Idwala Lobulungisa: Indlela Izinkantolo Eziwuthonya Ngayo Umphakathi

Kusukela ezinhlanganweni ezincane kakhulu ezilalela imithetho elandelwayo evimbela ukuvikelwa komthetho-sisekelo okungcono kakhulu, izinkantolo zimi njengezinhlangano eziyinhloko zezokuqondisa okunokuthula. Azizona nje izikhundla zokuphikisana; ziyimishini esebenzayo yokulawula umthetho, lapho izimiso ezingekho ngqiqweni zivivinywa khona ngokumelene nezingxabano eziqinile zabantu. Imithetho esebenzayo iyisibonakaliso esisodwa esinokwethenjelwa sesivikelo esiqinile, amalungelo ahlola umphakathi. Kodwa ayizona nje izikhundla ezigcwele zezenzo zenkantolo zokwenza izivumelwano zecala, futhi kungani izindaba zazo zithathwa ngaphandle kwenkantolo yenkantolo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okunganqamuki ezinkantolo eziningi, kusukela ekuxazululeni izimpikiswano zomphakathi, futhi sichaza ukuthi kungani ukuzibusa kwazo okubalulekile ekubuseni imibuso.

Indima Eyisisekelo Yezinkantolo

Izinkantolo zisebenza njengendlela engokomthetho yesinqumo esinegunya sokuphikisana nencazelo yomthetho. Amagatsha kahulumeni azimele, alinganayo ezimisweni eziningi zentando yeningi, abekwa iso ngokuhlola amandla amagatsha entando yeningi ne-computer. Igunya lawo aliveli emandleni kodwa ekuthembeni komphakathi ekungakhethi nasekungakhethini kwawo. Imisebenzi eyisisekelo ingahlanganiswa ibe izinsika ezine ezihlangene: ukuphikisana, ukuchazwa komthetho, ukugcinwa kwamalungelo, nokubekwa kwezimiso zomphakathi. Insika ngayinye iqinisa amanye, idala isisekelo esiqinile sobulungisa.

Ukuzimela Kokwahlulela Njengomsekeli Wokwahlulela

Ngaphambi kokuhlola ukuthi yiziphi izinkantolo , kuyabaluleke ukuqonda ukuthi zihlelwe kanjani ukuba zizenze. Ukukhululeka kwezokwahlulela . kusho ukuthi abahluleli bakhululekile ekucindezeleni kwangaphandle, ikakhulukazi emagatsheni ezombangazwe (itshe letshe lembombo. Ngaphandle kwalenkululeko, izinkantolo ziba amathuluzi ombuso kunokuba abavikeli babantu ngabanye. Lokhu ukuzibusa kuvikelwa phakathi nokuphila noma isikhathi eside, isivikelo, iholo, nemithetho evimbela amathonya angaphandle. iCode yeNkathi yeNkathi yeNkathi ye-United States AbaHluleli ngokucacile kufune ukuba abahluleli basekele ubuqotho nokuzibusa kwabantu kuzo zonke izenzo.

Isinqumo Sempikiswano: Ukusuka Ekuqulweni Kwangasese Kuya Ekulandiseni Komphakathi

Umsebenzi obonakala kakhulu wezinkantolo ukuxazulula izimpikiswano. Le nqubo inikeza inqubo ehlelwe kahle, esekelwe ebufakazini yokuthatha indawo yokuzisiza, ukuziphindiselela, noma ukuqapha. Ngokuguqula izingxabano, izinkantolo ziguqula ukungezwani okungacaci kube yimiphumela ebophekayo engokomthetho, esekelwa amandla ombuso ohlangene. Isinqumo seDispute sithatha izindlela ezihlukene kuye ngokuthi icala linjani.

Ukumangalelwa Kwezakhamuzi: Ukwahlulela Phakathi Kwezimpi Zangasese

Izehlakalo zomphakathi zihilela abantu abazimele − ama-Fluctive, amabhizinisi, amakhambi angazuzisi − afuna amakhambi anjengemali echibiwe, iziyalo, noma umsebenzi othile okhethekile. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, ukulimala komuntu siqu, izingxabano zempahla, nokungavumelani nomshuwalense. I-listtiff ithwala umthwalo wobufakazi ukubekwa phambili kobufakazi [[[FLT:]] [ukubonisa ukuthi ukumangalelwa] kuyiqiniso kakhulu kunangenjalo. Izinkantolo ezinkantolo zomphakathi azithathi hlangothi: ziyaphumelela ukusungula, zilawula ukuthatha imithetho yokuhlola, ukuphatha ukuqulwa kwecala noma inkantolo, futhi zingene izahlulelo. Umthamo omkhulu wezehlalo lwezembubhishobhisi eUnited States ngonyaka wonke.[4] Izinkantolo zezentengo zezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yanamuhla, inqandayo.

Isigebengu: UHulumeni u - v.

Ezimweni zobugebengu, uhulumeni uqunga umuntu ngecala ngenxa yokuphulwa kwemithetho okuthiwa ikhona, kuhlanganise nokuboshwa, ukukhokhwa, ukugwetshwa, noma kwezinye izindawo. Indima yenkantolo lapha ivikela ngokuyisisekelo: iqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ommangalelwa, ukuqulwa kwecala ngokushesha, ukubhekana nofakazi, ukukhululeka ekuphoqelweni ukuba umelane nokuboshwa, ukuboshwa, ukuhlonishwa, ukukhohliswa kwecala. Indinganiso yobufakazi, ivimbela ukungabaza okunengqondo [[[#: 1], ingumthetho ophakeme kakhulu, okwaziwayo ukubulala umuntu wenkululeko. Izinkantolo zinquma kakhulu ukubhekana nokuvinjelwa (ibheji noma ibhentshi), noma ukukhokhwazwa okuvamile, ukukhomba ngesisekelo, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukugwetshwa, ukugwetshwa, ukuvuzwa komphakathi, nokugwenywa.

Izingxabano Ezikhethekile

Izimiso eziningi zenkantolo ziye zadala izigaba ezikhethekile ukuze kusingathwe izinhlobo eziphindaphindwayo zezingxabano. Lezi zihlanganisa:

  • [ izinkantolo zomkhaya [ ezisingatha isehlukaniso, ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana, ukutholwa, kanye nobudlova basekhaya.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] iprobate kanye nezinkantolo zezwe[[[QURT:1] umqondisi wemida, itsheli, kanye nemikhumbi eqaphile.
  • Izinkantolo zeBankruptic ezilawula ukukhishwa noma ukuhlelwa kwezikweletu kuyilapho zivikela amalungelo omkweleti.
  • Izinkantolo zombuso ukudluliswa kwezicelo ezivela enxuseni lezezinqumo zikahulumeni ngezinzuzo, imvume, nokulalela.

Lokhu kuqanjwa okukhethekile kuvumela amajaji ukuba athuthukise ubuchwepheshe obujulile nokusingatha amacala ngokushesha, kuthuthukise ukufinyelela kobulungisa.

Enye impikiswano iSinqumo (ADR) nendima yeNkantolo

Izinkantolo zikhuthaza ngokuqhubekayo ukuhlolwa kokungathathi hlangothi, ukuqulwa kwezivumelwano, nokungathathi hlangothi kwasekuqaleni ukuze kuxazululwe izimpikiswano ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala eliphelele. Imithetho eminingi yenkantolo ifuna ukuba abameleli bazame ukuzama ukunqanda ukuqulwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Nakuba i-ADR inciphisa ukucindezela komkhumbi, izinkantolo zilondoloza indima ewumqondisi: zingaphoqelela izivumelwano zokukhokha, ukujezisa ukukhokhwa, ukukhokhwaba okuzuzwa okuzuzwa ngokukhohlisa noma ubandlululo, futhi ibeke imingcele engokomthetho esetshenziswa yi-ADR. i-American Bank Association [[FLD] inikeza imithombo ye-ANTEDR] ebanzi kule zinhlelo zenkantolo ze-ANU.

Ukuchazwa Nokwanda Komthetho

Ngaphandle kokuxazulula amacala ngamanye, izinkantolo zifeza indima eyisici esiqinile ekulolongeni umthetho ngokwawo. Ngenqubo yokuchaza, abahluleli banikeza incazelo yezimiso ezididayo, bagcwalisa izikhala ezingokomthetho, futhi bavumelanise imithetho ephikisanayo. Le misebenzi ibalulekile ngoba abenzi bomthetho abanakubikezela zonke izimo zesikhathi esizayo.

Incazelo yemidwebo: Ukufunda Ingqondo Yomthetho

Uma ulimi lomthetho lungacacile, izinkantolo zisebenzisa amakhomputha amisiwe okwakhiwa. Bangabheka encazelweni ecacile yamagama, umlando wesishaya-mthetho, umongo obanzi womthetho, noma injongo owawuklanyelwe ukuyisebenzisa. Izinqubo zokuchaza ziyahluka-hluka-----kakhulu, ukuchaza imibhalo, noma ukuchaza umthetho we-progratism, noma i-pragmatism , kodwa yonke injongo yokusebenzisa umthetho njenge ngokomthetho. Amacala ezwemakelele njengaye- brown v. Board of Education (1954) ibonisa indlela izinkantolo ezingachaza ngayo ulimi olubanzi olusemthethweni ukuze ziqhube intuthuko, kuyilapho futhi zibonisa imingcele yamandla okwahlulela lapho kuphikiswa kwezombangazwe.

Ukukhohlisa Kwesikela Nesimiso Esiyingozi

Isimiso sesstare decis (ngesiLatini esisho "ukuma ngezinto ezinqunyiwe") idinga izinkantolo ukuba zilandele izinqumo zangaphambi kwezindaba ezingokomthetho ezifanayo. Lemfundiso ikhuthaza ukungaguquguquki, ukubikezela, nokulingana phambi komthetho, futhi isigaba esisezimweni ezifanayo kufanele sithole imiphumela efanayo. Izinkantolo ezisezinkantolo eziphezulu ziboshwe ngezinqumo eziphezulu ezisebusweni ezifanayo. Inkantolo ephakeme ye-U.S. ihlela ngezikhathi ezithile ngezandulela zayo (umk., [FLT:]Obergefev v. Hodges] zibonisa ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kweze-oxisss, akunakwenzekangazenziwa, kodwa kudinga ukugcinwa okunamandla.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela: Ukuhlola Amandla Kahulumeni

Mhlawumbe amandla amakhulu kakhulu okuchaza ukubukeza kokwahlulela, `igunya lokumemezela imithetho, imithetho, noma izenzo zokuphatha ngaphandle kwemithetho. Ivela ecaleni lase-U.S. Marbury v. Madison [183] [183], leligunya lenza izinkantolo zibe iziphathi eziyinhloko zencazelo yomthetho-mthethwe-sisekelo. Azikho ezingenamingcele; izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukubekwa komthetho-mthetho-mthetho, ngokuvamile zisho i-drona kumthetho-mthetho. Noma kunjalo, ukubukeza kokwahlulela kugunyaza izinkantolo ukuba zishaye imithetho ephula amalungelo ayisisekelo noma edlula igunya likahulumeni. [[FLT:] Imfutho yemfundo yezemfundo [FLD] [FUT:]

Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Nabantu Ngabo Bonke

Izinkantolo ziyindlela yokugcina yokuvikela abantu abamalungelo abo asongelwa ukuphangwa uhulumeni, amandla enkampani, noma ukucwaswa ngasese. lomsebenzi wokuvikela ubaluleke kakhulu emaqenjini angenawo amandla ezombangazwe ukuze avikeleke ngemithetho. Amalungelo avikelwe ngesenzo sokwahlulela ahlanganisa:

Umthetho - sisekelo Namalungelo Abantu

Imithetho-mthetho yanamuhla nezivumelwano zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ziqinisekisa uhide lwamalungelo, inkululeko engokwenkolo, inkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuzimela, ukulingana, inqubo efanele, nokukhululeka ekuhlukunyezweni, phakathi kwezinye. Izinkantolo ezithi lamalungelo aye ophulwa. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo yaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu izwa izicelo ezivela kubantu basemazweni angu- 46 angamalungu aphula i-European Convention on Human Rights. Ngokufanayo, izinkantolo eziphakeme zesizwe (INkantolo Ephakeme ye-India, iNkantolo Yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho waseNingizimu Afrika) ziye zasungula ukuvikela amalungelo omthetho-mthetho-mthetho wezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano ezenhlalo, ukuvikela amalungelo ezomnotho anjengezindlu, ukukhathalela impilo, nemfundo.

Inqubo Efanele Nobuhle Obungokwesiko

Izinkantolo ziqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zithinta abantu ngabanye — kusukela ekuqesheni imvume yokukhipha imoto engekho-mzileni (indawo yokuqondisa) nge-procedical productive efunekayo[. Lokhu kusho isaziso esanele, ithuba lokuzwakala phambi komahluleli ongakhethi, nesinqumo esicatshangelwe. Ilungelo lokukhipha iseluleko emacaleni obugebengu (Gideon v. Wainwright[, 1963) iyinqubo eyisisekelo yokuvikela elawulwa yinkantolo. Ngaphandle kwale komiti yezomthetho, izinhlangano zikahulumeni zingathatha isinyathelo ngokunganaki.

Impahla Namalungelo Ezomnotho

Izinkantolo zivikela futhi amalungelo empahla ezakhamuzi ezithathelwe indawo ngokungemthetho (indawo ewumbuso oweqisayo ngaphandle kwenkokhelo), ukugxambukela kwempahla engokwengqondo, nokuncishwa kwempahla ngokukhohlisa. Lezi zivikelo zidala indawo ezungezile eqinile edingekayo ekutshaleni imali, ekuthuthukiseni intuthuko, nasekukhuleni kwezomnotho. I-FUDIST Commercial Code (UCC), ethathwa kuzo zonke isifundazwe sase-U., ichazwa futhi iphoqelelwe izinkantolo ukuba ilawule intengo ngokushela kwezentengiso.

Ukulondoloza Ukuhleleka Komphakathi Nethemba Lomphakathi

Ukuphila kwazo kuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi, kunikeza umzila onokuthula wokukhalaza, nezimpawu zokuthi ubulungisa buyonqoba.

Ukwehluleka Ngenxa Yesijeziso Nokuhlala Ngokwabantu

Lapho izinkantolo zikhipha izigwebo zobugebengu noma isijeziso, zithumela umyalezo emphakathini omkhulu ukuthi ukwephula umthetho kunemiphumela. Nakuba ukunqanda ukulahlwa kuphikiswana yizazi ze-crimest, kunobufakazi obuqinile bokuthi uqiniseko [ lwesijeziso luvimbela kokubili izenzo zobugebengu nobubi obungokomphakathi. Izinkantolo zifaka futhi iziyalezo zokunqanda ukulimala okuqhubekayo, ukunikeza usizo olusheshayo.

Ukuwohloka Kwezingxabano Nokuthula Kwezenhlalo

Ngokunikeza i-produm engokomthetho, engenakhethe, izinkantolo zikhipha izingxabano ebudloveni noma ezinxuseni zomphakathi. Ngisho nalapho amaqembu elahlekelwa, ukufaneleka kwalenqubo kuvame ukuwaholela ekubeni amukele umphumela, alondoloze ukuthula komphakathi. Izimpikiswano zezombangazwe eziphezulu ze-pane. (kusukela ezinkingeni zokhetho kuya kulezo ze-gerrymaniling, zixazululwe ekugcineni enkantolo, ezisiza ekuvimbeleni izimpi zamandla engeziwe.

Ukufaneleka Okungokomfanekiso Nokubusa KoMthetho

Izinkantolo futhi zenza umsebenzi ongokomfanekiso: ziveza inhloso yokuthi akekho umuntu ongaphezulu komthetho. Lapho abaholi, izinkampani, noma izithakazelo ezinamandla zibekwa icala enkantolo, ukuthembela komphakathi kuqiniswa. Ngokuphambene, uma izinkantolo zibhekwa njengezikhohlakele, eziqinile, noma ezingafiki, uhlelo lwezenhlalo luyawohloka. I-World Justice Project of Law Index njalo] ibonisa ukuthi amazwe anezinhlangano zokwahlulela eziqinile ajabulela amazinga aphakeme okuthula nentuthuko yezomnotho.

Ukwakhiwa Kwezimiso Zezinkantolo Zanamuhla

Ukuze kufezwe lemisebenzi, izinkantolo zihlelwe ngezakhiwo ezingokwezikhundla eziklanyelwe ukulinganisela umkhawulo, ukunemba, nokungena.

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwecala: Isinqumo Esisobala

Izinkantolo zenkantolo zilapho kuqalwa khona amacala. Ziyizinkantolo ezilawulayo, ezisho ukuthi zizwa ubufakazi ngokokuqala ngqá, zinquma amaqiniso, futhi zisebenzisa umthetho. Esimisweni sikahulumeni wase-U.S., izinkantolo zesifunda ziyizinkantolo ezivamile zokuqulwa kwecala; izigodlo ngokufanayo ziye zabiza izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala (umz., iziNkantolo Ezikhulu, iziNkantolo Zesifunda). Ukuqulwa kungase kube phambi kwejaji (ukuqulwa kwecala) noma ijaji; amajaji athola amaqiniso, futhi amajaji ashaya imithetho ezindabeni ezingokomthetho. Icala eliningi alikhokhiwa ngokuqulwa noma ukuqulwa kwecala.

Izinkantolo Ezingenelana Neziqulo: Ukuhlola Amaphutha

Iqembu elilahlekelwayo ngokuvamile linelungelo lokudlulisa icala enkantolo ephakathi. Lezinkantolo azinamacala amasha; zibukeza umbhalo wenkantolo wamaphutha angokomthetho − `iziqondiso zejaji ezilungile, ukuvuma okungavumelekile kobufakazi, ukusetshenziswa kabi komthetho. Indinganiso yabo yokubukeza iyahluka: imibuzo yomthetho iyabukezwa de novo (ntsha), kuyilapho okutholwayo kubukezwa ngephutha elicacile. Izinkantolo ze-intermediaste appelllate zinikeza ikhathalelo elibalulekile lokuphepha, zilungisa amaphutha ngaphambi kokuba aphele.

Izinkantolo Eziphakeme Negunya Lokugcina

Eqophelweni kunezinkantolo eziphakeme (noma izinkantolo eziphakeme, izinkantolo zokugcina ezithathelwe phambili). Bezwa ukukhethwa okungokomthetho kwezikhalo eziveza izindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu emphakathini, incazelo engokomthetho-sisekelo, noma izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi. Izinqumo zabo zibopha zonke izinkantolo eziphansi ezingaphansi kwegunya labo. Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, inkantolo eyodwa ephakeme (isib.S., iNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu yase-U.S., iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseNdiya) iqinisekisa ukulingana komthetho kulo lonke izwe. Izibuko elilinganiselwe (ngokuvamile) ikhulu kuya emacaleni angu-100 ngonyaka enkantolo e-U.S.Nkanto ephakeme kakhulu ecabangela imibuzo eminingi elandelayo.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile Nezamazwe Ngamazwe

Izimiso zobulungisa zanamuhla zihlanganisa nezinkantolo ezikhethekile (intela, imvume, indawo ezungezile) nezinkantolo zomhlaba wonke. INkantolo yezizwe zonke yeJaji ixazulula izingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe, kuyilapho iNkantolo yeSigebengu yezizwe zonke imangalela abantu ngokuqothulwa kohlanga, ubugebengu bempi, nobugebengu obumelene nesintu.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezinkantolo Zesikhathi Esizayo

Naphezu kwendima yazo eyinhloko, izinkantolo zibhekana nezingcindezi ezinkulu ezingase zilulaze ukuphumelela kwazo.

  • [ Izibuko nolibazise:[ izikhumulo ezigcwele zibangela ukulinda iminyaka eminingi ukuqulwa kwecala, ngokuphumelelayo ukuphika ubulungisa kubakhi bobulungisa abangakwazi ukulinda.
  • Intengo ephezulu ye-litting: ishiya abantu abaningi namabhizinisi amancane ngaphandle kokumelelwa ngokomthetho, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zomphakathi. Izinkantolo zizama izikhungo zosizo, izinqubo ezenziwe lula, kanye nesinqumo sempikiswano kulayini ukuze kuvalwe igebe.
  • Imibono ephindaphindwayo yeBias: ukuhlola kubonisa ukuhlukana kwemibono yezinkantolo, ikakhulukazi ezinqumweni eziphezulu. Ukubuyisela ukwethemba kudinga izinqubo ezibonisayo, ukuqiniswa kwezimiso, namabhentshi ahlukene.
  • Ukungavumelani kwezesayensi: Ukuzwa, ukuzwa, ukucwaninga okusemthethweni okuxhaswe yi-Al, nobufakazi bobuchwepheshe buveza amathuba nezingozi. Izinkantolo kumelwe zizivumelanise nokulondoloza ubulungisa nokulondeka.

Isiphetho: Izinkantolo Njengezigaxa Zomthetho

Izinkantolo zingaphezulu kakhulu kokulungisa amafekthri aphikisanayo; zingabavikeli bomthetho-mthetho abanikeza ukuphila amalungelo, abanobuphindu, futhi banikeza inqubo enokuthula yokuguqula umphakathi. Umsebenzi wabo wokuchaza umthetho futhi ukuveza izenzakalo ukwakheka okunencazelo yobulungisa eqhubekayo ezizukulwaneni zonke. Nakuba kungekho simiso senkantolo esiphelele, isibopho sokungabekezelele, ukwenza izinqumo ngokungakhethi, nokuphatha ngokulingana ngaphansi komthetho kuhlala kuyisivikelo esingcono kakhulu ekumelaneni nobushiqela. Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo ngo-(ne) nokusekela ukuzibusa kwazo, kuyisibopho sazo zonke izakhamuzi ezizazisa umphakathi ngenkululeko nomthetho. Izindawo ezisemthethweni zingashintsha, kodwa umsebenzi obalulekile wenkantolo uyaqhubeka: ukukhuluma umthetho, nokukhuluma, ngokukhuluma, ukugcina ukuthula.