Isimiso sokulinganisela kwamandla siyisisekelo sokusebenza kwezimiso zentando yeningi. Iqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu oyedwa ongabusa inqubo yokubusa, kanjalo ulondoloze amalungelo nenkululeko yezakhamuzi. Lesi sihloko sihlola umongo ongokomlando, ukubaluleka, nezinqubo ezisekela ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kokubusa kwanamuhla, kuyilapho sihlola futhi izinselele zamanje kanye nesimo esiguquguqukayo salemfundiso ebalulekile.

Imisuka Emcabangweni Wasendulo Wezombangazwe

Umqondo kahulumeni olinganiselayo uhlela idemokrasi yanamuhla. U-Aristotle, ku- yakhe , waveza izinhlobo ezintathu zomthetho-sisekelo ($monarchy, izikhulu, nepolity , waveza ukuthi uhlobo olungcono kakhulu lukahulumeni luhlangene kuzo zonke izakhi ezintathu ukuze kuvinjelwe noma iluphi uhlobo ekubuseni. Polybius, isazi sezeziko lobuGreki, sathuthukisa lomqondo ngokuhlaziya umthetho-sipala, okwabekwa isisekelo esihlukanisa i-conualculture (icustotic), iSigeqe (irbacratic), kanye nemihlangano ethandwayo (democratic), ikholelwa ukuthi lesi simiso samaRoma sasivumela ukuba sigweme umjikelezo wobunjwano womthetho owe yi-Plato. Le zimiso zakuqala zakuqala zamandla abekwa kamuva, zigcizelela izinkolelo ngokungalawule.

Ukukhanyiselwa Nokuhlukaniswa Kwamandla Ngohlobo Oluthile

Ukukhanyiselwa kwaphawula inkathi eguqula kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni inkolelo-lwazi yamandla alinganayo. Umsebenzi ka-Baron de Montesquieu ka 1748 Umoya woMthetho [ wanikeza ikhono elinamandla kakhulu. Waphikisa ngokuthi ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, “igunya kumelwe libe yi-cheke emandleni. [Montesquieu ehlolwe ukusakaza igunya likahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu ahlukene], isikhulu, futhi ihlulele igatsha ngalinye linikeze ububanzi obunamandla okuvimbela amanye. Imibono yakhe yathonya ngokuqondile amafomu eUnited States, eyaklama isimiso sokuqonda isimiso somthetho [Foct:2] kanye nesilinganiso sale, [Fodsss], [FF:3] i-sceckeded, futhi i-ocesss. [e, i-Essuells] kulokhu kubhalwe ngokunye.[inye i-E.[Fogssionssssion, i-od, ingueqed, i-ogconst, i-o

Ukubaluleka Kokulinganisela Kwamandla

Ukuqaphela ukuthi akekho ongaphezu komthetho kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ubulungisa nokulandisa. Ukulinganisela kwamandla kufeza imisebenzi embalwa ebalulekile:

  • Ukususwa kweTyranny: ngokusakaza amandla emagatsheni amaningi kahulumeni, ingozi yokubusa ngempoqo iyancitshiswa. Ukubekwa kwamandla kumuntu oyedwa noma eqenjini ngokomlando kuholela ekucindezelweni, njengoba kubonakala kuhulumeni kusukela eRoma lasendulo kuya kuhulumeni wobushiqela bekhulu lamashumi amabili namashumi amabili.
  • Isivikelo samalungelo: Isimiso esilinganiselayo sivikela amalungelo omuntu siqu nenkululeko kuhulumeni ophathwe kabi. Uma igatsha ngalinye lingahlola elinye, kuba nzima nganoma iliphi igatsha ukugqekeza inkululeko enjengenkulumo, umhlangano, nenqubo efanele.
  • [ Ukubekwa kwecala: ngokuhlola amandla endaweni, izikhulu zikahulumeni zibekwa icala ngezenzo zazo. Usongo lokungathotshelwa, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela, nolwezo lwemithetho luqinisekisa ukuthi abaholi abanakwenza ngokungajeziswa.
  • Ukusebenziseka nomthetho: ukubusa okulinganiselayo kukhuthaza ukwethemba umphakathi ezinhlanganweni. Izakhamuzi zivame ukwamukela imithetho nezimiso uma zikholelwa ukuthi amandla awasetshenziswa ngokuthanda. Lokhu kunciphisa amathuba okungalawuleki komphakathi futhi kuqinisa isivumelwano sezenhlalo.

Ngaphandle kwalemisebenzi eyisisekelo, ukulinganisela kwamandla nakho kukhuthaza ukucabangisisa nokuhlehla.

Imishini Yokulinganisela Kwamandla Emibuso Yanamuhla

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni ibe ngamagatsha ahlukene", ukuhlukanisa, ukubeka umthetho, nokwahlulela, kuveza noma yiliphi igatsha elilodwa elisebenzisa amandla amaningi kakhulu. Igatsha ngalinye linemisebenzi yalo eyinhloko: isishaya-mthetho simisa imithetho, umphathi uyayiphoqelela, futhi i-jadicary iyayichaza. Lokhu kudala udonga oluhlanganisa ukuqhuma oluvimbela ukufinyelela noma yimuphi umdlali ozimele. Amazwe amaningi, njengaseJalimane naseNdiya, athatha isakhiwo esifanayo somfantula, nakuba kunezinto ezingafanisiko, nakuba inqubo yempalamente ivame ukuhlanganisa iziphathi-mpathimandla nemithetho yemithetho yemithetho ye-pal ngokwezinga elithile, kodwa ayaqhubeka egcina umshini ozimeleyo.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Igatsha ngalinye linegunya lokulinganisela amandla amanye, liqinisekisa ukuthi amandla alinganiselwe futhi akukho gatsha elilodwa eliba yigunya. Izibonelo zihlanganisa umongameli iveto (ohlulwayo ngomthetho), ukuqinisekiswa kweSigele sokumisa nezivumelwano (owenzelwe ukubusa), kanye nokubukezwa komthetho (owenqabile phezu kwawo womabili). Ngokubuya, i-pactimension ingayidlula i-veto nge-apolance, futhi umphathi anganikeza izintethelelo. Lezi zihlola zeSigebengu zidinga ukubambisana okunamandla nesenzo sobuphici.

I - diary ezimele

I-judiaary engakhethi ichaza imithetho futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi isetshenziswa ngokulinganayo, isekela isimiso sokuthi akekho ongaphezu komthetho. Ukukhululeka kokwahlulela kuvikelwe ekuphileni (noma imibandela emide), amaholo avikelekile, nokubekwa esicindezelweni sezombangazwe. Amandla okwahlulela okuhlolayo (ukuhlola noma izenzo zezikhulu ezingasebenzi) asungulwe e-ekhoneni yemithetho. [[FLT:] itshe lesisekelo sezimiso zanamuhla. [[FLT] [3] [F] [FF]]

Ubumbano

Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, amandla futhi ahlukaniswa phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nabesizwe. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa okungathsithí shi kwamandla kwenezela esinye isisekelo sesivikelo ekuhlaseleni. Amazwe noma izifundazwe ahlala ezimele, esebenza njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokrasi kanye nezinhlolo ezengeziwe egunyeni likahulumeni. i-United States, iJalimane, i-Australia, ne-India zonke zisebenzisa uhulumeni ngamazinga ahlukene.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ngokulinganisela Kwamandla

E - United States

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. wamisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuye kwavela emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Ihlazo leWatergate lahlola lesi simiso, njengoba uMongameli Nixon azama ukuvimbela ubulungisa futhi abeke ilungelo lokubusa. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ngazwi linye [ United States] v. Nixon [umongameli] akakwazi ukugodlela ubufakazi ekuhlolweni kwecala, iqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu, ngisho nomphathi omkhulu, ongaphezu komthetho. Muva nje, izenzo zokuphatha zokufuduka, imibuso yempi, nezimemezelo eziphuthuma ziye zabangela izimpikiswano ngemingcele yamandla kamongameli. ISishayamthetho ziye zahlehlela emuva ngemingcele yezimali, ukuphatha, ukuphatha, izinselele, inselele inqubo yokuhlola inqubo yezikhathi ezintathu (Ayln, u-R44, ka-C.) kabili, u-C.

United Kingdom

Umthetho-sisekelo we-UK uncike kakhulu emihlanganweni, ezimisweni, nasezincwadini ezingokomlando ezinjengeMagna Carta (1215) ne-Bill of Rights (1689) ukuze kwakhiwe ukulinganisela phakathi kwenkosi, iPhalamende, nejaji. Nakuba amandla enkosi enziwa ngokwesiko, isimiso sobukhosi basepalamente sisho ukuthi iPhalamente lingawenza noma ligumbuqele wonke umthetho. Nokho, i-jaji lithole inkululeko enkulu kakhulu kusukela eMthethweni weNguquko yeSishayamthetho ka-Prosti, owamisa iNkanto ePhakamele iNkanto eMbuso eUnited Kingdom, ehlukanisa inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu e Homes of Lords. ISivume somthetho somthetho ka-1998 inikeza futhi amandla okumemezela umthetho ongqubuzana ne-Convention on Human Rights, inezela i-UK yanamuhla, iveza ukulingana kwesivumelwano esisodwa, futhi inguquko esibhalwe ngemithetho engokomthetho.

i-France

I-French Fin 5 Republic, eyasungulwa ngo-1958, inesimiso esinemiyalo emincane engaphambili esine-presidente ekhethwe ngokuqondile nondunankulu onomthwalo wokulandisa ePhalamende. Umongameli uphethe izikhulu ezinkulu, kuhlanganise nekhono lokuncibilikisa i-National Assembly futhi abize ama-assendum. I-Constitutional Council ihlola imithetho evumelana noMthetho-sisekelo, isebenza njengesehlo lokwahlulela. Lomklamo wenhlanganisela ubonakalisa ukunkimbinkimbinkimbia wamandla uma isikhulu esiqinile sihlala egumbini lephalamende. Izikhathi zokuhlalisana kwamalungu (lapho umongameli nomphathi omkhulu bevela emaqenjini ahlukene) ngezinye izikhathi ziye zantente kodwa zabuye zabuye zabuye zakwazi ukuhlanganisa i-chekelelwa ngamandla, njengoba igatsha ngalinye kumelwe lixoxe kunokuba lilawule.

i-Ningizimu Korea

Ukushintshela kwe-South Korea ebuthweni lentando yeningi ngo-1992 kwaveza isimiso sobumongameli neNkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo ebukeza umthetho kanye nezenzo zomongameli. U-2016-2017 ukugunyaza kukaMongameli Park Geun-hye, okuxhaswe yiNkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo, kwabonisa amandla ejaji elizimele ukuze kugcinwe inhloko kamongameli. Isinqumo senkantolo saholela ekususweni kwakhe ehhovisi nasekwenzweni kwecala elilandelayo. Le nkantolo igcizelela indlela i-scronance nesilinganiso esingasebenza ngayo ngisho nasemalinini eshaneni, iqinisekisa isimiso sokuthi akekho umuntu ongaphezu komthetho. [FLT:] Inkantolo yomthetho ka-[FLT] inikeza ukwaziswa kulenqubo. [FLT]

Imibono Nemibono Ehlukahlukene Embulungeni Yonke

Nakuba isimo semibuso ehlukene yaseMelika sinamandla, amandla amaningi entando yeningi alinganayo ngemiklamo ehlukene. Izimiso zePhalamende, njengaleyo yaseCanada, e-Australia, naseJapane, zifaka amagatsha aphetheyo nawabemthetho, zenza uhulumeni ancike ephalamende. Lokhu kungaholela ekubusweni okungcono kakhulu kodwa futhi kubangele ingozi yokulawula uma undunankulu wezobushiqela elawulayo elawulayo elawula iningi. Ukumelana nalokhu, izimiso eziningi zephalamende zisebenzisa amagumbi aqinile wesibili (umz., i-German Bundesrat) nokubukeza okuqinile. Izimiso ezinamabhandekisiwe njenge-France ezicishe zidlule ezimpondo zombili. Ngaphandle kokuklama, isimiso esiyinhloko: akudingenzeki ukulawulwa.

Ukubhidliza Kwemibuso Yokubulala Nokubuyisela Izinhlangano

Idemokrasi entsha ivame ukulwa nokusungula ukuhlola nokulinganisela okuqinile. Amazwe aseMpumalanga Yurophu, i-Latin America, ne-Afrika aye abhekana nokuphambuka lapho abaqondisi belulaza izikhulu zomthetho noma becindezela ukuphikiswa. Ngokwesibonelo, iHungary nePoland ziye zabona izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ezathiya inkululeko yokwahlulela nenkululeko yezokuxhumana, ezikhuthaza ukungenela kwe-European Union. Lezi zimo ziqokomisa ukuthi ukulinganisela kwamandla akukona ukuzisekela; kudinga ukuzivikela okusebenzayo komphakathi womphakathi, abadlali bezombangazwe, nezinhlangano zomhlaba. [[FLT: 0] iNkantolo ye-Eufian of Human Rights ifeza indima ekubekeni izigaba zokubusa ezilungu eziphethe imithetho ephula umthetho.

Izinselele Zokulinganisela Amandla Esikhathini Sanamuhla

Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe

Ukuhlukahluka kwezindawo zezombangazwe kungaholela ekuncipheni kwezindawo zokubusa eziphumelelayo. Uma amaqembu ebeka phambili inzuzo engcono ngenxa yokubambisana kwezinhlangano, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kuba yizikhali kunokuba kuvikelwe. I-U.S. iye yabhekana nokuvinjelwa kaningi kukahulumeni, ukuqiniswa kwezokwahlulela okubambezelekayo, kanye nobunzima bokusetshenziswa kwemali esetshenziswayo okunciphisa ukwethenjelwa umphakathi. Ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho ephethe kanye nokuvinjelwa kwezimiso ezivamile zomthetho, njengoba iqembu ngalinye lifuna ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zalo zomthetho naphezu kokuphikisa.

Ukuphumelela Okuphakeme Namandla Aphuthumayo

Abaholi bangase bazame ukwandisa igunya labo, ukudlula ekuhloleni nasekulinganiseni ezikhathini zenhlekelele. Umqedazwe we-COVOVID-19 wabona ohulumeni abaningi besebenzisa izinyathelo eziphuthumayo ngokulawula okulinganiselwe. Nakuba kwakudingeka ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha, abanye abaholi basebenzisa le nkinga ukuhlanganisa umbuso (h___ukuhlanganisa inkululeko yomphakathi ngaphandle kokubukeza okufanelekile. Ngokufanayo, ubuphekula nezinsongo zokhuseleko zamazwe kuye kwasetshenziselwa ukuthethelela ukuqapha, ukuthatha impi ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwemvume enkantolo, nokuboshwa ngaphandle kokuqulwa icala. Ukulinganisela okubucayi phakathi kwenkululeko nokuvinjelwa kuhlala kuyinselele.

Ukuzimela Kokwahlulela Kusengozini

Imizamo yokuthonya noma ukululaza ikomiti yamajaji ingasongela ukungakhethi okudingekile ukuze kusekelwe umthetho. Abanye ohulumeni baye bagcwala izinkantolo nabaqotho, bashintsha iminyaka yomhlalaphansi, noma izinkantolo ezihlukene zokulawula izindaba ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, izinguquko zokwahlulela zasePoland ngo-2019 zaholela e-European Union ukujezisa nokuphikisa kwasekhaya. Uma izinkantolo zithola isijeziso, balahlekelwa ukuthembeka nekhono labo lokuhlola amanye amagatsha. Ukuvikela ukukhululeka kudinga izinqubo ezibonisa ukumiswa, ukuvikela inqubo, ukuvikela inqubo yezehlulelo, kanye nempucuko ehlonipha ukubusa kwenkantolo.

Ukungaqiniseki Ngezinombolo Nokuncipha Kokwethembana

Ukudlondlobala kwezenhlalo nezenhlalo kuye kwaqeda ukuthemba umphakathi ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi. Uma izakhamuzi zingavumelani ngamaqiniso ayisisekelo ngezenzo zikahulumeni, ukuhlola nokulinganisela. Ukungavumelani ngokhetho kuye kwaholela emizamweni yokugumbuqela, ukuncishiswa kokudluliselwa okunokuthula kukahulumeni . Uhulumeni uye wasebenzisa ukuqapha okungokwezesayensi ngokumelene nabaphikisi bezombangazwe, okufinyela umngcele phakathi kwenhlala - okulondeka kwezwe nempoqo yezombangazwe. Umphakathi womphakathi nemithombo yezindaba ezimele ufeza indima enzima ekulweni nale macala, kodwa nawo ubhekenezinto ezisongelayo ngokuhlasela kwezonobhulobethi.

Ukuqinisa Ukulinganisela Kwamandla: Indima Yomphakathi Nemithombo Yezindaba

Ukulinganisela okunempilo kwamandla akunakuncika kuphela ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo; futhi kudinga ukuboshelwa kwezakhamuzi kanye nokukhishwa kwezindaba. Izinhlangano zomphakathi ziqondisa izenzo zikahulumeni, zisekela ukuvela, futhi zihlongoza umphakathi ngokumelene nokuxhashazwa komthetho. Imithombo yezindaba ihlola ububi, idalula, futhi inikeze indawo yesikhululo samazwi ahlukahlukene. Emazweni amaningi, intatheli ziye zabhekana nobudlova, ukuboshwa, nokumangalelwa (ukumangalelwa okumelene nokuhlanganyela komphakathi, noma ukumelana ne-SLAPS) okuhloselwe ukugxeka okungalawuleki. Ukuvikela inkululeko nokusiza ukuthatha iqhaza komphakathi kudingekile ekulondolozeni icala. [[FLT:] Iziteshi ze-gests Prective Index [FLT] [FON]

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimiso zemfundo ezifundisa izindinganiso zomphakathi nokucabanga okugxekayo zinika izakhamuzi amandla okuqaphela izinsongo ezisekulinganisweni kwegunya. Uma umphakathi uqonda ukuthi amahlola nokulinganisela kusebenza kanjani, futhi ukuthi kungani zibalulekile, zisengozini kakhulu yokuzivikela ekukhukhulekeni kancane kancane. Ukubona gcaba kuhulumeni, njengokugcinwa kwemithetho evulekile nokuzwa komphakathi, kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zigcine izikhulu zinesibopho sokulandisa.

Isiphetho

Ukulinganisela kwamandla kuhlala kuseyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, okubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi akukho muntu noma iqembu elingaphezulu komthetho. Kusukela ekusungulweni kwalo kwasendulo ukuya ekuhlelweni komthetho-sisekelo wanamuhla, lesi simiso siye sabonakala sibalulekile ekunqandeni ubushiqela, ukuvikela, nokukhuthaza ukulandisa. Nokho ukulinganisela akunakugcinwa unomphela; kubhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo zokubusa ngokwehlukana, ukuphambana kokwahlulela, nokungahlangani kwezibalo. Ukugcina lesi simo sidinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, ukuguqula izakhiwo, nokuhlanganyela okusebenzayo kwezakhamuzi, imithombo yezindaba, nomphakathi. Isibopho sokubusa ngokulinganisela asiyona indlela eqhubekayo kodwa inqubo yokuguqula inqubo. Njengoba izinhlangano zentando yentando yeningi ziqala, kanjalo kumelwe zigcine amandla okungawumthetho ongeke ukwenzeki, futhi kubusa kokubili umthetho ongenakubusa, futhi kuyoba namandla anamandla.