Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala liyisisekelo sobulungisa bentando yeningi, izakhamuzi ezivamile zingena ngokuqondile enqubweni engokomthetho. Kodwa ezigidini zaseMelika eziphila ngokukhubazeka, isenzo esilula sokukhonza ejajini sigcwele izithiyo. Imingcele engokomzimba, igebe lokuxhumana, nezinqubo eziphelelwe yisikhathi zingaguqula umsebenzi womphakathi ube umthwalo, ngokuphumelelayo ungabahlukanisa abantu ekuhlanganyeleni. Ukusingatha lezi zinselele akuyona nje indaba yokusiza; kuyimfuneko eyinhloko yokulunga ngaphansi komthetho.

Indima Eyisisekelo Yokulingwa KukaJury Emzamweni Wentando Yeningi

Ukuqulwa kwecala kwenza okungaphezu kokunquma icala noma isibopho sobulungisa. Uma isigaba somphakathi sihlala ekwahlulelweni, isinqumo siphethe igunya lokuziphatha nelentando yeningi. ISichibiyelo seSisithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lejaji elingakhethiyo, futhi iSimende seSiphakamiso seSigqi seSizwe sigcina ukuthi ezinkantolo zesizwe zilungile. Kodwa ukungakhethi kudinga ukumelelwa. Uma iquabhuli lihlela lokulunga lihlukanisa abantu abakhubazekile, amabhubende, amabhunga awenzile ngempela, futhi ukufaneleka kwezinqumo zabo kungangatshazwa. Izifundo ze-National Center yeZinkantolo zeSizwe zibonisa ukuthi emaqeleni ahlukene ejaji athuthukisa ukwethemba komphakathi futhi kuholele ekunakekeleni izakhamuzi. Uma izakhamuzi zivinywe naleshwa yimfanelo esabelweni sazo. Uma kuvinje kukhisi, izimemezelwene, izimvume zabo zezenhlalo zisobala ezidingekayo ndawonye.

Okwenza Ukufinyelela Kube Yinqaba Yobulungisa Obulinganayo

Ukutholakala akuyona imfuneko ngemva kokucatshangelwa esimisweni sobulungisa; kuyimfuneko yokulunga. Ngaphandle kwezindawo zokucwasa ezingenekayo, izinsiza-kuxhumana, nezindawo zokuhlala, abakhokhi abakhubazekile abakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi efana neyontanga yabo. Lokhu kululaza isithembiso somthetho- sisekelo ‘ sokuvikela ngokulinganayo kwemithetho.' AmaMelika anokukhubazeka abekwa ngokuqondile ukuze aqede ukucwaswa okunjalo. Izinkantolo, njengezinhlangano zomphakathi, kumelwe zivumelane ne-Sihlombe II se-ADA, esifuna ukuba izinhlelo zawo nemisebenzi zingene. Lokho akuhlanganisi nje ukungena kwemizimba yazo, kodwa konke okuvela kumajaji kumele ukuba kuhlangane amagumbi okuhlola. Uma inkantolo ihluleka ukunikeza umchazi wolimi lweSithulu, noma lapho i-jumenoror ephine, ingena izingozi zokuqulwa kwecala lonke. Ngakho, ukuvikelwa kwelungelo lobukho, kodwa futhi kuvikela amalungelo omthetho.

Izithiyo Ezivamile Ezihlangabezana Nezakhamuzi Ezikhubazekile

Naphezu kwemithetho engokomthetho, imingcele iyaqhubeka ibhekene nezindawo eziningi, ukuqonda lezi zithiyo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esiholela ekushintsheni okunenjongo.

Izithiyo Ezingokomzimba Neziyingcweti

Izindlu eziningi ezindala zakhiwe ngaphambi kokuba kube nezindinganiso zanamuhla zokuthola imvume. Izicabha eziwumqansa, izitebhisi, iminyango enzima, nokuntula amakheshi kungazenza zingangeneki kubantu abasebenzisa isihlalo sabakhubazekile. Ngisho nezakhiwo ezintsha zingaba nezingenayo ezivalelwe noma ezinzima ukuthola. Ngaphakathi, amabhokisi abahluleli ngokuvamile anezihlalo ezingenandawo yesihlalo sabakhubazekile, futhi amagumbi okuhlola angase abe mancane kakhulu ukuba angahamba. Amagumbi okudlela aklanyelwe ukuba abantu abahlala ndawonye angahlangabezana nezimfuneko ze-ADAArance. Lezi zigwegwegwe ezingokoqobo zithumela uphawu olucacile lokuthi isakhiwo asiklanywanga zonke izakhamuzi engqondweni.

Igebe Lokufinyelela Ukuxhumana

Kubantu abayiziThulu noma abangakwazi ukuzwa, ukungabikho kwabatoliki abafanelekayo bolimi lwezandla kuyisithiyo esikhulu. Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zithembele kubatoliki abangaqeqeshiwe noma zicele amalungu omkhaya ukuba achaze, okuphula izindinganiso zokuziphatha. Izimiso zokulalelisisa, njengokunikeza izigijimi noma izimiso ze-FM, ngokuvamile azikho noma azinakho. Abaqondisi abangakwazi ukubona kahle bangase bathole izinto ezibhaliwe ezibhalwe ngamagama amancane, ngaphandle kwe-Braille noma ezinye izindlela ezinkulu zokubhala. Imiboniso, iziyalezo, nezindlela zokukhipha izigwebo zinganikezwa kuphela. Lemigoqo ephumelelayo yokuhlanganyela kwabantu abakhubazekile izinzwa, ibaphoqeshe ukuba balwe noma balwe.

Isinqumo Nezithiyo Ezingokwengqondo

Ulimi olungokomthetho, iziyalezo eziyinkimbinkimbi, nezimpikiswano ezisheshayo zinganqoba abasizi ngokukhubazeka kwengqondo noma ingqondo. Ngaphandle kokufushaniswa kolimi olucacile, isikhathi esengeziwe, noma ikhono lokubuza imibuzo ecacisayo, laba bantu bangase bangakwazi ukulandela ngokugcwele izenzakalo. Ezinye izisebenzi zasenkantolo zicabanga ukuthi umuntu okhubazekile engqondweni akakufanelekeli ukukhonza, okuholela ekunqanyulweni okungekho emthethweni phakathi ne-voir. Eqinisweni, ngeziqondiso ezifanele, ngokufana nezingalayelwa, noma ukuphulwa njalo, noma ukuba khona komuntu osekelayo kungasebenza ngokuphumelelayo.

Izinselele Zemvelo Nezokuphatha

Inqubo yokuzilanda ngokwayo ingafinyelelwa. Ama-jury ukulungela atholakala kuphela ngokubhala okuvamile, futhi ama-opera asebenza ku-website angase angasebenzi nabafundi be-screen. Izindlela zocingo zokusabela ekumemweni kungenzeka ukuthi azinazo izinkonzo zokucela indawo yokuhlala. Izinkantolo zingase zingabi nesimiso esicacile sokucela indawo yokuhlala, ziphoqelele abantu ukuba basebenzise isimiso esididayo. Omabhalane abamatasa bangase bangakwazi ukwenza izicelo noma bangakhuthaza abantu ekukhonzeni. Lokhu kumelana kocingo kunezela ukucindezeleka futhi kunqande ukuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambi kokuba icala liqale.

Izibopho Ezingokomthetho Nezivikelo

Ukuqonda lezi sivikelo kusiza izinkantolo nabasekeli bale mithetho ukuba baqinisekise ukuthi bayalalela.

Abantu BaseMelika Abanomthetho Wokukhubazeka (ADA)

Isihloko II se-ADA sinqabela ukucwaswa kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni nendawo ezungezile, kuhlanganise nezinkantolo. Kudingeka ukuba abantu abakhubazekile bakwazi ukufinyelela zonke izinhlelo, izinkonzo, nemisebenzi. Kuyo yonke inkonzo yamajaji, lokhu kusho ukuthi izinkantolo kumelwe zinikeze izindawo zokulala ezifanele ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza kanjalo kungaguqula isimo sokuqulwa kwecala noma kubangele umthwalo ongafanele. Izibonelo zezindawo zokuhlala zihlanganisa ukunikeza abatoliki bolimi lwezandla, ukuvumela izilwane zenkonzo, ukwenza amaphepha atholakalayo angezinye izindlela, nokuqinisekisa ukufinyelela ngokoqobo kuzo zonke izindawo ezisetshenziswa yijaji. I-ADA futhi ifuna ukuba izinkantolo zikwazi ukuzihlukanisa imingcele nokuthuthukisa izinhloso zokuzisusa. U. U. Usekelo lomthetho unikeza isiqondiso esiningi. Ukuze kuhanje ulwazi, ukuhambela i-[FLD:[AD]

Ingxenye 504 Yomthetho Wokulungisa Isimo

Ingxenye 504 isebenza kunoma isiphi isimiso noma umsebenzi uthola usizo lwezimali lukahulumeni. Njengoba izimiso zenkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni zithola izimali zezinto ezinjengezinkantolo zezidakamizwa noma ezobuchwepheshe, ziwela ngaphansi kwalomthetho. Ingxenye 504 idinga izindawo zokulala ezifanele futhi inqabela ukucwaswa kuzo zonke izici zenkantolo, kuhlanganise nokukhethwa kwejaji nenkonzo. Ngokuvamile kuhambisana ne-ADA kodwa kunganikeza izinqubo ezengeziwe zokuqinisekisa ngezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezinjenge-Department of Health and Human Services kanye noMnyango wobulungisa.

Imibuso Nemithetho Yasendaweni

Izigodi eziningi zinemithetho yazo siqu yamalungelo okukhubazeka engase inikeze isivikelo esibanzi kunemithetho kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifundazwe zifuna ukuba zonke izakhiwo zomphakathi zihlangabezane nezindinganiso zokuthola eziqinile noma zinikeze indawo yokuhlala ngisho noma umuntu engacelwanga ngokomthetho. Ezinye zinemilungiselelo ekhethekile eqinisekisa ilungelo lokukhonza ejajini noma kukukhubazeka, enohlu olucacile lwezindawo zokuhlala. Abaphathi beNkantolo kufanele bathintane newebhsayithi yegatsha lomthetho ukuze bathole imithetho esebenzayo. Inkokheli ewusizo yi- Isikhungo sezwelonkelase-Rmostal's Acces Acces and Fairrence Resourceed Guideer [[FLD:1].

Ukukhetha I - TV Nemingcele Yemisebe

Akuvunyelwe ukukhipha umuntu ongase abe ijaji ngenxa yokukhubazeka. Phakathi nokukhethwa kwabahluleli, amajaji akufanele avele athethelele abantu abakhubazekile ngaphandle kokuba umuntu aphenyele ikhono labo lokusebenza ezindaweni zokulala. I-ADA kanye nemithetho ehlobene nayo ivimbela ukuhlasela noma izinselele ezisekelwe ekukhubazekeni. Ama-Athorney namajaji kumelwe aqeqeshelwe ukuqaphela nokugwema ubandlululo olunjalo.

Izinqubo Eziwusizo Zokwenza Abantu Batholakale

Ukuguqula inkolelo-mthetho ukuba isebenze kudinga isinyathelo esiqinile kuzo zonke izinga lejaji.

Ukuqhuba Izincwadi Zokufinyelela Komzimba

Inkantolo ngayinye kufanele ithole i-applex ebanzi yokuthola imvume ngokusebenzisa izindinganiso zamanje ze-ADA. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlaziya ukupaka izimoto, amaphaseji, amaphasishi, amabhokisi ejaji, amakamelo okuhlola, izindlu zangasese, nezindlela zokuthutha eziphuthumayo. Lapho kunemingcele, izinkantolo kufanele zakhe isikhathi sokususa. Amakhambi alula (ukufana nokufaka izintambo zokupaka, ukwehlisa izitebhisi, noma ukufaka izintambo eziphathekayo (hcatemps) kwenza umehluko omkhulu lapho kuhlelwa ukuvuselelwa isikhathi eside.

Ukunikeza Izindlela Eziningi Zokukhulumisana

Ukuze kuhlolwe, izinkantolo kufanele zivumelane nabatoliki abafanelekayo bolimi lwezandla futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi imishini yokulalela ikhona futhi ihlolwe njalo. Izincwadi zokuhlola kufanele zitholakale nge-Braille, ushicilelo olukhulu, umbhalo we-electronic, namafomethi emisindo. Izinkantolo zingasebenzisa i-software ye-tech kanye ne-Braille e-embossers. Ukugcwalisa amagama angempela e-metampy (CRT) ngenxa yemikhakha-mza kusiza hhayi nje kuphela abahlanganyeli beThulu kodwa kanye nalabo abanezihloko zokuhlola noma izikhulumishicishozo zesiNgisi ezingezona isiNgisi.

Ukuhlanganisa Inqubo Yokucela Izindawo

Izinkantolo kufanele zakhe iqophelo elilodwa, elicacile lokuxhumana ngezicelo zezindawo zokulala, zikhangiswe kakhulu ngamafomu okuthumela izimemo, amawebhusayithi enkantolo, nasemamnyango enkantolo. Amafomu okucela kufanele atholakale ku-inthanethi ngamafomethi afinyelelekayo nangezilimi eziningi. Ama-adline kufanele avumele ukuhlelwa kusengaphambili, kodwa futhi izinkantolo kumelwe zibe nezinhlelo zezidingo zokugcina. Umxhumanisi omisiwe angaqinisekisa ukuvumelana nokulandelana kwemikhondo.

Ukuqeqeshelwa Abahluleli, Ama - Attorney, Nezisebenzi

Wonke umuntu osebenzelana nejaji udinga ukuqeqeshwa ngezimiso zokukhubazeka, umsebenzi ongokomthetho wokuhlalisa, kanye nomakhenikha wendawo yokuhlala. Abahluleli kufanele bafunde indlela yokuqhuba i-vorier ngokushaqisa ngaphandle kokukhubazeka, futhi omabhalane kufanele baqonde ukuthi bangazenza kanjani izindawo zokulala ngaphandle kokuzeqa. i-American Bar’s Commission on Disability Rights inikeza ukuqeqesha kobukomlingiselo kwangemva kwesikole. Abaqalisi baminyaka yonke kanye nezenzakalo zangempela zisiza ekulolongeni kwemikhuba emihle.

Ukunikela Ngenkonzo Yamajukusha Ekude Neyamakhambi

Ubuchwepheshe bungasusa izithiyo eziningi. Inkonzo yamajaji ekude. (lapho abajaji bevela ngevidiyo ekhaya noma ngendawo yomphakathi) basiza labo abanokulinganiselwa kokuhamba, ukugula okungamahlalakhona, noma ukuzwelana kwezinzwa. Izinhlelo ze-Pilot ezisezindaweni eziningi zibonise ukuthi ukuthatha isinyathelo esikude kungasebenza ezingxenyeni zokukhetha ijaji, futhi ngisho nasezinhlolweni ezimfutshane, ngaphandle kokuyekethisa inqubo efanele. Izimo zejaji ze-Hybrid zivumela abanye abalawuli ukuba babe khona lapho bexhunyiwe. Izinkantolo kumelwe ziqinisekise ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bungatholakala, ngokuchaza, ngokuhlola, nokuvala izinhlelo ze-teccoption, nokuvala izinhlelo zokudla.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe Ekususeni Izithiyo

Izinkantolo ezitshala imali ngokuhlakanipha zinganciphisa izindleko futhi zandise ukutholakala kwazo ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Izimiso Zokulalela Nokuchaza Izinto Ngosizo

Izinqubo zanamuhla zokungena zidlulisa umsindo ngokuqondile ezinsizazweni zokuzwa, zinikeza umsindo ocacile ngaphandle komsindo wesizinda. I-software yokuqaphela izwi ingaveza izihloko ezifingqiwe ezibekwe kumamonitor ebhokisini lejaji. Lezizimiso azizuzisi iziThulu nezingoma ezilukhuni kuphela kodwa futhi lezo ezinokunaka noma ezihlala kude nofakazi.

Izinhlayiya zedokhumende zezinombolo

I-software yokufunda isikrini ingafunda ngokuzwakalayo. Izinhlelo ezifana ne- JoryVievo [ noma [FLT] Court Court

Ukuchaza ividiyo kude (VRI)

Uma umhumushi wolimi lwezandla engatholakali, iVRI inikeza umhumushi ofanelekayo ngokuxhumana nevidiyo. Lobu buchwepheshe buwusizo ikakhulukazi ezinkantolo zasemaphandleni noma ezilimini ezinezitolikiso ezimbalwa. Nokho, izinkantolo kumelwe ziqinisekise ukulingana kwevidiyo, ububanzi obufanele, nokufakwa kwekhamera efanele ukuze zibone wonke amaqembu.

Izifingqi ezifinyelelekayo namatheku e-Online

I-software yokuphatha i-Jury kufanele ivumele i-proxy ku-inthanethi, izicelo zezindawo zokulala, kanye nesimo esifinyelekayo. Izinkantolo kufanele zihlole amathende azo ngabafundi be-screenshot njengo-JAWS noma NVDA. Umbhalo-okanye-i-speech, izihlokwana ezicacile, ulimi olulula, kanye nokuhamba nge-keyboard okulula kuyadingeka.

Ukuqeqesha Nokuqaphela Izisebenzi Zasenkantolo

Ubuchwepheshe nokulungisa okungokomzimba akusebenzi ngaphandle kwesisekelo somuntu esizisekelayo. Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha kumelwe zidlule ihora nje lokuqaphela ukukhubazeka. Kufanele zihlanganise:

  • [[I-ALT:0] Amalungelo asemthethweni: Lokho i-ADA kanye neminye imithetho ekufunayo enkonzweni yamajaji.
  • [ Amakhono okungathathi hlangothi: Indlela yokukhuluma ngenhlonipho nabantu abakhubazekile ngezinhlobo ezihlukene.
  • Izinqubo zokulungisa: Indlela yokulungisa izicelo, abatoliki nemishini, nokusingatha izimo eziphuthumayo.
  • i-Voir jad: Indlela yokuhlola ikhono lomphathi wejaji lokusebenza ngaphandle kokucabanga ukuthi ukhubazekile.
  • izixwayiso: Ukuqaphela nokulungisa ubandlululo olungekho luzwayo olungaholela ekuhlaseleni kobandlululo noma ekuxoshweni.

Abaqeqeshi kufanele bahlanganise abantu abakhubazekile ngokwabo, kungaba njengabaqeqeshi abafundisayo noma nge-video. Izinkathi zokuqabuleka ezivamile nezimiso ezibhaliwe zisiza ekutholeni ukutholakala kwemisebenzi yansuku zonke.

Izinzuzo Zamachibi Ahlanganisa Unkulunkulu Ophelele

Uma izinkantolo zisusa imingcele, wonke umuntu uyazuza. Iqembu labahluleli elihlanganisa amaqembu linikeza imibono ecebile futhi linciphisa ingozi yokucabanga ngeqembu. Abakhubazekile bavame ukuveza ukuqonda okuhlukile cishe sibonelo, umuntu ongakwazi ukuzwa angase abone abanye abangaphumi kahle, noma umuntu ongakwazi ukunyakaza kakhulu angase abe nomuzwa onamandla wokubekezela nokuhlola. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi amajaji ahlukene ngamabomu futhi ahileleke engxoxweni eqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhuba egcwele iveza ukwethemba umphakathi. Izakhamuzi zibona ukuthi inkantolo ziqaphela ukuthi amalungu onke omphakathi ayawazisa. Lokho kuguqulela ekusabeleni okuphakeme kwemiyaluleki nokuhlonipha izigwebo. Kumuntu okhubazekile, ukukhethwa kwakhe kungukuqinisekisa imibono yazo. Kubonisa ukuthi izinkolelo zabo, futhi zigcwele inqubo yokubusa.

Isiphetho

Ukutholakala kwemvume ekuqulweni kwecala akuyona imfuneko esemthethweni nesemthethweni esemthethweni; kuyimfuneko esemthethweni nengokokuziphatha. Kusukela kulokhu kubhekisa phambili kubhekiso phambili enkantolo kuya kumazwi e-teography, yonke imininingwane inengxenye esimisweni lapho zonke izakhamuzi zingasabela khona ekumemezelweni kwemithetho yabahluleli. Izinkantolo ezingazinaki lezi zimfuneko zisengozini yokuphula umthetho futhi zilahle ukufaneleka kokuthi ukuqulwa kwejaji kuhloselwe ukunikezwa. Indlela icacile: qhuba kahle, wamukela ubuchwepheshe obuqinisekisiwe, izisebenzi zesitimela, nezindawo zokuhlala ezisemthethweni ezimisweni zansuku zonke. Ngokwenza kanjalo, isimiso sobulungisa sidumisa isithembiso saso sobulungisa kubo bonke abantu. Bonke isakhamuzi esifuna ukukhonza sifanelwe yithuba ukwenza kanjalo, futhi isibopho senkantolo yonke ukwenza lokho okungokoqobo.