Ukuhlukaniswa kwamagunya phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni wezwe − i-legislative, isikhulu, neyahlulelo − kuveza umsuka wokubusa kwentando yeningi ezingeni lombuso. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elinamandla kakhulu, kuyilapho likwazi ngalinye ukuba lisebenze njengesehlo kwezinye. Phakathi kwalokhu, isishaya-mthetho siphethe igunya eliyinhloko lokwenza umthetho, kodwa izenzo zalo zihlala zithotshiswa amandla kambusi wentando yeningi namandla ezinkantolo zokubukeza. Ukuqonda leli thonya kudingekile ezakhamuzini, abenzi bezimiso, nanoma ubani onesithakazelo ekutheni imithetho ithinta kanjani ukuphila kwansuku zonke.

Indima Yemithetho KaHulumeni Ehlelweni Lwezinhlangothi Ezinhlangothi Ezinhlangothini Ezinsundu

Amanxusa ombuso amisa umthetho kahulumeni. Akhiwa amagumbi amabili kuzo zonke izifunda ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska, enamalungu angenayo i-adamaral. Amalungu akhethwa abantu futhi asebenzise izinqumo ezisukela eminyakeni emibili kuya kwemine. Imithwalo yemfanelo ephakathi yendlu yombuso ihlanganisa ukusungula, ukuphikisana, nokudlulisa izikweleti; ukuvuma uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni; ukumisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni; nokuqondisa izikhundla zikahulumeni. La mandla anikezwa ngokuqondile umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wombuso ngamunye futhi angaphansi kwemishini ebekwe amanye amagatsha amabili.

Ngaphandle kwemithetho yokubhala, izishaya-mthetho zisebenza njengenhlangano eyinhloko yabameleli bezakhamuzi. Ziphethe ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi, ziphendule izinkathazo zomphakathi, futhi zilungise isimiso ezindabeni ezinjengezemfundo, ezokuhamba, ezokunakekela impilo, nomthetho wobugebengu. Inqubo yomthetho iklanyelwe ukuba ibe ngamabomu, ifune ukufundwa kaningi nokubukezwa kwekomiti ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imithetho ehlongozwayo isekelwe ngokuphelele. Lendalo ehlukanisayo iyisici esiyinhloko esihlukanisa isigeqeqe esihlukanisayo nesinqumo esisekelwe kakhulu sokwakhiwa kwehhovisi likambusi.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Amandla Kambusi Nezinhlolo - vo Zomthetho

Igunya Le - Veto

Isehlo esiqondile esinegatsha eliphethe isishaya - mthetho yi-veto. Ngemva kokuba isimemezelo sidlulise womabili amakamu, sithunyelwa kumbusi. Umbusi angasayina umthetho, awuvumele ukuba ube umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa, noma uphendulwe. I-veto ithumela imvume emuva esivumelwaneni esiphethe umthetho ngokuphikisa. Izifundazwe eziningi zifuna inani eliphindwe kabili lesithathu egumbini ngalinye ukudlulisa iveto, nakuba ezinye zifuna iningi elivamile noma i-ayi-ftiftivtiv. Lemfuneko iphoqelela umthetho ukuba wakhe ububanzi, i-bisan u-partagan uma zifuna ukwenza umthetho owenqabile.

Izifunda eziningi zinika umbusi i-line-itempoto ezikweletini zokukhipha i-appropria, ivumela umphathi ukuba asebenzise izinto ezithile ngaphandle kokwenqaba uhlelo lwemali. Lokhu kunika umbusi ithonya elikhulu phezu kwesimiso semali. Abenzi bomthetho-mthetho kumelwe banqume ukuthi bangawamukela yini ama-imageto noma bazame ukukhomba, okuvame ukuba nzima kakhulu ngemigqa ngayinye.

Izimiso Zokuqondisa Nokuphathwa Kwe - agency

Abalawuli banganikeza iziyalo eziphethe ukuze baqondise izinhlangano zikahulumeni, izinqubo ezisebenzayo, noma bathathe izinqubo eziphuthumayo. Nakuba lemithetho ingenakuphikisana nezimiso ezikhona, bangagcwalisa izikhala emthethweni noma bahlele izinto eziza kuqala okufanele zibhekiswe yisishaya-mthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, umbusi angamemezela isimo esiphuthumayo phakathi nenhlekelele yemvelo, abangele ukuxhaswa kwezimali nokuhlelwa kwezimiso ezigunyaziwe isikhulu esiye sagunyazwa kusengaphambili kodwa esingazichazi imininingwane. Indlu yomthetho yomthetho yabaphathi ingagcina amandla okulinganisela noma ukubeka iziyalezo ezisemthethweni ezintsha ngemithetho emisha, futhi eminye imibuso idinga ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho ethile yezimiso eziphuthumayo.

Abaphathi be-agency bangomunye ubudlelwane. Izinhlangano zoMbuso zikhipha imithetho edluliswa umbusi, kodwa zivame ukulawulwa umbusi. Umbusi umisa iziphathi zezinhlangano, ubeke iziqondiso zezimiso, futhi anikeze iziphakamiso zezimiso zemali. Nokho, isishaya-mthetho silawula iziphakamiso futhi singathonya ukuziphatha kwezinhlangano ngokuqondisa, ngokuhlela ukushona kwelanga, nemithetho engokomthetho. Lo mlawuli uqinisekisa ukuthi akukho gatsha elilawula ukumiswa kwesimiso somphakathi.

Ukunqumelana usuku nokugcizelela

Ukumiswa kwezikhulu eziningi ze-gubernator − njengonobhala bekhathektha, abahluleli, kanye namalungu ebhodi − ukuqinisekiswa kwemithetho. Lokhu kunikeza isishayamthetho indima ekulolongeni isimo segatsha eliphethe. Uma umbusi ebhekwa njengongakufaneleki noma ophikisanayo, isishaya-mthetho singavimbela ukumiswa, siphoqelele umbusi ukuba akhethe othile owamukelekayo ngokwengeziwe. Ngokuhlukile, isishaya-mthetho somthetho esibambisanayo singaxosha ukuqinisekiswa, sisheleleze ubuhlobo phakathi kwamagatsha.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Izithiyo Zomthetho - sisekelo Zokulinda

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela lisebenza njengomhumushi wokugcina womthetho-mthetho wezwe. Uma umthetho odluliswa yisishaya-mthetho ubekelwe inselele enkantolo, abahluleli bahlola ukuthi uyaphikisana yini namalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. Uma kunjalo, inkantolo ingamemezela umthetho ngaphandle komthetho ongokomthetho nongenalutho. Lo mbuso, owaziwa ngokuthi ukubukeza kokwahlulela, uyi-chezu eyisisekelo egunyeni lomthetho. Iqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nomthetho osekelwa kabanzi awunakweqa amalungelo ayisisekelo noma udlule amandla ahlukene omthetho womthetho womthetho.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zibuye zibukeze izenzo zegatsha eliphethe. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho kambusi ophethe, ungacinywa uma uthatha igunya lomthetho noma uphula amalungelo omthetho-mthetho. Lokhu kwakha isimiso esilinganiselayo lapho igatsha ngalinye lingaphindisela khona ekuphathweni ezinye. Isishayamthetho somthetho singasabela ezinqumweni zokwahlulela ngokukhipha umthetho ukuze kuxazululwe izinkathazo zenkantolo noma, kwezinye izizwe, ngokufaka umthetho wemithetho ukuze ususe isinqumo.

Isinqumo Esingqubuzanayo Nencazelo

Izinkantolo zivame ukucelwa ukuba zixazulule izingxabano phakathi kwesishaya-mthetho nomphathi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umbusi enqaba ukusebenzisa izimali ezifanele isishaya - mthetho, isishaya-mthetho singase sivume ukuphoqelela izindleko. Khona - ke inkantolo inquma ukuthi isenzo sikambusi esisekelwe kumthetho mayelana nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. Ngokufanayo, uma isishaya-mthetho sidlulisela isiphakamiso esiphazamisa imisebenzi yezikhulu, umbusi angase asibeke inselele enkantolo. Lamacala aqinisa imingcele echaza igatsha ngalinye.

Abahluleli ngokwabo bakhethwa ngenhlanganisela yokumiswa nokhetho, kuye ngokwezwe. Ezizweni lapho abahluleli bekhethwa khona, izishaya-mthetho zingaba nendima ekumiseni imithetho yokhetho noma ekuqinisekiseni ukumiswa. Kuzo zonke izizwe, isishaya-mthetho singaveza izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ukuze sishintshe inqubo yokukhetha kokwahlulela, uma kuvunyelwa umvoti. Le drime igcina i-jaji ilandisa ngezimiso zikahulumeni ezibanzi.

Ukubusa Okucinene: Lapho Amagatsha Esebenza Ndawonye

Naphezu kwemibuso yabo encintisanayo, amagatsha amathathu kumelwe abambisana ukuze alawule ngokuphumelelayo. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zivame ukumema izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe ukuba zifakaze emacaleni amakomiti, zifune ukuzwana ngokusebenza nezindleko zemithetho ehlongozwayo. Ohulumeni bavame ukuxoxa nabaholi bomthetho phakathi nenqubo yokuhlela imali, behweba ngemithetho efuna ukusekela ukuxhaswa kwezinhlelo. Izinkantolo zingakhipha imibono engokomthetho noma zicele isenzo somthetho sokulungisa imithetho engekhona nemithetho.

Enye indlela engokomthetho yokubambisana yikomiti elawula ukuhlelwa kwemithetho ehlangene nemithetho-mthetho , evame emazweni amaningi ukuqondisa izinhlangano ezithile noma izinhlelo. Lamakomiti ahlanganisa kokubili izishayamthetho nabamisiwe abaphethe, abavumela ukuba bahlanganyele ulwazi nezingxabano ngaphambi kokuba baqhubekele ezimpini ezingokomthetho. Esinye isibonelo yi- Governor’s Council[[ noma indikimba efanayo ehlanganisa abameleli bemithetho, isiza ekuhleleni amagatsha ezinyathelo ezinkulu njengentuthuko yezentengiselwano yezomnotho noma ukusabela kwenhlekelele.

Inqubo yokuhlela imali mhlawumbe iyinkundla enzima kakhulu yokubambisana. Umbusi unikeza isiphakamiso semali, isiphakamiso esibe sesinyakazisa ngokuzwa nokuphikisana kwesimiso sokuhlela imali. Ngemva kokudlulisa isikhwama sokuhlela imali, umbusi angakhipha izinto ezithile noma iphakethe lonke. Uma kwenzeka i-veto, ingxoxo iphinde iqale ngo-"kaningi ngokulandela ikomiti yengqungquthela namalungu avela kuzo zombili izindlu nabameleli behhovisi lombusi.

Isisekelo Somlando Nomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso esilinganisweni sombuso kuveza isimiso sikahulumeni esimiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., kodwa imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ivame ukunikeza imishini eningiliziwe. Izizwe eziningi zamukela imithetho yazo phakathi nenkathi yenguquko, zihlanganisa amalungiselelo okuthi igunya eliphethe elilinganiselwe ngenxa yokungathembani ababusi basebukhosini. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imibuso iye yaphendukela kubabusi abanamandla kakhulu, kodwa ukulinganisela kuhlala kuyinto ekhathazayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifundazwe zinesikhulu esiphethe esiphangaleleyo, lapho izikhundla ezinjengomphathi-pulenti, ummeli jikelele, nonobhala kahulumeni zikhethwa ngokwehlukana kunokuba zimiswe umbusi. Leli lungiselelo lilulaza amandla okulawula futhi linika isishaya-mthetho izigaba eziningi ukuba zisebenze ne-(noma ngokumelene. Ezinye izizwe zinikeza umbuso wesizwe amandla okukhipha umbusi noma ezinye izikhulu zezikhulu zokuphatha ukuziphatha okubi, zandisa ithuluzi elinamandla.

Igatsha lokwahlulela liye lashintsha futhi. Izinkantolo zokuqala zase sifunda zazinegunya elilinganiselwe, kodwa umqondo wokubukeza kokwahlulela wagxila ngemva Marbury v. Madison esilinganisweni sikahulumeni nasemacala ezwe afanayo. Namuhla, zisho izinkantolo eziphakeme njalo zibusa ngokulawula kwemithetho yemithetho, futhi izinqumo zazo zingabuyisela imingcele yemithetho yesikole ekuxhaseni izigebengu zezemthetho.

Ukwehlukahluka Kwamazwe Ahlukahlukene

Akuwona wonke ohulumeni bombuso abasebenza ngendlela efanayo. Ukulinganisela kwamandla kungashintsha kuye ngokuthi isigaba sombusi silawula isishaya-mthetho, ubude bezimiso zomthetho, nokuba khona kwezinhlelo zomthetho, kanye nezinqubo ezivumela abavoti ukuba bashiye isishayamthetho ngokuphelele. Ezizweni ezinesimiso esiqinile sokuthatha isinyathelo, njengeCalifornia ne Oregon, indima yendikimba yomthetho iyodwa encitshiswa, futhi igatsha lokwahlulela livame ukuba umbambi wemithetho evunyelwe yivoti.

Izishaya-mthetho zesikhathi esigcwele (njengase-New York, eCalifornia, nasePennsylvania) zithambekele ekubeni nobuchwepheshe obuningi nekhono lokubekela umbusi inselele, kuyilapho izishaya-mthetho zengxenye (njengeseTexas, Montana, neWyoming) zingathembela kakhulu kumphathi wesimiso sokuhlela iziHlango. Inqubo yokuhlela uhlelo lwemali iyahluka futhi: ezinye izigaba zidinga ukuphumelela kakhulu kokuhlela imali, kuyilapho ezinye zivumela iningi elivamile.

Imithombo yangaphandle inikeza ukuqhathaniswa okuningiliziwe kwezakhiwo zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, i- National Conference of State Legistratures (NCSL) inikeza imininingwane ngezinqubo zomthetho, imibuso, kanye nobude besimiso. Ballotepiaia[[ igcina izihloko zezikhulu zezwe ngalinye namagatsha okwahlulela, kuhlanganise nezindlela zokukhetha nohlelo lomthetho-mthetho-geometry.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Ekulinganiseleni Amandla

Iziqondiso Zokuqondisa Phakathi Nezimo Eziphuthumayo

Umqedazwe we-COVOID-19 waqokomisa izingxabano phakathi kwezishaya-mthetho nababusi bemibuso yesimo esiphuthumayo. Ababusi abaningi bakhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu ezimisa iziphakamiso, iziphakamiso, nemingcele yezebhizinisi. Imithetho emiswayo emazweni amaningi inqanyulwa ngokudluliswa kwemithetho ukuze kubekwe imingcele elinganisela isikhathi noma izinga lemithetho enjalo, eholela ezimpini zasenkantolo. Lezi zimpi zagcizelela ubunzima bokugcinwa kweziphetho phakathi nenhlekelele, lapho isivinini sivame ukunqanda ukuphethwa kwemigomo.

Ukulawula Nokubusa Kwabantu

Ukuvuleka kuyimpikiswano egcwele ukugxeka lapho amandla esishaya-mthetho okudweba amabalazwe e-votor kungabangela ukuvelela futhi kunciphise ukulandisa. Ezizweni eziningi, isishaya-mthetho silawula ukuhlobanisa, ngokulawulwa yi-gubernaracatial veto kanye nokuhlola kokwahlulela. Izinkantolo ziye zabulala amabalazwe ahlukanisayo ngemigqa yobuhlanga noma ye-gano, kodwa lenqubo ihlala iwumthombo wengxabano. Amanye amazwe aye athuthela ezindaweni ezizimele ukuze anciphise ukubusa kwemithetho, kodwa i-construption isawuthonya umthetho owenzisayo.

Ukuthatha Icala Ngokwahlulela Kumelene Nemingcele

Ngezikhathi ezithile izinkantolo zikahulumeni zikhipha izinqumo ezibhekwa njengezidlulela endaweni yemithetho, njengokuyala isishaya-mthetho ukuba siqoqe izikole emazingeni athile noma ukudweba amabalazwe. Lezi zinqumo zingavusa ukubuya kwemithetho, kuhlanganise nezinsongo zokululaza ikomiti yokwahlulela noma ukushintsha indlela yokukhetha. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokuzimela komthetho nokuziphendulela kuyisihloko esiphindaphindwayo kuhulumeni.

Ukuqinisa Ukulinganisela: Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Nezinguquko

Ukuze kugcinwe ukuhlukaniswa okuphumelelayo kwemibuso, izibalo zingathatha izindlela eziningana. Ulimi olucacile lomthetho-sisekelo oluveza amandla egatsha ngalinye lunciphisa ukungaqondakali. Ukuzwa njalo nokushona kwelanga kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano eziphetheyo azisebenzi ngaphandle kokuhlola kwemithetho. Ngokufanayo, zidinga ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho yezenzo ezinkulu zezikhulu zezikhulu. Ngokufana nezimemezelo eziphuthumayo ezidlula isikhathi esithile.

Izinyathelo zokubonisana, njengezikhathi ezihlala zilandelana nezinqumo zemithetho kanye nokufaka iziyalezo zezikhulu ku-inthanethi, zisiza izakhamuzi ukuba zonke amagatsha alandise icala. UMkhandlu woMazwe (CSG) unikeza imithombo ehlanganisa ubudlelwane obuqinile kanye nezakhiwo eziphumelelayo ezibusayo ezisetshenziswa yizimo ze-strucle.

Igatsha lokwahlulela lizuza ezindinganisweni ezicacile zokubukeza kanye nezinqubo zokusebenza komthetho, njengeziphakamiso ezimfushane noma izimemezelo zenjongo. Uma izinkantolo zingafuni izahlulelo ezinengqondo zemithetho, ziyakuhlonipha ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuyilapho zisavikela amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Okuqhubekayo

Ukusebenzelana kwezishaya-mthetho namagatsha ombuso aphethe nahlulele kuyinqubo eshukumisayo, ngokuvamile ephikisanayo eyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi. Akukho gatsha elisebenza ngokuzehlukanisa; ngalinye lithembele kwabanye ukuze lakhe isimiso sokubusa nokulandisa okuhlanganyelwe. Indlu yomthetho ibhala imithetho, kodwa umbusi angawashaya futhi izinkantolo zingawabulala. Umphathi ushaya umthetho, kodwa umnikazi wemithetho uyikhokhele futhi izinkantolo ziyibukeze. Ijaji elichazayo lichaza umthetho-mthetho-mthetho, kodwa i-paclation iyakwazi ukuyiqeda futhi umbusi angayiqeda.

Lokhu kulingana okuntekenteke akuzinzi. Kusuka okhethweni, ekulungisweni komthetho-mthetho, ezinqumweni zenkantolo, nasekuhleleni okuguquguqukayo kwezombangazwe. Kubantu, ukuqonda lokhu kulinganisela kubalulekile ekuhlanganyeleni nohulumeni ngokuphumelelayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuvota, ngokulalela, noma ngokusekela inguquko, abantu ngabanye banendima ekulondolozeni ukulinganisela okuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba libe namandla amakhulu kakhulu. Amandla kahulumeni awakho ekulawuleni igatsha elilodwa, kodwa ekucindezeleni okunenhlonipho phakathi kwabo bonke.