Liyini Isilinganiso Samandla?

Ukulingana kwamandla kuyisimiso esiyisisekelo somthetho-sisekelo wentando yeningi. Kubhekisele ekusakazweni kwegunya ngamabomu phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene kahulumeni − ngokusho isikhulu, i-project, ne-metacated jn (ukuze kungabikho ukubusa ezinye izinqubo). Lokhu kuhlukana kuklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukugxiliswa kwamandla, okuye kwaholela ekubuseni nasekuncipheni kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngokomlando. Ukuqonda lesi simiso kubalulekile kubafundi, abafundisi, nezakhamuzi ezifisa ukuqonda indlela ohulumeni banamuhla abasebenza ngayo kanye namalungelo abo avikelwe ngayo.

Phakathi nendawo, ukulinganisela kwamandla kuqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha ngalinye linemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene nekhono lokulinganisela izenzo zamagatsha. Lesimiso sobubonisi obubodwa sivame ukubizwa ngokuthi [ amasheke nama-alifiki [. Ngaphandle kwesakhiwo esinjalo, uhulumeni usengozini yokungena eqenjini eliphoqelelwe, lapho igatsha elilodwa (noma umuntu oyedwa) linegunya elinganqanyuliwe. Ukulinganisela kwamandla akuyona incazelo ecacile; kuvela ngencazelo yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho, inqubo yezombangazwe, nenkulumo - mpikiswano yomphakathi.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni

Ezimisweni eziningi zentando yeningi, ikakhulukazi lezo ezifanekiswe noMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, amandla kahulumeni ahlukaniswa aba amagatsha amathathu alinganayo. Igatsha ngalinye linemisebenzi eyinhloko kanye nesimiso samandla elivumela ukuba lihlole amanye.

Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa nokuqondisa imithetho edluliswa yisishaya-mthetho. Livame ukuqondiswa umongameli, undunankulu, noma umbusi, kuye ngesimiso sezwe. E-United States, umongameli usebenza kokubili njengenhloko kahulumeni nomphathi kahulumeni, esebenzisa amagunya anjengomthetho, ukuyala amabutho ahlomile, nokuqhuba inkambiso yakwamanye amazwe. Umongameli uhlanganisa nesimiso esikhulu esisebenzisa izimiso nezimiso.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Igatsha lemithetho, ngokuvamile elibizwa ngokuthi i-Bhunga Lomthetho, linesibopho sokwenza imithetho. Limelela i-volotatentium futhi liphethe amandla esikhwama sentela nemali kahulumeni. Imithetho inezindawo ezimbili (i-biameral) noma enye (i-iquadral). Esimisweni se-bidamaral, njenge-U.S. Congress kanye nendlu yabameli, igumbi ngalinye linezindima ezihlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, iSigebengu siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli futhi sifaka izivumelwano zezivumelwano, kuyilapho i-partment i-partment iqala izimali. Igatsha lendlu linegunya lokungathathi ngokomthetho futhi lisusa izikhulu zezikhulu zezezomthetho noma izikhulu zezomthetho ngenxa yokungalawule.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi liqondisa ubulungisa. Lihlanganisa izinkantolo emazingeni ahlukahlukene, kusukela ezinkantolo zamacala endawo kuya ezinkantolo eziphakeme. Amandla ayinhloko ejaji amiswe ukuhlolwa komthetho .Ikhono lokumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha ngaphandle komthetho. Lamandla aqinisekisa ukuthi amanye amagatsha asebenza phakathi kwemingcele emiswe umthetho. Abahluleli bamiswa ngokuyisisekelo ukuze bavikele ukuphila noma izibopho ezicini zezombangazwe, bazivumele ukuba zenze izinqumo ezingakhethi ezisekelwe emthethweni nasekwenzeni kwesibonelo.

Nakuba amagatsha amathathu enendima ecacile, ukusebenzelana kwawo kuyinkimbinkimbi, igatsha ngalinye lincike kwamanye ukuze lisebenze ngokuphumelelayo, lakha ukuqina okunamandla okuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba libe namandla kakhulu.

Umlando

Umqondo wokuhlukanisa imibuso kahulumeni awuwona owanamuhla; unezimpande zemibono yasendulo yezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, iRome Republic, yayinomthetho-sisekelo oxubene no-consul, i-senate, nemihlangano ethandwayo. Nokho, inkolelo yanamuhla yokulinganisela amandla yadunyiswa kakhulu isazi sefilosofi saseFrance Baran de Montesquieu emsebenzini wakhe iMoya woMthetho . UMbuso weSikhundla wamandla waseFrance waveza ukuthi inkululeko kuphela ingaboshelwa ngokuhlukanisa igunya lezombangazwe libe ngumthetho, isikhulu, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela, ngayinye ihlelwe yimizimba ehlukene. Waxwayisa ukuthi lapho umuntu oyedwa noma iqembu lemibuso emithathu, iphethe ngokungenakuphikiswa.

Imibono kaMontesquieu yathonya kakhulu abahleli bomthetho-sisekelo we-United States. Ngawo-1780, ngemva kokunqoba ukukhululeka eBrithani, abaholi baseMelika babexwaya amandla aphakeme. Babenolwazi lokubusa ngaphansi kweNkosi uGeorge III futhi babehlupheke ngaphansi kweZigaba ezibuthakathaka zobuKhomanisi. I-Constitutional Convention ka-1787 yayihlose ukwakha uhulumeni wesizwe onamandla kakhulu kuyilapho ilondoloza inkululeko. Umphumela wawuwuhlelo lwemibuso ehlukene ngemishini eyakhelwe.

Amaphepha Ohlelo Lokuhlela

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumiswa koMthetho-sisekelo, uJames Madison, uAlexander Hamilton, noJohn Jay babhala uchungechunge lwezindaba ezaziwayo ngokuthi iFederalist Papers. ku-Foleralist No. 51[, i-Madison yanikeza ukuzivikela okulungile kokuhlola nokulinganisela. Wabhala ukuthi, “i-Ambbolo kumelwe yenzelwe ukulwa nesifiso sokufuna izifiso. Isithakazelo somuntu kumelwe sixhumelwe namalungelo omthetho wendawo.[FLT][5][5][FLT][FLD][3] ngokunikeza izindlela zokumelana nokunye, isimo sikahulumeni sigcina ukulingana kwayo. Waphawula nokuthi ukulondeka okukhulu kakhulu “kunye ukuphakama kwenzuzo embalweni" phakathi kwenzuzo enkulu, noma yiliphi igatsha.

Ezinye izenzakalo ezingokomlando zihlanganisa i - English Bill of Rights ka - 1689, eyalinganisela amandla obukhosi futhi yasekela ukuphakama kwephalamende, kanye nokusungulwa kokuzibusa kokwahlulela ezimisweni ezivamile zomthetho. Ngakho - ke ukulinganisela kwamandla kuwumkhiqizo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezombangazwe, okwacwengisiswa ngokuhlangenwe nakho nangokushintsha komthetho - sisekelo.

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Amasesha nezilinganiso yizinqubo ezikhethekile ezivumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba linciphise amandla amanye. Lezi zinqubo zivimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba lingathathi hlangothi olulodwa ezindaweni eziyinhloko. Ngezansi kuyiziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu esimisweni sobumongameli esivamile njenge-United States.

  • IVEto Power: Umongameli angawudlulisa umthetho we-veto odluliswe yi-Congress. Nokho, uMkhandlu ungadlulisa i-veto ngenani eliphindwe kabili nantathu emagumbini womabili, unikeze i-exakelo kumphathi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Jodicial Review: Inkantolo ePhakeme nezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi zingashaya imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu eziphula umthetho-mthetho. Lomandla amiswa ecaleni lengqophamlando Marbury v. Madison [1803]).
  • Indlu yabameleli ingakhipha (icala eliyindinganiso) umongameli, isekela likamongameli, noma amajaji kahulumeni ngenxa “yomcabango, ukufumbathisa, noma obunye ubugebengu obukhulu kanye namaphutha.” Khona - ke iSigele siqunga icala futhi, ngevoti eliphindwe ka-3, singasusa isikhulu ehhovisi.
  • qinisekisa: Umongameli umisa amalungu ekhathekthi, amajaji kahulumeni, namanxusa, kodwa iSigele kumelwe siqinisekise lawomanxusa ngevoti eningi. Lokhu kunikeza igatsha lemithetho izwi kubaphathi abaphethe nakwahluleli.
  • I-Ratiation: Umongameli uxoxa nezivumelwano namazwe angaphandle, kodwa ziqala ukusebenza ngemva kokuba i-3-3 yeSigele siwavumele.
  • [ Amandla entengo: uhlela yonke imali kahulumeni. Ayikho imali engathathwa kuMondli ngaphandle komthetho wokukhipha, inikeza isishaya-mthetho igunya lokuphatha.
  • [ IMivumelo e-Judicial for Life: abahluleli bamaFederal bakhonza phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle, okusho ukuthi abanakususwa umongameli noma uKhongolo ngaphandle kokungagunyazi. Lokhu kuvikela ijaji ekuphindiseleni kwezombangazwe.

Lokhu kuhlola kwakha isimiso semibuso ehlanganyelwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli angakhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu, kodwa izinkantolo zingazivimbela uma zidlula igunya elingokomthetho. UMkhandlu ungashaya imithetho, kodwa umongameli angayichaza, futhi izinkantolo zingayichaza noma ziyiqede. Lokhu kuphoqelela amagatsha ukuba axoxisane futhi ahlehlise, kunciphise ingozi yezenzo ezithathekile noma ezeqisayo.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukulinganisela Kwamandla Kube Yizindaba

Ukulinganisela kwamandla akuwona umgomo ocatshangelwayo; anenzuzo eqinisekile yentando yeningi nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Nazi izizathu eziyinhloko ezibangela ukuba ahlale ebalulekile:

Ukuvimbela Ukuxhaphaza

Impicabadala eshukumisa kakhulu yemibuso ehlukene ukuthi ivimbela noma yimuphi umuntu noma iqembu ukuba aqoqe igunya elinganqandeki. Umlando ugcwele izibonelo zomashiqela abachitha amaphalamende, abakhipha izigebengu, futhi babusa ngesinqumo. Isimiso esiqinile sokuhlola nokulinganisela senza ukuba kube nzima kakhulu. Ngisho noma igatsha elilodwa liba nolaka, abanye bangavimbela noma banciphise izenzo zalo, bethengela isikhathi izinselele zomphakathi nezomthetho.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Ohulumeni banamandla amakhulu phezu kwezakhamuzi . bangakhokha intela, babophe itomu, babophe iziboshwa, futhi balawule. Ngaphandle kokuhlola, lo mbuso ungasetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukuphikisa, ukuhlasela izisulu ezincane, noma ukwephula inkululeko yomphakathi. Ijaji elizimele lingavikela abantu ngokumisa imithetho ephula amalungelo ayisisekelo, njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, nenqubo efanele. Igatsha lezesivumelwano lingasebenza njengendawo yokuhlola lapho amazwi ahlukahlukene ezwakala khona, futhi igatsha eliphethe lingaba nesibopho sokulandisa ngokhetho nangesiqondiso.

Isikhuthazo Sokuhlehla

Ngenxa yokuthi alikho igatsha elingathatha isinyathelo sodwa, lesi simiso sikhuthaza ukuxoxisana nokuvumelana. Ukuze kudluliswe umthetho, amagatsha aphethe nezomthetho kumelwe avumelane ngokuqukethwe yiwo, ngokuvamile adinga ukuvunyelwana. Lokhu kunciphisa ukwenziwa kwezimiso kodwa futhi kuvimbela ukuthatha izinqumo ezicatshangelwe ngokushesha. Isidingo sokwakha imifelandawo eyodwa futhi sifune inqubo engcono yokubusa okungalawuleki.

Ukulandisa nokubona ngale

Amasethi akha amaphuzu amaningi okuqondisa. Amakomiti e-Congress angahlola izenzo zobuphathi; igatsha lokwahlulela lingahlola izinqumo zokuphatha; futhi iphephandaba elikhululekile, elivikelwe yiziqinisekiso zomthetho-sisekelo, lingadalula ukusetshenziswa kabi komthetho-sisekelo. Lolu hlelo lokulandisa lukwenza kube lula kakhulu ukuba kutholakale futhi kujeziswe. Izikhulu eziqashelweyo ziyazi ukuthi izenzo zazo ziyohlolwa, okuvimbela ukonakala nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Ekulinganiseleni Amandla

Emashumini eminyaka amuva, ukuthambekela okuningana kuye kwavivinya indlela evamile yokuqonda izinselele nokulinganisela.

Ukuhleleka Kweqembu Eliphethe Nesenzo Esingekho

Abaholi baye basebenzisa kakhulu iziyalezo zokuqondisa izintambo ze-Oval Congress ezindabeni eziphikisanayo. Umyalo ophethe uyisiqondiso esikhishwa umongameli onegunya lomthetho, kodwa asimiswanga yisishayamthetho. Nakuba umthetho-mthetho-mthetho uphoqelelwe, abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi abanye amongameli baye balisebenzisa kakhulu leli thuluzi, ngokuphumelelayo ukugunyaza ihhovisi le Oval. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukushintshwa okukhulu kwemithetho yokufuduka, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, nokulondeka kwesizwe. Abaphikisi bathi lokhu kululaza indima yomthetho wegatsha lomthetho-mthetho futhi bagxilise amandla esikhululweni. I-jadicariary ingashaya iziyalezo zezikhulu ze-Oval edlula i-Oval Commery noma igunya lomthetho, kodwa ithatha izinselele ezingokomthetho zesikhathi, futhi amongameli bangaqhube imingcele.

Ukuthatha Icala Ngokwahlulela Kumelene Nemingcele

Izenzo zokwahlulela zibhekisela ezinqumweni zenkantolo ezidlula ukuchazwa okungacacile ngokomthetho futhi zidala ngokuphumelelayo isimiso esisha. Lapho izinkantolo zishaya imithetho ethandwayo noma zisekela imibuso kahulumeni emikhulu kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi zimangalelwa ngokuphula indima yazo. Ngokuphambene, abameleli bezokwahlulela baphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zilalele amagatsha akhethiwe ngaphandle kokuba kube khona ukwephulwa okusobala komthetho-mthetho. Izimpikiswano ngokwakhiwa kweNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu nokugunyazwa kweNkanto ephakeme ziye zabekwa phambili kakhulu, kanye neqembu ngalinye lifuna abahluleli abanombono wazo. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuthi ijaji elingakhethi lihlala lingumgwebi noma lingumlwi wezelinye impi yezombangazwe.

Iqembu Elinomthetho Nokwehlukana

I-hyper-partinal iye yaholela ekutheni i-hyper - partination ihlale ikhona eKhongomeni, njengoba abambani bengakwazi ukudlulisa izimali, ukuqinisekisa ama-mineine, noma ukuxazulula izimpikiswano ezinkulu. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi le-gracky ngokwayo iwukuwohloka kokuma kwegunya, njengoba igatsha le-projectis lihluleka ukufeza imisebenzi yalo engokomthetho-mthetho. Nokho, ukuphendula, abaphathi baye bathatha isinyathelo ngokungazenzisiyo, futhi izinkantolo ziye zangenela ekuxazululeni izimpikiswano ezingenakuhlala i-mfantula. I-Griplockyblock ibangela ukudideka nokuzinza komphakathi, njengokususa i-finbostbuster noma ukwandisa iNkanto ephakeme. Nokho, izinguquko ezinjalo zingaguqula izinga lokulingana namandla ngezindlela ezingaqondakali.

Amandla Aphuthumayo Nokulondeka Kwesizwe

Ezikhathini zenhlekelele − impi, umqedazwe, ubuphekula, izikhulu ngokuvamile zithi zinamandla akhulisiwe. I-War Powers Resolution, i-Patriot Act, nokusetshenziswa kwezimemezelo eziphuthumayo zesizwe konke kuye kwandisa iziphathimandla eziphethe. Nakuba kungase kudingeke ukwanda okuthile ukuze kusabelwe ngokushesha ezisongweni, kungaqeda ukuqondisa kwenhlangano nenkululeko yomphakathi. Ijaji ngezinye izikhathi liye lahlehlela emuva, kodwa izinkantolo zivame ukuhlonipheka kumphathi ezindabeni zokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ukulondoloza ukulinganisela phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo kudinga ukuqapha kuwo wonke amagatsha nomphakathi.

Ukudideka Kwemali Nokuthembeka Okuphakeme

Ukulinganisela kwamandla ekugcineni kuxhomeke okhethweni olukhululekile nolulungile oluvumela abantu ukuba bakhethe abameleli babo. Izimpikiswano zamuva ngemithetho ye-ID, i-gerrymaning, kanye nezimali zomkhankaso ziye zaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi okhetho bangawubeka yini umthwalo kuhulumeni. Igatsha lokwahlulela liye langenela ezicaleni eziqinile nasemacaleni okuvota amalungelo, kodwa izenzo zomthetho zingase zikwazi ukuthuthukisa inkundla yokudlala. Intando yeningi enempilo ayifuni amandla ahlukene kuphela kodwa futhi nezakhamuzi ezingahlanganyela ngokunenjongo ekukhetheni labo abaphethe imibuso.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Ukulinganisela Kwamandla Kwezinye Imibuso

Ukuqonda izimiso ezihlukahlukene kusiza ekukhanyeni kwamandla nobuthakathaka baseMelika.

Izimiso Zasephalamende

Ephalamendeni lentando yeningi (umz., United Kingdom, Canada, Germany), umphathi uthathwa esimisweni sombuso. Undunankulu nomphathi-hulumeni bangamalungu ephalamende futhi bangasuswa ngevoti yokungathembi. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwamagunya kwakha inqubo ephumelela kakhulu yokulawula imithetho, njengoba isikhulu sesikhulu singenza izinqumo zaso ngaphandle komfantu. Nokho, amasheke abuthakathaka: akukho ukwehlukana okuqinile, futhi i-judiary ingaba namandla amancane okuphula imithetho (e-UK, iphalamende ingumbusi). Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi izimiso zephalamende ziyakwazi ukukhipha uhulumeni ngokushesha ngoba uhulumeni uvalo lungabangela ukuba ulwe.

Umongameli vs. Izimiso zeSemi-Presidential

Izimiso zobumongameli njengamazwe ase-U.S. kanye ne-Latin America amaningi zinomongameli wesikhathi esimisiwe ozimele wesishaya-mthetho. Lokhu kungaholela ekuhlukanisweni kukahulumeni kanye nomthetho oqinile, kodwa futhi kunikeze iziphetho eziqinile. Izimiso ze-Semi-presidential (umz. iFrance) zinomongameli nomphathi omkhulu, ukuhlanganyela amandla ombuso. Lokhu kungadala ukuhlalisana lapho umongameli nephalamende abaningi bevela ezindaweni ezihlukene, bephoqelela ukuhlehla. Isimiso ngasinye sinezinqubo zaso zokulinganisela, njengezinkantolo zomthetho-mthetho-siseko, izinhlangano ezizimele, nombuso wombuso.

Ukulwela Uhulumeni Njengendlela Engeziwe Yokuhlola

Ezimisweni zikahulumeni (umz., U.S., iJalimane, iAustralia), amandla ahlukaniswa futhi phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa okungathí sina kwemibuso kunikeza olunye ungqimba lwendlela yokuhlola, njengoba imibuso ingamelana nokuphamba kukahulumeni. iNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu yase-U.S. iye yavikela ubukhosi bukahulumeni ezindaweni ezinjengemfundo, i-pholist, nokusetshenziswa kwendawo. i-Federalism isakaza amandla ngisho nangokwengeziwe, iwenza kube nzima nganoma yiliphi izinga likahulumeni ukuba lilawule.

Isiphetho

Ukulinganisela kwamandla akuyona insalela yekhulu le-18; kuyisimiso esiphilayo, esishintshayo esisaqhubeka siguqula ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Abafundi nothisha abafunda lo mbono bafunda indlela ohulumeni abangavikela ngayo inkululeko kuyilapho besasebenza. Amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni (ukubulala, ukushaya umthetho, nokuqondisa) anikeza uhlelo lokuzinqumela, ukulandisa, nokuqondisa. Izazi zezesikhathi esidlule njengoMontesquieu noMadison zibeke isisekelo, kodwa isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sivikele futhi sivumelanise lezi zinhlangano ezintsha.

Izimpikiswano ezikhona ngeziqondiso zezikhulu, ukumiswa kokwahlulela, nokubekwa kwemithetho kubonisa ukuthi ukulinganisela kwegunya akunakugcinwa unomphela. Kudinga ukuthembisana ngokuzikhandla nezakhamuzi, abamisi-mthetho, nabahluleli. Ukuqonda kunika abavoti amandla okuhlola nokulinganisela abaholi babo ukuba baqaphele abaphambani, futhi basekele izinguquko ezilondoloza ubuqotho obungokwentando yeningi. Kubafundisi, ukufundisa ukulinganisela kwamandla akukona nje ukuchaza izakhiwo, kusekuveze ukwazisa ngesakhiwo esinenhlakalo kodwa esibalulekile senkululeko.

[[FLT: 0] ukufunda ngokuphindaphindeneyo:[ i-flucted emithombo enegunya ingajulisa ukuqonda kwakho. Cwangcisa iSikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo sesizwe [ se-Constitution'ssion's project ye-InquT] ye-messation [[FLT:] ye-'umthetho-'isiko] egcwele eproject. Ukuze uthole umbono olinganayo, bona [[FLT:]][FLT][FLT][FLT][FFLD][F:9][9][FLT] [ect:], ekugcineni, [FFFFF]