhulu ekuphuphuthekeni kwemibala. Isinqumo asiwanqabeli amayunivesithi ukuba acabangele indlela umncintiswano oye wathinta ngayo okuhlangenwe nakho komfaki wesicelo (ngokwesibonelo, ngezincwadi ezikhuluma ngokunqoba ubandlululo), kodwa sivimbela ukusetshenziswa okuqondile kohlanga njengesici esiyinhloko enqubweni yokuvuma.

Izimpikiswano Ezithathe Inkulumo - mpikiswano Eqinisayo

Impikiswano yokuvuma ngokuvamile ihlanganiswa njengempicabadala phakathi kwemibono emibili yokulingana: enye igcizelela ukungakhethi nokufaneleka okungokwesiko, enye isilinganiso esingaphansi esivuma imingcele ehleliwe.

Izinkulumo Eziqinisayo

Abasekeli banikeza izingxenyana eziningana eziyinhloko:

  • Isinqumo sobulungisa: Isinyathelo esiqinisekisayo sisingatha imiphumela eqhubekayo yobandlululo lwesikhathi esidlule. Ngoba ubandlululo lwadala izinkinga ezikhungethe ingcebo, imfundo, nezokuxhumana, ukumane nje unqabe ubandlululo lwesikhathi esizayo akuyilinganisi indawo yokudlala.
  • Ukuhlukahluka: Ezimisweni zemfundo, amakilasi ahlukahlukene athuthukisa ukucabanga okugxekayo, ukunciphisa izibalo ezihlukene, futhi alungisele abafundi imisebenzi ehlanganisa ubuningi. [[FLT]] inkantolo yaqaphela lezinzuzo njengesithakazelo esishukumisayo.
  • Izinga eliphezulu nenhloko- dolobha yezenhlalo:[ Izimpawu ezikhulayo zamaqembu akhishwe ngaphandle ngokomlando emisebenzini nasezindaweni zobuholi zinikeza izibonelo zezizukulwane ezisha futhi zinwebe izinhlangano ezingochwepheshe ezingasiza ekunqandeni imijikelezo yokungahleleki.
  • Izinhlangano zomphakathi ezibonisa izibalo zomphakathi eziwukhonzayo zijabulela ukwethenjwa nokusemthethweni okukhulu.

Izinkulumo Eziqinisayo

Abaphikisi baphakamisa izindawo eziningana ezibangisayo:

  • ibuyisela ubandlululo:[ Izimiso zohlanga ezinganaki zingaphazamisa abantu abangewona amalungu amaqembu ahloselwe ukuhlasela, okungaphazamisa i-Form Protection Claus Evince.
  • Impumelelo nempumelelo: Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvuma isenzo kululaza ukufaneleka kwezenzo ngokufaka izikhalo ezivuzayo ezisekelwe eqenjini kunokuba izimfanelo zomuntu ngamunye. Lokhu kungaholela ekungafanini phakathi kwabafundi nezinhlangano, kulimaza leyonkambiso ezimisele ukusiza.
  • Stigma:[ Abasekeli besenzo sokuzimisela bangabhekana nokungabaza ngezimfanelo zabo kubangane babo nabaqashi, futhi bangazenza ngokwabo ukungabaza okunjalo kube ngaphakathi.
  • Ukuhlanganisa izigaba zohlanga:[ Abanye abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi uvuma isenzo siqinisa ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga futhi siphikisa umgomo womphakathi onombala ongaboni.
  • Izisekelo ezi-Alternal:[ Abaphikisi ngokuvamile basekela isenzo sokwenengwa kwesigaba [1] noma sezenhlalo, beveza ukuthi ukungahleleki kwezomnotho kuchaza ukwehluka kakhulu kunohlanga kuphela.

Enye Indlela Yokuthuthukisa Ukulingana

Ngisho nangaphambi kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme engu - 2023, ezinye izinhlangano zaziqale ukuhlola ezinye izindlela zohlanga ezingekho hlangothi ukuze zifinyelele izinhlobonhlobo. Lezi zihlanganisa:

  • Izintandokazi zezenhlalo ezisekelwe kwezomnotho: Izimo ezingamukeleki njengenyuvesi yase California, eyavinjelwa ekucabangeleni uhlanga ngoprocement 209 ngo19, iye yasungula izinhlelo ezibonisa ukuthi abafundi basekholiji abahlawulwa phansi, abafundi bokuqala abasukela ezizukulwaneni ezingamashumi amane namashumi ayisithupha abavela ezindaweni ezimpofu.
  • Amasu aphezulu: Izifunda eziningana, kuhlanganise neTexas, Florida, ne California, ziye zathatha izinqubo eziqinisekisa ukungeniswa kwabafundi abaphezulu basesikoleni esiphakeme ngasinye, qhakambisa imfundo yezezomnotho nezinhlanga.
  • Ukubukeza kobuHlobo ngaphandle kohlanga: Izinhlangano eziningi manje ziqeqesha izikhulu eziya ehhovisi ukuze zihlole indlela izikhalo ezifaka ngayo okuhlangenwe nakho kokuphila − kuhlanganise nokuhlangenwe nakho kobandlululo /-aluye lwathonya ngayo impumelelo yazo kanye nombono, ngaphandle kokubheka uhlanga njengesici esiyinhloko.
  • Ukuthola nokufaka umshini: Ukwandisa uphayiphi ngokufaka imali ezikoleni nasemiphakathini ephakeme yabafundi abangakhonjwanga kakhulu kungandisa izinhlobonhlobo zezicelo ngaphandle kokukhetha kohlanga.

Ukucwaninga ngempumelelo yalezizindlela zokwelapha kuhlukile. Okunye ukuhlola kuthola ukuthi amaphesenti ahlela ukuveza izinhlanga ezihlukahlukene ngokusesilinganisweni kodwa awakwazi ukuvuma ngokunganaki. Abanye basikisela ukuthi ukukhetha okusekelwe ezenhlalo nezomnotho kuthatha ingxenye encane kakhulu yezinhlobonhlobo zezinqubo zohlanga ezingazi lutho ezifezwayo.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngesenzo Sokulingana Nesiqinisekisa

Amazwe amaningi aye athatha izinguqulo zawo, ebonisa izimo ezingokomlando ezihlukile namasiko angokomthetho.

i-Ningizimu Afrika

Ngemva kokuphela kobandlululo, i-South Africa yamisa imithetho ye-Mercom Equity Act ka-1998, edinga abaqashi ukuba basebenzise izinyathelo zokuvuma ze- “amaqembu asungulweyo” "abansundu, abakhiqizekile, amaNdiya, abesifazane, nabantu abakhubazekile. I-Broad. I-Broad́tabeld Black Economic Ecementmentmentmentmentmentmentmentmentment (BBEE) i-e) i-eyisa izimfuneko zokuba nempahla, ukuthuthukisa amakhono, nokuthola i-ondleka. INkantolo ye-Constitudential Africa isekela lezi zinyathelo, iqaphela ukuthi bakhuluma ngefa lenhlala ehleliwe. Nokho, abagxeki bethi B. B.[6BBE] Baye bazuzile kakhulu ikilasi eliphambili futhi abampofu kakhulu futhi abangafiki ngokwaneleyo.

eNdiya

Isimiso sezebelo saseNdiya, esibekwe eMthethweni-sisekelo ka-1950, izihlalo ezigciniwe ezikoleni zemfundo nasemisebenzini kahulumeni we-Shedynad Castes (eyayikhona ngaphambili “engathintwa”), iShedynard Colleged, ne-Enye TransFreed Clades. Isimiso siye sabekwa indinganiso enkulu. INkantolo ePhakathi Ephakeme yaseNdiya iye yabeka umthetho wokuba “uphahla lwama", lungafakwangaphakalanga, ngaphandle kwalabo abasesigabeni esigciniwe abaye baphumelela ngokwezomnotho. Isimiso sihlala simangalelwa, ngokuphikisa okuthile ukuthi sikhuthaza isigaba esihlukanisa isigaba esingokwenkolo kanye nabanye siyaqhubeka sinikezwa inzondo eqhubekayo.

Brazil

Ngo-2012, i-Federal Court yase-Brazil isekela izibalo zobuhlanga ngokuvumelanayo eyunivesithi. Ngonyaka olandelayo, uMongameli uDilma Rousseff wasayina umthetho ofuna amayunivesithi kahulumeni ukuba agcine amaphesenti angu-50 ezingane zabafundi ezikoleni zomphakathi, nezingaphansi kwe-76ququas ze-Black, ingxubevange, kanye nezikhalazo zesizwe ngokwesilinganiso semiphakathi yawo. Indlela ye-Brazil isebenzisa izinhlanga kanye nesikhundla sezentengo yemali ndawonye. Inqubo iye yandisa kakhulu ukufinyelela kwabafundi aba-Afroplangradia baseBrazil, nakuba imibuzo ngenzuzo nobulungisa besimiso sokuthola i-transbeactive iyaqhubeka ixoxwa.

Canada

I-Account Equity Act yaseCanada ka-1995 idinga abaqashi abalawulwa uhulumeni ukuba bathuthukise ukumelelwa kwamaqembu amane amisiwe: abesifazane, abantu bomdabu, abantu abakhubazekile, nabantu abambalwa ababonakalayo. Ngokungafani nesimiso sase-U.S., iCanada ayisebenzisi isilinganiso esivamile; kunalokho, abaqashi bamisa izinhloso zenani nezinyathelo ezifana nezinhlelo ezihloselwe ukuqashwa nokugcinwa kwezinhlelo. INkantolo Ephakeme yaseCanada isekele izinhlelo ezinjalo njengesilinganiso esifanelekile samalungelo alinganayo ngaphansi kweTretater, beqaphela ukuthi ukulingana okungaphansi kwe-stanu idinga ukunakekelwa okuhlukile ngezinye izikhathi.

United Kingdom

I-Esafect Act ivumela “isenzo esiqotho” kodwa yenqabela ngokucacile“ ubandlululo oluqinisekile.” Abaqashi namayunivesithi aseBrithani bangathatha izinyathelo ezihambelana ukukhuthaza izicelo ezivela emaqenjini angaphansi kwabo, noma ukunikeza izakhiwo zokuqeqesha, kodwa abakwazi ukusebenzisa isilinganiso noma ukwenza izinqumo ngesisekelo sezici ezivikelwe kuphela. Umehluko phakathi kwesenzo esiqondile nobandlululo oluqinile uthathwa eduze.

Ikusasa Lesenzo Sokulingana Nesokuqinisekisa

Isinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme yase-US siye sasusa isikhungo samandla adonsela phansi enkingeni yokuthatha isinyathelo sokuvuma. Izimo ezingekho zivumelweni ziye zazama ukubukeza izinqubo zokuvuma, futhi abanye abahlaziyi babikezela ukwanda kokuthatha izinyathelo eziphikisayo ezivivinyayo ezihilela ukuqashwa nokuthatheka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lesi sinqumo siye savuselela isithakazelo kwezinye izindlela: usizo olungokwemali, izintambo zomphakathi ezisekelwe ekuvumeni, nemizamo yokususa iziteshi eziminyeni ezilawulayo ekuqaleni kwenqubo yemfundo.

Cishe izinto eziningana ziyoshintsha isimo sesikhathi esizayo:

  • Ukwehlukana: Abakhi bomthetho bayaqaphela kakhulu ukuthi ukungasizi akukona okokungavumelani nohlobo olulodwa. Uhlanga, isigaba, ubulili, ukukhubazeka, nezinye izimbazo ukuze kukhiqizwe izindlela ezihlukile zokuhlukanisa. Izimiso zesikhathi esizayo zingase zijonge ukuhlasela ngokungezwakali kahle.
  • Ukuthatha ama-data [“indlela zokuthatha i-Datagrade: Ngokungeniswa okucacile kwemibono eyimfihlo, izinhlangano ziyothembela kakhulu ekuhlaziyweni kokwaziswa ukuze zibone izithiyo futhi zilinganise ukuphumelela kohlanga lwezinto ezingasetshenziswa.
  • [ Izimpendulo ezisemthethweni:[ Ezinye izifundazwe zingadlulisa imithetho edinga noma enqabela ezinye izindlela zovuma. Ngezinga likahulumeni, uMkhandlu ungathatha isiHloko VII noma umise imithetho emisha zokwenza izinguquko ezinkulu.
  • Umbono we-Public ushintshashintsha: Izimposiso zibonisa ukuthi amaMelika ahlukene, futhi anezikhulu ezisekela isenzo sokuvumela kodwa aphikisa ukusetshenziswa okukhethekile kohlanga emavumeni. Indlela umzwelo womphakathi ozothonya ngayo amasu ezombangazwe nawomthetho.
  • i-act engradial? Izibonelo zomhlaba wonke zibonisa ukuthi akukho sibonelo esisodwa sokuvuma esiye sabonakala sanelisa ngokugcwele. Njengoba amazwe efunda ngokuphumelela nokuhluleka komunye nomunye, singabona ukuhlangana kwezimiso ezixuba amathuluzi ohlanga (6) asesezingqondweni nangokwezomnotho.

Ukulingana kusewumsebenzi ongakapheli. Isenzo sokuqinisekisa, kuzo zonke izinhlobonhlobo zakho, simelela esinye sezindlela eziqondile kakhulu − futhi sinciphisana kakhulu (*) futhi impoqo enkulu ukuguqula isimiso sokulingana ukusebenza. Izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezilawula lezi zimiso ziyoqhubeka ziguqula, zibunjwe izinkantolo, izishaya-mthetho, kanye nabasekeli abasunduza imingcele yalokho okufunwa yikho. Ukuqonda umlando, umthetho, kanye nezimpikiswano kuzo zonke izinhlangothi kudingekile kunoma ubani ohileleke emzamweni oqhubekayo wokwakha imiphakathi lapho ithuba livulekele wonke umuntu.