IZisekelo Zomthetho - sisekelo ZobuFederal Nenkululeko

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States wakha ubukhosi obumbaxambili obuyinkimbinkimbi, uhlukanisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezifunda eziningana. Lobu hlelo benzelwe ukuvikela inkululeko nokulawula. Nokho, kusukela ekuqaleni, umbuzo obalulekile wahlala ungaphendulwa: ukuvikela kwesizwe ngabunye kwamalungelo anwetshwayo kumelene nesenzo sikahulumeni? Iminyaka ecishe ibe yikhulu, impendulo yayilula: uhulumeni wamalungelo owesizwe kuphela. [FLY of Rights ubekelwe uhulumeni) uhulumeni wezwe. [FLD:] Wawuhlukanisa uhulumeni kuphela umehluko osobala wokuhlela izinhlelo zawo zobugebengu, uchaza inkululeko yawo siqu yenkulumo nokucindezela, futhi umisa izinhlangano zawo siqu zezelule ilungiselelo ngokulandelana kwelungiselelo elingokomthetho lezindawo zesizwe, futhi umise imvume yokubusa ngokulunga kwemithetho yesizwe.

Ukungezwani phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni namalungelo ombuso kwakungekona ukuqondisa kwabasunguli. Kwakuwukwephula umthetho oqotho. Abalwayo balwa nombuso onamandla babesaba ukuthi uhulumeni onamandla wawuzoqeda inkululeko ababesanda kulwa ukuze bavikeleke. IFederalists zaphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni wezwe wemibuso elinganiselwe, ebalazweyo wawungasongela kakhulu. Ukuvikela, abasekeli be-Federali bathembisa i-Bill of Rights, kodwa leyo mikhankaso yokuqala eyishumi yayiklanyelwe ukuvimbela i-Hulumeni entsha kahulumeni, hhayi izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni.

Inkantolo yamaMarll yenza lokhu kulinganisela kwacaca ku-[FLT:] Barron v. Baltimore [1833]. UJohn Barron, umnikazi wechweba, wamangalela idolobha laseBaltimore ngokuchitha ibhizinisi lakhe ngokuchezukisa imifudlana phakathi nokwakhiwa komgwaqo, waphikisa ukuthi idolobha lithathe impahla yakhe ngaphandle kokukhokhiswa impoqo. Umthetho oyinhloko uJohn Marshall wabhalela iNkantolo yeNkantolo yeNkantolo yeSikhathi sesihlanu ukuthi iSiphelo sesihlanu, njengesinye seMikhankambi yamalungelo, sasiwu "ngokulinganiselwa kokusetshenziswa kwegunya likahulumeni wase-United States, futhi asisebenzi emthetho wemithetho yezwe yaseMelika. Icala lomthetho - Americanline, icala elimisiwe, ngokwezimo ezisebuthelwe iminyaka engu-10: izifunda zemibuso:

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Nenselele Yobukhosi BoMbuso

IMpi Yangaphakathi neziNguqulo ze-construct ezalandela ukulungiswa kwemithetho-mthetho-sisekelo ngokuyisisekelo zaguqula indawo ezungezile. ISichibiyelo sezentetha saqeda ubugqila. Finteenth Reformation [ yavimbela ukucwaswa kohlanga ekuvoteni. Kodwa kwakuyiSichibiyelo sezelo sezenteth [[FLT:] Fittenth , sagunyaza ngo-1868, ukuthi izicelo zaso sonke sasihloselwe isithiwa ngokuphelele ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni ezaziphoqendezela ukulawulwa kwezinhlanga. Isigaba esisodwa sithi:

“Awukho umbuso oyakumisa noma wenze umthetho oyakuvimbela izakhamuzi zase-United States, nombuso ungayikuphuca umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwesimiso somthetho, noma uphike noma ubani onegunya lakhe ukuvikelwa okulinganayo kwemithetho.”

Lolu limi lwaluwukuhlaselwa okuqondile kwesimiso se- Barron v. Baltimore. Yalinganisela ngokucacile amandla [a amalungelo ebhulorho ayisisekelo. Abadwebi babehlose ukwenza isivikelo senkululeko eyisisekelo, ikakhulukazi izigqila ezisanda kukhululwa ezazibhekene nohulumeni abalwayo eNingizimu. Umbuzo wawungewona [[FLT:][FLT:] [[5]] iSiphendulo savimbela izisho, kodwa [[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] [FLT]] kakhulu [FLT] futhi kuwe- [FLT:] [F] [FLT] [F:] [5]

Icala Lokubulala Lendlu Nokuncipha Kwamalungelo Noma Izindawo Ezingavikelekile

INkantolo Ephakeme yabhekana nalendaba ngokuqondene ne- Icala leNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeSiphakamo [1873]]. Impikiswano yayingumthetho waseLouisiana owanikeza igunya lokubulala eNew Orleans. IJajisday i-odwa enqatshelwayo ekuqulweni kwegunya, iphikisana ngokuthi umthetho wavala imibandela "inkululeko noma ukugonyeka" njengezakhamuzi zase-United States. Esombululweni 5-4, iNkakhulu leNkantolo yakhipha amathuba amalungelo emakhaya noma ama-Immustame. Umthetho uSamus Miller wahlukanisa phakathi kwelungelo lesizwe nesizwe nesizwe, ukwahlulela ukuthi amalungelo ambalwa kuphela ayefanele ukuba abe khona embusweni kahulumeni, kodwa avikelwe yimvume yokuhle kakhulu ezakhamuzini. [intembeso enguMonga] [ense yayiviselelekile, izikhulu zikahulumeni, kodwa izikhulu, izikhulu, izikhulu, izikhulu, izikhulu, izikhulu, izikhulu

Inqubo Eyinqubo Eyisivikelo Njengesici Esincane Sokwehlaziywa

I-Grast Process Claus yenqabela ukuncishwa "noma yimuphi umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho". Phambili kwayo, isisho sibonakala sisho inqubo elungile: kodwa iqinisekisa inqubo. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme kancane kancane yasungula imfundiso ye [ edingayo [, evikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inqubo esetshenziswayo. Lokhu kwavula umnyango wemfundiso yokuthi i-"libert" evikelwe yiSichibiyelo se-1453 senkululeko ebekwe kuBill of Rights. Uma inqubo efanelekile ivikela "libert," ne-Bill Requetion of Angrees, i-progreementationstion i-sting Trugnetic" i-ss Providective Active. Iprojectivessswotion i-tradiction, exampliggne

Ukuphikisana Okuphelele Nokukhetha: Impikiswano Yokwahlulela

Emashumini eminyaka ngemva kweSichibiyelo Se - 14th, amaJaji azama ukuchaza ukuthi i - Bill of Rights yayisebenza kangakanani kulezifundazwe. kwavela izinkolelo - mbono ezimbili eziphikisanayo, nempikiswano eyayiphakathi kwabasekeli bazo yalolonga isimo sanamuhla samalungelo abantu baseMelika.

IJaji Elimnyama Nemfundiso Ephelele Yokuhlanekezelwa Kwezigwegwe

UMahluleli uHugo Black waphikisa ngendlela eqondile. Wayekholelwa ukuthi abakhi beSichibiyelo seshumi nane babehlose ukuba bonke uBill of Rights basebenze ezifundeni. Ekuphikisani kwakhe Adamson v. California (1947), abansundu abaqoqwe ubufakazi obungokomlando obuvela engqungqungquthelaniswaneni ukuze baphikise ukuthi amaMalungelo noma ama-Immunion Claus ayeklanyelwe ngokuqondile ukwenza izibopho zokuqala eziyisishiyagalombili ezibophayo. I-Black Complinion yanikeza umthetho ocacile, osekelwe kuyo owe-mbhalo ongase uvimbele abahlulele ukuba bazenze ngendlela ekhethekile, ukuthatha i-oka. Waphikisa ukuthi umsebenzi okhethekile wokuvikela ukuvikelwa kwe-Cardsting. Waveza ukuthi, ukufaneleka kakhulu ukuvikela i-construption.

IJaji Cardozo neNhlonhlo "Inkululeko Evunyelwe"

IJaji Benjamin Cardozo, ibhalela iningi iPalko v. Connecticut[[FL:1] [1937], yalahla indlela yokuhlanganisa ingqikithi. Wanikeza indinganiso ecacile: iNkantolo kufanele ihlanganise lawomalungelo abizwa ngokuthi "inkululeko ehleliwe" ngaphandle kokuba "inkululeko noma ubulungisa bukhona. Lendinganiso ekhethekile phakathi kwamalungelo ayemane nje "enguquko" noma "e-Trical" nalawo ayisisekelo semisweni yobulungisa. I-carbozozozocrition eculweni lokucama inkantolo enkantolo enkantolo enecala noma eqekelwe ukukhokhwa kwecala elikhulu ingaba khona ibalulekile kubulungisa obuhlangene kodwa ingadingenzekile esimisweni esilungile. [FFTB:[3][FFFFFY] kanye nohlelo oluvamile lwe-uniongconst, imvume yokukhoselela imvume yecala, noma imvume yokusekela ye-evini ekhohlo, noma imvume ye-ensionment, noma imvume ye-kendlayobulungisa

Inqubo Yokukhetha

Kusukela ngawo - 1920 futhi ishesha ngokuphawulekayo ngaphansi kweNkantolo yaseWarren e - 1960, iNkantolo Ephakeme yafaka ilungiselelo ngalinye ngokukhetha. Lenqubo yayingasheshi futhi yayingavumelani, kodwa ekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, cishe yonke isivikelo seBill of Rights sase sisebenzile kumazwe.

Inkululeko Yokuchithwa Kokuqala

Izinyathelo zokuqala zokufakwa komthetho wezephulamthetho zavela endaweni yenkululeko yokukhuluma. Gitlow v. eNew York (1925), uBenjamin Gitlow waboshwa ngaphansi kwemithetho yezephulamthetho yaseNew York yobugebengu yokukhipha i-socialist. INkantolo yasekela ukuqiniseka kwakhe kodwa, ebhalweni okugxekayo, yamemezela ukuthi "inkululeko yenkulumo nezokunyathelisa okuvikelwe yiSiphendulo Sokuqala esivela ebhuqulweni somthetho weSishayamthetho iphakathi kwamalungelo omuntu siqu ne 'igebezo' ezivikelwe inqubo efanelekile yeGadefini lokususa i-Gamfa eStem yase-United States]. Lenkulumo yayiyi-[FLT][FLD] [F][5]

ISichibiyelo sokuqala saqhubeka ngokushesha. ku-Near[FLT v. Minnesota[FL:1] [1931], iNkantolo yahlanganisa inkululeko yokunyathelisa, yashaya umthetho kahulumeni ovumela ukuvinjelwa kwe "izincwadi zobubi. [[FLT:]] [FLD] Jonge v. [[FLT:] [197]] [1937] yahlanganisa ilungelo lenhlangano enokuthula. [[FLT:]] v.Connecticut[[FL:] [5]] [1940]) yafaka ukusetshenziswa kwenkolo ngokukhululekile. [FLT] i-Everson.v [FLT] [FF:7] [FLT] [1947] enzisayise i-Grouencences, i-Clayesting, ukuvimbela ukumiswa kwezekeyiseyisethi ye-Genecreaupt [ediation, i-Gregsmediation, i-Exdronsotion, i-Ex

INkantolo YaseWarren NeNkantolo Yesigebengu Yokuvukela Kwezigebengu

Ukwanda okuphawulekayo kakhulu kokufakwa kwecala kwenzeka ngawo-1960 ngaphansi kukaMahluleli Omkhulu u-Earl Warren. INkantolo yaseWarren yahlanganisa inqubo yobugebengu yezimiso zomthetho zesimiso sesine, sesihlanu, seSisithupha, nese-8h Isichibiyeli, ngokuyisisekelo eziguqula izimiso zomthetho kahulumeni. INkantolo yathethelela lezi zinqumo ngezizathu zokuthi izinkantolo zazingatholi ingcebo, ukuqeqeshwa, noma ukuthambekela kokunikeza izinqubo ezilungile zokumangalela abamangalelwa nabambalwa bezinhlanga.

  • Mapp v.O.1961): Averling [ Wolf v. Colorado[, iNkantolo yahlanganisa umthetho weSichibiyelo sesine, iphethe ukuthi ubufakazi obutholakele ngokuhlola okungekho emthethweni nokuthatheka enkantolo. Inkantolo yathola ukuthi ilungelo lokufihla isikhashana lalingagunyaziswa ngokumelene neMbusombululo weSikhathi Esisemthethweni u-Clauska.""
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Kwelinye lamacala adumile kakhulu e-Melika, iNkantolo yavumelana ngokuthi iSichibiyelo seSithandathu sasiyilungelo elibalulekile ekuqulweni kwecala elilungile futhi kwadingeka ukuba sisetshenziswe ezizweni. UClarence Earl Gideon, indoda empofu eyayibekwe icala ngokugqekeza ihholo letheku, yayiphoqelelwe ukuba izimelele. Inkantolo yanquma ukuthi "izenqabelo ezinkantolo zobugebengu ziyisidingo, hhayi ukunelisa."
  • Malloy v. Hogan (1964): INkantolo yahlanganisa ilungelo leSichibiyelo sesihlanu ngokumelene nokuzixubanisa, ukuphuza ngokweqile ukubhikisha v. INew Jersey. Lesisinqumo futhi saba nomphumela wokusebenzisa Maranda [] izixwayiso zokusho upheniso eminyakeni embalwa kamuva.
  • Pointer v. Texas (1965): Inkantolo yahlanganisa iSichibiyelo sesithupha nelungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, iqinisekisa abamangalelwa becala ikhono lokunqamula izikhalo zabo enkantolo yombuso.
  • Duncan v. Louisiana (1968): Inkantolo yahlanganisa iSichibiyelo sesithupha nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji emacaleni angathi sína, ukuthatha lelocala liqulwe abahluleli emacaleni obugebengu "kusekelwe eqenjini lokwahlulela laseMelika."

Ngasekupheleni kwenkathi yeWarren, cishe wonke amalungiselelo obugebengu eBill of Rights ayehlanganisiwe, emisa iqoqo elifanayo lezimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo okufanele zonke izinkantolo zikahulumeni zilandele.

ISivumelwano Sokulwa Nentando Yeningi: Izinhlangano Zokubusa Ngentando Yeningi

Ukwanda kokukhetha inqubo yokuzibandakanya kuye kwabhekana nokugxeka okunamandla okusekelwe embusweni wezwe. UMahluleli uJohn Marshall Harlan II, ophikisanayo ngokungaguquki enkantolo yaseWarren Court ehlanganisa icala, waphikisa ngokuthi iNkantolo yayiphula igunya layo ngokumisa izindinganiso zesizwe ezimisweni zomthetho wombuso ezihlukahlukene. Waveza ukuthi iSichibiyelo seMinyaka Eyishumi nane asizange "siyekezeli" iSiphakamiso Samalungelo Omthetho kodwa kunalokho sivikele lawo amalungelo kuphela ngaphandle kwalawo "intengoba engenakuba khona khona". [FLT:]]. .Dunton v. Louisiana, uHarlan waxwayisa ukuthi iNkantolo "enqaba isifundazwe ngokukhethekileyo" futhi ekwazi ukuzama izifunda zazo.

UJaji Louis Brandeis, ekuphikisaneni okudumile . Waphikisa ukuthi "isimo esisodwa se-Ice State Co. v. Liebmann (1932), wagubha indima yezindawo njenge izimendo zobudemokrasi[[. Waphikisa ukuthi "isimo esisodwa sesibindi, uma izakhamuzi zaso zikhetha, zisebenza njengendawo yokuhlola isayensi yezesayensi yezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo nezomnotho; futhi zama ukuzama ukuhlola okuncane kwezenhlalo nezomnotho ngaphandle kwezingozi zezwe." Khetha ukuhlanganisa, ukucuthamba lo msebenzi omfushane wokuhlola. Uma iNkanto ifaka intengo elungile, ibeka indinga isilinganiso esilingana nesilinganiso esivimbela ukuzama ukuthuthukisa ezinye izindlela. Ngemithetho ehlukene, ngeke ilinganise yemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho ehlukene.

Ukwanda Nemingcele Yokukhetha

Inqubo yokukhetha inqubo yokuhlanganisa ayiphelanga ngeNkantolo yaseWarren. iBurger, Rehnquist, ne-Roberts Courts yaqhubeka nenqubo, nakuba ihamba kancane futhi igxile emalungelweni ahlukile. Isinqumo esibaluleke kakhulu enkathini yanamuhla singu McDonald v. Chicago[[[FLT]][20] [2010] [2010] [isinqumo]. INkanto ehlanganisa iSichibiyelo sesibili sokugcina nokuphatha izikhali, isebenzisa [[FLT]] [FLT] isilinganiso sendlela] [FLT] [3] isinqumo sokubili [imposiso] esikhona sombuso wesizwe] sikhona. Umthetho uSamusito, ubhala isinqumo esifanayo esisetshenziswayo kusukela kusuka kusuka ku-Foctive [Foct:] [Foct:] futhi umbalthssssssss, isilinganiso esiwuhlulo ngokomthetho wesizwe esinguwokuwokuwoku

ku-Timbs v. Indiana (2029), iNkantolo yahlanganisa iSichibiyelo Esingu - 8h Isinciphiso Esishintshwe Ifas Claus, ikhipha umthetho wokuthi isivikelo sokungakhokhwa ngokweqile sisebenza ezizweni. INkantolo yathi isigqekezo saso sasithi "sifakwe i-"Sed Procement Clause yeSimende seSichibiyelo se-14te ngenxa yokuthi ilungelo lokukhululeka ezinhlezini ezeqile kakhulu liyilungelo elibalulekile ekusebenziseni kwethu inkululeko emisiwe."Icala elihilela ukuthatha iZwe lomuntu iRoffaion Reverse ngemva kokuba athole icala lokuthengisa i-heroin engamakhulu ambalwa ama-R3, futhi iNkantolo yathola ukuthi ukulahlekelwa yi-dromential. Isinqumo esiqhubekayo sokusetshenziswa kwenkululeko sokulawula i-Genetic.

Nokho, inqubo yokuhlanganisa amasosha amakhaya awaphelele. Amalungiselelo ambalwa eSibonelo samaLungelo asasetshenziswa. Isichibiyelo esigunyaziwe [, esivimbela imfuneko enkulu yokubekwa kwecala emakhaya abantu ngesikhathi sokuthula, asizange sisetshenziswe ezizweni nge-[FLT Court Ehenst, nakuba ngokuvamile kucatshangwa ukuthi sifakwa. [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] ISichibiyelo se-FOT [ esivimbela ukubekwa kwecala elikhulu lomthetho ongathi sína phakathi kwecala phakathi nesikhathi sokuthula, kuye kwathathwa ukuthi alifakwangaqondile [FFLT:] [4] kuneziciso zonke izinqubo ezingekho mvume ezingokomthetho ezivamile.[FLT] [FFoct:] [5] [ezisekeli] kunezinye iziyalezo ezivamile zezimiso ezingu-onke, azisetshenziswangakaze kakhulu.[enze izincazelo zezimiso ezivamile zezezezezezezezezesibili, ezithi ze-6]

Ukugxekwa Okungokwesayensi Kokukhetha

Imfundiso yokukhetha isekelwe ekufundweni okuqondile kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane esiye sadonsa ukugxekwa okuqinile yibo bobabili abaqondisi bemibhalo ababambelele kakhulu. Imfundiso ye-liginary, njengoMahluleli wasemuva u-Antonin Scalia, iye yaphikisa ukuthi ukukhetha akunasisekelo esiqinile sombhalo. I-The Reat Procestion Claus Claus ikhuluma nge "iprocess," hhayi amalungelo aphansi kakhulu. Scalia waveza ukukhishwa okunamandla kwemfundiso eyake yamiswa.

Kwesokhohlo, ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi ukuthatha icala ngenkani i-conomon common kuqaphe kakhulu futhi kuyathatheka. Ziphikisa ngokuthi amalungelo noma ama-Inmunitius Claus ayeyimoto ehloselwe ukunikeza amalungelo esizwe nokuthi isinqumo seNkantolo sokuyishiya e [ iMacala eNdlu yeNdlu ekhethekile [[[FLT:]]] [[FLT]] eyiphutha eliyinhlekelele. Baphikisa ngokuthi amalungelo avusenyusiwe noma ama-Immunice Clausle anganikeza isisekelo esiqinile nebanzi sokuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo amelene nokuphula umthetho, kuhlanganise namalungelo angahlelwangacacile kuBill yamalungelo, njengakwesokudla sokuhamba, ukuvota, nokudla i-kunene. U-Claine u-Tlaine uveza lombono ezimweni eziningana, noma ukuphikisana ne-Clauston, esikhundleni se-Fogne.[2] Emperencessssssssstion, ngokuvumelana ne-Exmongle "Uption:

Ukugxeka kwesithathu kugxile emazwini "umthetho wenkululeko" ngokwawo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi indinganiso ayicacile ngokungenathemba, ivumela amajaji angahleliwe ukuba achaze amalungelo ayisisekelo asekelwe ezindinganisweni zabo siqu. Impikiswano yokuthi ingachazwa kanjani "inkululeko ehleliwe" iye yadlula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, yayisetshenziselwa ukuthethelela inkululeko yezomnotho. Phakathi nenkathi yaphakathi, igxile ezimisweni zobugebengu nasekukhulumeni okukhululekile. Namuhla, iyindawo yempi yempikiswano elwela amalungelo emfucushweni yezikhali, imfihlo, nesijeziso sokufa. Ukushintshashintsha kwendingasiselo kunakho kokubili ukuqina kwayo okukhulu.

Ukulinganisela Kwanamuhla: Izindinganiso Zesizwe, Ukubusa Kwendawo

Ukukhetha kwamiswa isisekelo sezwe senkululeko yomphakathi ngezansi okungekho mbuso ongawa kuso. Umbuso awunakumisa inkolo, inkulumo ecubungulayo yezombangazwe, uphike ummangalelwa ongummeli wesigebengu, noma ubeke izijeziso ezinonya nezingavamile, ngenxa yokuthi iSichibiyelo se 145 senza iSigqi Samalungelo Abantu sibe isibopho kubo. Lesi sikhungo sezwe siqinisekisa ukuvumelana okuyisisekelo ezweni lonke. Isakhamuzi esihamba sisuka eNew York siye eTexas siphethe isivikelo somthetho oyisisekelo. Le yunifomu yayiwumgomo oyinhloko we-Constanton Congresssionsment eyamisa i-Inetic Confectionment. Baqonda ukuthi ubukhosi beboqalile ukuthi abungenakuba obuphelele, ikakhulukazi lapho kufikelwe amalungelo ayisisekelo ezakhamuzini.

Nokho, ukulinganisela kusasebenza. Amazwe anegunya elikhulu lokwandisa amalungelo ngalé kwe-guvernet. Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji ezicaleni zomphakathi liyahluka-hluka ngokombuso. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso ngokuvamile unikeza isivikelo esikhulu sokuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuzifihla, nokulingana komthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni kunezichazwe yiNkantolo Ephakeme. Lokhu kwakha uhulumeni wamalungelo lapho amazwe engakhonza khona njengezindawo zokuhlola inkululeko egujwa inkantolo. Inkantolo ephakeme ingachaza umthetho wayo siqu ukuze inikeze isivikelo esingaphezu komthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wezwe, futhi leso sinqumo asibhekwa njengesephulwa umthetho ongokomthetho. Lengxoxo ephakeme phakathi kwezikhulu zikahulumeni nezinkantolo iveza ukuthuthuka komthetho womthetho.

Inselele yanamuhla iwukuchaza imingcele yangaphandle yamandla kahulumeni ezindaweni ezintsha. Ukuhlanganiswa kweSichibiyelo sesibili kuye kwabangela ukubekwa kwemithetho yesifundazwe nezimiso zezibhamu zendawo. INkantolo kusamelwe ixazulule ngokugcwele imibuzo ephathelene nesilinganiso sokuhlola imithetho yezibhamu noma ububanzi belungelo lokuphatha izibhamu emphakathini. [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] amalungelo aqapheleka enqubeni [FLT] ehlobene kakhulu nenqubo ehlobene neyase-[FLT].[FT][5][5] Inqubwe yecala [[FLT] [[FLT]] futhi [ect:] ekujuleni kwezindawo ezifaneleyo].[FLT] Le nkinga isekelwe kulokhu kuncipheka ka-Hemelth'ston.[5]

Isiphetho: Ifa Elihlala Njalo Lokuzikhethela

Ukuhlanganiswa kwemithetho yobuzwe ngokukhetha inye yezifemu zemfundiso yeNkantolo Ephakeme ezithathelwanayo. Yaguqula iBhili Lamalungelo ukusuka eqenjini elibekiwe ekwakheni amandla kahulumeni laba isiqinisekiso esibanzi senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngokumelene nawo wonke amazinga ohulumeni. Ngokubeka izindinganiso zobulungisa ezinqunyweni zomthetho, izinkulumo ezikhululekile, inkululeko engokwenkolo, namalungelo ezibhamu, iNkantolo iye yasusa kancane kancane ukulinganisela ekubusweni okuphelele kombuso kanye nasekuvikelweni okulinganayo kwamalungelo esizwe. Lenqubo iye yaqaqabukela ishela, futhi izimpikiswano ezinqubeni zayo ezingokomthetho, izinga, nezindlela zokulwa kwezehlakalo ziyaqhubeka zihlukanisa abahluleli, izazi, nezakhamuzi.

Nokho, imfundiso ngokwayo ifakwe emfuthweni womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Indaba ayisekho ukuthi iSigqi samalungelo siyasebenza kanjani ezizweni, kodwa ukuthi kufanele isetshenziswe kanjani. Indinganiso ye "inkululeko ehlelelweyo" ihlale ikhona, iqondisa iNkantolo njengoba ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha emphakathini ozinzileyo. Ukulinganisela phakathi kombuso namalungelo abantu akusoze kwahlala kuhlala kumile unomphelo. Isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sivivivinye imingcele yenkululeko negunya, futhi sinikeze ukwakheka komthetho okuqinile kokuhlola. Imfundiso iveza ukuqondisisa okuyisisekelo kwesimo sombuso waseMelika: ubukhosi obukhona kumelwe buhloniswe, kodwa ngeke kuvikelwe ukuvikelwa kwelungelo eliyisisekelo lomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho ngamunye obalulekile phakathi kwesizwe wonke, futhi ithembisa isithembiso esikhona phakathi kwe-R. I-orgadingletual. I-modustnames. Inye iqinisekisa ukuthi umbayo isilinganiso esiqinile i